Tito Gobbi (Tito Gobbi) |

Tito Gobbi

Igama likaTito Gobbi, umculi ovelele wesikhathi sethu, lihlotshaniswa namakhasi amaningi agqamile emlandweni wesiko lomculo lase-Italy. Wayenezwi elihlukahlukene, elingavamile ngobuhle be-timbre. Wayenekhono lokukhuluma ngokushelelayo, futhi lokhu kwamvumela ukuba afinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme lobuciko.

“Izwi, uma ukwazi ukulisebenzisa, lingamandla amakhulu,” kusho uGobbi. “Ngikholwe, le nkulumo yami ayiwona umphumela wokuzidakisa noma ukuzidla ngokweqile. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, ngangivame ukuculela abalimele ezibhedlela, lapho kwakuhlangana khona amashwa avela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kwathi ngolunye usuku umfana othile - wayemubi kakhulu - ngokuhleba wangicela ukuthi ngiculele u-“Ave Maria” kuye.

Lo muntu ompofu wayemncane kakhulu, edangele, eyedwa, ngoba wayekude nekhaya. Ngahlala phansi eduze kombhede wakhe, ngambamba isandla ngacula “Ave Maria”. Ngisacula, washona - emamatheka.

UTito Gobbi wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 24, 1913 eBassano del Grappa, idolobha elingaphansi kwezintaba ze-Alps. Uyise wayengowomndeni wakudala waseMantua, kanti unina, u-Enrika Weiss, wayevela emndenini wase-Austria. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, uTito ungena eNyuvesi yasePadua, ezilungiselela umsebenzi wobumeli. Nokho, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezwi elinamandla, elinomsindo, le nsizwa inquma ukuthola imfundo yomculo. Eshiya umthetho, uqala ukuthatha izifundo zomculo eRoma, nomculi odumile ngaleso sikhathi u-Giulio Crimi. Endlini kaCrimi, uTito wahlangana nomdlali wopiyano onekhono uTilda, indodakazi yesazi somculo esidumile sase-Italy uRaffaelo de Rensis, futhi ngokushesha wamshada.

"Ngo-1936, ngaqala ukwenza i-comrimano (umculi wezindima ezincane. - Approx. Aut.); Kwadingeka ngifunde izindima eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuze uma kwenzeka ngigula omunye wabadlali, ngilungele ukumshintsha ngokushesha. Amasonto okuzilolonga okungapheli angivumele ukuthi ngingene engqikithini yendima, ukuze ngithole ukuzethemba okwanele kuyo, ngakho-ke ayengewona neze umthwalo kimi. Ithuba lokuvela esiteji, okungalindelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi, lalijabulisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba ubungozi obuhlobene nokungazelelwe buncishisiwe eTeatro Real eRoma ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yosizo olubalulekile lwenani elikhulu labafundisi abahle kakhulu kanye nokwesekwa okuphanayo kwe abalingani.

Inkathazo enkulu yafihla lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izindima ezincane. Ngokuvamile ziqukethe imishwana embalwa nje ehlakazekile ezenzweni ezahlukene, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, izicupho eziningi zifihliwe kuzo. Angingedwa ekubesabeni kwami… "

Ngo-1937, uGobbi waqala ukubonakala e-Adriano Theatre eRoma njengoGermont the Father ku-opera La Traviata. Ithalenta lomculo lomculi osemusha laphawulwa yi-capital yaseshashalazini.

Ngemva kokuwina ngo-1938 emqhudelwaneni we-International Vocal Competition eVienna, uGobbi waba ngumfundi wesikole semidlalo yeshashalazi yaseLa Scala eMilan. Ukuqala kweqiniso kukaGobbi enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi edumile kwenzeka ngoMashi 1941 e-Fedora ka-Umberto Giordano futhi kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Le mpumelelo yahlanganiswa ngemuva konyaka endimeni kaBelcore emdlalweni kaDonizetti ethi L'elisir d'amore. Lokhu kudlalwa, kanye nokusebenza kwezingxenye ze-Falstaff ka-Verdi, kwenza u-Gobbi akhulume ngento evelele kwezobuciko bephimbo lesi-Italian. UTito uthola ukuzibandakanya okuningi ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi ehlukahlukene e-Italy. Wenza ukuqoshwa kokuqala, aphinde alingise kumafilimu. Ngokuzayo, umculi uzokwenza ukuqoshwa okuphelele kwama-opera angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu.

S. Belza uyabhala: “…U-Tito Gobbi ngokwemvelo wanikwa amandla amangalisayo hhayi nje kuphela ezwi, kodwa futhi amakhono okudlala, isimo sengqondo, isipho esimangalisayo sokuphindukuzalwa, okwamvumela ukuba enze izithombe zasesiteji zomculo ezizwakalayo nezikhumbulekayo. Lokhu kwamenza wathandeka kakhulu kubenzi bamafilimu, abamema umculi-umlingisi ukuba alingise kumafilimu angaphezu kwamashumi amabili. Emuva ngo-1937, wavela esikrinini kuLouis Trenker ethi The Condottieri. Futhi ngemva nje kokuphela kwempi, uMario Costa waqala ukuqopha ifilimu ye-opera yobude obugcwele ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe - The Barber of Seville.

UGobbi uyakhumbula:

“Muva nje, ngiphinde ngabuka ifilimu esekelwe kulo mdlalo we-opera ngo-1947. Ngicula ingxenye yesihloko kuwo. Ngabhekana nakho konke okusha, futhi ngayithanda ifilimu cishe ngaphezu kwalokho. Eyomunye umhlaba, ekude futhi elahlekile, kodwa ngethemba ukuthi ngeke ibuyekezwe. Yeka indