UMartha Mödl (Martha Mödl) |
U-Martha Mödl
"Kungani ngidinga esinye isihlahla esiteji, uma nginoNkk X!", - inkulumo enjalo evela ezindebeni zomqondisi maqondana ne-debutante ngeke ikhuthaze lokhu okulandelayo. Kodwa endabeni yethu, eyenzeka ngo-1951, umqondisi kwakunguWieland Wagner, kanti uNkk X waba nenhlanhla yokuthola, uMartha Mödl. Ukuvikela ukuba semthethweni kwesitayela se-Bayreuth entsha, okusekelwe ekucabangeni kabusha kanye “nokuderomanticization” kwenganekwane, nokukhathala kwezingcaphuno ezingapheli ze-“Old Man” * (“Kinder, schafft Neues!”), u-W. Wagner wethula ingxabano “nomuthi”, ekhombisa indlela yakhe entsha yokuklama isiteji semikhiqizo ye-opera.
Isizini yokuqala yangemva kwempi yavulwa yisiteji esingenalutho seParsifal, esisuswe izikhumba zezilwane, izigqoko ezinezimpondo nezinye izinto ezingokoqobo mbumbulu, okungaphezu kwalokho, ezingavusa izinhlangano zomlando ezingadingeki. Kwakugcwele ukukhanya kanye neqembu labadlali abasha abanamakhono (Mödl, Weber, Windgassen, Uhde, London). Ngo-March Mödl, u-Wieland Wagner wathola umngane womshado. Isithombe sikaKundry asidala, "ekuthandeni ubuntu bakhe (ngendlela kaNabokov) kwaba nokuvuselelwa okucacile kwengqikithi yakhe yasemhlabeni," yaba uhlobo lwe-manifesto yenguquko yakhe, futhi uMödl waba yisifanekiso sesizukulwane esisha sabaculi. .
Ngakho konke ukunaka nokuhlonipha ukunemba kwephimbo, wayehlale egcizelela ukubaluleka okukhulu kuye kokuveza amandla amangalisayo endima ye-operatic. Umlingisikazi owazalwa omangalisayo (“Northern Callas”), enothando futhi enamandla, kwesinye isikhathi wayengaligodli izwi lakhe, kodwa ukuhumusha kwakhe okumangalisayo kwamenza wakhohlwa ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe futhi kwamangaza ngisho nabagxeki abamangazayo. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi uFurtwängler wambiza ngentshiseko ngokuthi “Zauberkasten”. “Mthakathi”, singasho. Futhi uma engeyena umthakathi, khona-ke lo wesifazane omangalisayo wayengahlala kanjani efunwa yizindlu ze-opera zomhlaba ngisho nasemngceleni wenkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka? ..
Wazalelwa eNuremberg ngo-1912. Wafunda esikoleni se-English maids of honor, edlala upiyano, wayengumfundi wokuqala ekilasini le-ballet futhi engumnikazi we-viola enhle, edlalwa ngokwemvelo. Nokho, maduzane, konke lokhu kwadingeka kukhohlakale. Ubaba kaMartha - umdwebi waseBohemian, indoda enesiphiwo futhi ethandwa kakhulu nguye - ngolunye usuku oluhle wanyamalala endaweni engaziwa, eshiya umkakhe nendodakazi yakhe beswele futhi benesizungu. Usuqalile umshikashika wokusinda. Ngemva kokuqeda isikole, uMarta waqala ukusebenza - okokuqala njengonobhala, kamuva waba i-accountant, eqoqa amandla kanye nezimali ukuze okungenani ngelinye ilanga athole ithuba lokucula. Cishe akakaze futhi akhumbule isikhathi sempilo yakhe yaseNuremberg. Emigwaqweni yedolobha elidumile lase-Albrecht Dürer kanye nembongi u-Hans Sachs, eduze kwesigodlo sezindela sika-St. Catherine, lapho imincintiswano edumile ye-Meistersinger yake yenzeke, eminyakeni yobusha buka-Martha Mödl, kwavutha amabhomu okuqala, lapho kwaphonswa khona izincwadi zikaHeine, Tolstoy, Rolland kanye noFeuchtwanger. I-"New Meistersingers" yaguqula iNuremberg yaba "iMecca" yamaNazi, ibambe udwendwe lwawo, ama-parade, "izitimela zethoshi" kanye "ne-Reichspartertags" kuyo, lapho kwasungulwa khona "i-Nuremberg" yobuhlanga neminye imithetho ehlanya ...
Manje ake silalele uKundry wakhe ekuqaleni kwesenzo sesi-2 (ukuqoshwa bukhoma kwango-1951) - Ach! - Ah! I-Tiefe Nacht! - Wahnsinn! -O! -Wut!-Ach!- Jammer! - Schlaf-Schlaf - umlingani Schlaf! – Tod! .. UNkulunkulu uyazi ukuthi la magama amabi azalwa kanjani ... Abazibonela ngawakhe lo mdlalo babenezinwele ezimhloshana, futhi abanye abaculi, okungenani kule minyaka eyishumi eyalandela, bakugwema ukudlala le ndima.
Impilo ibonakala iqala kabusha e-Remscheid, lapho uMartha, engakasitholi isikhathi sokuqala isifundo sakhe ayesilindile isikhathi eside eNuremberg Conservatory, efika ezohlolwa ngo-1942. “Babefuna i-mezzo ethiyetha ... ye-Eboli's aria futhi yamukelwa! Ngikhumbula ukuthi kamuva ngahlala kanjani ekhefi eduze ne-Opera, ngabuka ngefasitela elikhulu abantu abadlulayo bedlula ... Kwakubonakala sengathi u-Remscheid wayeyi-Met, futhi manje ngisebenza lapho ... Yeka injabulo okwakuyiyo!
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba uMödl (oneminyaka engu-31) eqale ukudlala njengoHansel emdlalweni we-opera ka-Humperdinck, isakhiwo setiyetha saqhunyiswa ngamabhomu. Baqhubeka nokuzilolongela ejimini eguqulelwe okwesikhashana, kwavela uCherubino, u-Azucena noMignon ku-repertoire yakhe. Imisebenzi ibingakanikezwa njalo kusihlwa, ngenxa yokwesaba ukugasela. Emini, abaculi beshashalazi bebephoqeleka ukuthi basebenzele phambili - ngaphandle kwalokho imali ayizange ikhokhwe. UMödl uyakhumbula: “Bafika bezofuna umsebenzi e-Alexanderwerk, ifektri eyayikhiqiza izitsha zasekhishini ngaphambi kwempi, manje okuyizinhlamvu. Unobhala, owagxiviza ama-passport ethu, lapho ethola ukuthi singabaculi be-opera, wanelisekile: “Awu, sibonga uNkulunkulu, ekugcineni bawafezile amavila!” Le fektri kwadingeka isebenze izinyanga ezingu-7. Ukuhlasela kwanda nsuku zonke, nganoma isiphi isikhathi yonke into yayikwazi ukundiza emoyeni. Iziboshwa zempi zaseRussia nazo zalethwa lapha ... Owesifazane waseRussia kanye nezingane zakhe ezinhlanu basebenza nami ... omncane wayeneminyaka emine kuphela ubudala, wagcoba izingxenye zamagobolondo ngamafutha ... umama waphoqeleka ukuba anxuse ngoba babebaphakela isobho lemifino ebolile. – umatroni wazithathela konke ukudla futhi wenza idili namasosha aseJalimane kusihlwa. Angisoze ngakukhohlwa lokhu.”
Impi yayizophela, futhi uMartha waya “ukuyonqoba” iDüsseldorf. Ezandleni zakhe kwakukhona inkontileka yendawo ye-mezzo yokuqala, eyaphothulwa nesikhonzi se-Düsseldorf Opera ngemva komunye wemidlalo kaMignon ejimini ye-Remscheid. Kodwa ngenkathi umculi osemusha efika edolobheni ngezinyawo, eduze kwebhuloho elide kunawo wonke eYurophu - uMüngstener Brücke - "iReich eneminyaka eyinkulungwane ubudala" yayingasekho, futhi enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ecishe yabhujiswa phansi, wahlangatshezwa ngumuntu. i-quartermaster entsha - kwakuyikhomanisi elidumile kanye ne-anti-fascist uWolfgang Langoff, umbhali we-Moorsoldaten, owayesanda kubuya ekudingisweni eSwitzerland. UMarta wamnikeza inkontileka eyakhiwe esikhathini esidlule futhi enamahloni wabuza ukuthi iyasebenza yini. “Yebo kuyasebenza!” Kuphendula uLangoff.
Umsebenzi wangempela waqala ngokufika kukaGustav Grundens enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Umqondisi onekhono wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, wayeyithanda ngenhliziyo yonke i-opera, wabe esebonisa Umshado kaFigaro, Butterfly noCarmen - indima eyinhloko ekugcineni yaphathiswa uMödl. E-Grundens, wadlula esikoleni sokulingisa esihle kakhulu. “Wasebenza njengomlingisi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi iLe Figaro yayinoBeaumarchais abaningi kunoMozart (iCherubino yami yaba yimpumelelo enkulu!), kodwa wayewuthanda umculo ngendlela engafani nabanye umqondisi wesimanje – yilapho wonke amaphutha abo avela khona.”
Kusukela ngo-1945 kuya ku-1947, umculi wacula eDüsseldorf izingxenye zeDorabella, Octavian kanye noMqambi (Ariadne auf Naxos), kamuva kwavela izingxenye ezimangalisayo ku-repertoire, njengo-Eboli, uClytemnestra noMaria (Wozzeck). Ngama-49-50s. wamenywa eCovent Garden, lapho adlala khona uCarmen eqenjini elikhulu lesiNgisi. Amazwana athandwayo omculi mayelana nalo mdlalo yilokhu - "cabanga - owesifazane waseJalimane waba nesineke sokuhumusha ingwe yase-Andalusian ngolimi lwaseShakespeare!"
Ingqopha-mlando kwaba ukusebenzisana nomqondisi uRennert eHamburg. Lapho, umculi wahlabelela okokuqala uLeonora, futhi ngemva kokudlala indima kaLady Macbeth njengengxenye ye-Opera yaseHamburg, uMarthe Mödl kwakhulunywa ngaye njenge-soprano ephawulekayo, ngaleso sikhathi eyayivele iyivelakancane. KuMartha ngokwakhe, lokhu kwakuwukuqinisekisa nje lokho uthisha wakhe we-conservatory, uFrau Klink-Schneider, ake wakubona. Wayehlale ethi izwi lale ntombazane laliyimfihlakalo kuye, “linemibala eminingi kunothingo, nsuku zonke lizwakala lihlukile, futhi angikwazi ukulibeka kunoma yisiphi isigaba!” Ngakho-ke uguquko lwalungenziwa kancane kancane. “Ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi “ukwenza” kwami kanye nezindima kurejista ephezulu zaziqina futhi ngizethemba kakhudlwana ... Ngokungafani nabanye abaculi ababehlala behlaba ikhefu, besuka e-mezzo baye e-soprano, angizange ngime …” Ngo-1950, wazizama ethi “ Consule” Menotti (Magda Sorel), kwathi ngemva kwalokho waba nguKundry – waqala eBerlin noKeilbert, kwase kuba seLa Scala noFurtwängler. Bekusele isinyathelo esisodwa kuphela ngaphambi komhlangano oyingqophamlando noWieland Wagner noBayreuth.
U-Wieland Wagner wabe esefuna ngokuphuthumayo umculi ozodlala indima kaKundry emcimbini wokuqala wangemva kwempi. Wahlangana negama likaMartha Mödl emaphephandabeni mayelana nokuvela kwakhe eCarmen naseConsul, kodwa walibona okokuqala eHamburg. Kule Venus (i-Tannhäuser) ezacile, enamehlo ekati, enobuciko obumangalisayo futhi ebanda ngendlela esabekayo, egwinye isiphuzo sikalamula esishisayo, umqondisi wabona kahle i-Kundry ayeyifuna - esemhlabeni futhi enobuntu. UMartha wavuma ukuza eBayreuth ukuze azohlolwa. “Bengicishe ngingakhathazeki nakancane – bengivele ngayidlala le ndima phambilini, bese nginayo yonke imisindo, angizange ngicabange impumelelo kule minyaka yokuqala esiteji futhi akukho okukhethekile engingakhathazeka ngakho. Yebo, futhi ngangingazi lutho ngeBayreuth, ngaphandle kokuthi kwakuyifestiveli edumile ... ngiyakhumbula ukuthi kwakusebusika futhi isakhiwo sasingafudunyezwa, kwakubanda kakhulu ... Othile wayengiphelezela ngopiyano oluncishiwe, kodwa nganginesiqiniseko sokuthi nami ukuthi nalokho akuzange kungikhathaze… uWagner wayehlezi ehholo. Lapho ngiqeda, washo umusho owodwa kuphela – “Wamukelwe.”
“UKundry wangivulela yonke iminyango,” kukhumbula uMartha Mödl kamuva. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili eyalandela, impilo yakhe yayixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa neBayreuth, eyaba ikhaya lakhe lasehlobo. Ngo-1952 wadlala njengo-Isolde noKarajan futhi ngemva konyaka njengoBrunnhilde. U-Martha Mödl ubuye wabonisa ukuhumusha okusha nokuhle kakhulu kwamaqhawekazi akwa-Wagnerian kude ngalé kwe-Bayreuth - e-Italy nase-England, e-Austria nase-America, ekugcineni ewakhulula esitembuni "se-Third Reich". Wabizwa “ngenxusa lomhlaba” lika-Richard Wagner (ngokwezinga elithile, amaqhinga okuqala ka-Wieland Wagner nawo aba nesandla kulokhu – yonke imidlalo emisha “yayizama” abaculi ngesikhathi sokudlalwa kokuvakasha – isibonelo, iSan Carlo Theatre in. INaples yaba “igumbi elifanelekayo” likaBrünnhilde.)
Ngaphezu kukaWagner, enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu zenkathi yesoprano yomculi kwakunguLeonora kuFidelio. Ephuma phambili noRennert eHamburg, kamuva wayicula noKarajan eLa Scala nango-1953 noFurtwängler eVienna, kodwa ukudlala kwakhe okukhumbuleka kakhulu nokunyakazisayo kwakusemcimbini oyingqopha-mlando we-Vienna State Opera ebuyisiwe ngoNovemba 5, 1955.
Cishe iminyaka engama-20 enikezwe izindima ezinkulu zikaWagnerian ayikwazanga kodwa ukuthinta izwi likaMartha. Maphakathi nawo-60s, ukungezwani kurejista ephezulu kwabonakala kakhulu, futhi ngokusebenza kwendima yomhlengikazi embukisweni wegalari waseMunich othi "Women Without Shadow" (1963), waqala ukubuyela kancane kancane e-Munich. i-repertoire ye-mezzo ne-contralto. Lokhu bekungukubuyisela nakancane ngaphansi kophawu “lokunikela ngezikhundla.” Ngempumelelo yokunqoba wacula i-Clytemnestra neKarajan ku-Salzburg Festival ngo-1964-65. Ekuchazeni kwakhe, u-Clytemnestra ubonakala ngokungalindelekile njenge-villain, kodwa njengowesifazane obuthakathaka, ophelelwe yithemba nohlupheka ngokujulile. Umhlengikazi kanye no-Clytemnestra baqinile ku-repertoire yakhe, futhi ngeminyaka yama-70s wayenza e-Covent Garden nge-Bavarian Opera.
Ngo-1966-67, u-Martha Mödl wavalelisa ku-Bayreuth, ecula i-Waltrauta ne-Frikka (akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube khona umculi emlandweni weRingi owenza 3 Brunhilde, Sieglinde, Waltrauta kanye noFrikka!). Nokho, ukushiya inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini kwakubonakala kuyinto engacabangeki kuye. Wavalelisa unomphela ku-Wagner no-Strauss, kodwa kwakunomunye umsebenzi omningi ngaphambili owawumfanela ngendlela engakaze ibonwe muntu ngokweminyaka, isipiliyoni, kanye nesimo sengqondo. "Esikhathini esivuthiwe" sokusungula, ithalenta likaMarta Mödl, umlingisi oculayo, lembulwa ngamandla avuselelwe ezingxenyeni ezimangalisayo nezabalingiswa. Izindima “zemikhosi” ekaGogo uBuryya ku-Enufa kaJanacek (abagxeki baphawule iphimbo elimsulwa, naphezu kokuvevezela okunamandla!), uLeokadiya Begbik kweka-Weil ethi The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, uGertrud kuHans Heiling ka-Marschner.
Ngenxa yethalente nomdlandla walo mculi, ama-opera amaningi abaqambi besikhathi samanje asedumile futhi edlalwa kabusha - "Elizabeth Tudor" kaV. Fortner (1972, Berlin, premiere), "Deceit and Love" kaG. Einem (1976, Vienna , i-premiere), “uBaal” F. Cherhi (1981, Salzburg, premiere), ka-A. Reimann ethi “Ghost Sonata” (1984, Berlin, premiere) kanye nenani labanye. Ngisho nezingxenye ezincane ezabelwa uMödl zaba ukubonga okukhulu esiteji sakhe somlingo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ngo-2000, ukusebenza kwe-"Sonata of Ghosts", lapho edlala khona indima yoMama, akugcini nje ngokuphakamisa ihlombe - izethameli zagijimela esiteji, zangana futhi zamanga le nganekwane ephilayo. Ngo-1992, endimeni ye-Countess ("Queen of Spades") uMödl, wavalelisa nge-Vienna Opera. Ngo-1997, ngemva kokuzwa ukuthi u-E. Söderström, eneminyaka engu-70 ubudala, wanquma ukuphazamisa ukuphumula kwakhe okwakumfanele futhi enze i-Countess e-Met, uMödl ngokuncokola wathi: “Söderström? Usemncane kakhulu kule ndima! ”, Futhi ngoMeyi 1999, kwavuselelwa ngokungalindelekile ngenxa yokuhlinzwa okuphumelelayo okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhohlwa nge-myopia engapheli, u-Countess-Mödl, eneminyaka engu-87, uphinde athathe isiteji eMannheim! Ngaleso sikhathi, i-repertoire yakhe esebenzayo yayihlanganisa "ama-nannies" amabili - ku-"Boris Godunov" ("Komishe Oper") naku-"Odade Abathathu" ngu-Eötvös (i-Düsseldorf premiere), kanye nendima yomculo "Anatevka".
Kwenye yezingxoxo kamuva, lo mculi wathi: “Ngesinye isikhathi ubaba kaWolfgang Windgassen, i-tenor edumile ngokwakhe, wangitshela: “Marta, uma amaphesenti angu-50 omphakathi ekuthanda, cabanga ukuthi wenzeke. Futhi wayeqinisile impela. Konke engikuzuzile kule minyaka edlule, ngikweleta kuphela uthando lwezithameli zami. Ngicela uyibhale. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi ubhala ukuthi lolu thando luhlangene! ”…
Marina Demina
Qaphela: * "Indoda Emdala" - uRichard Wagner.
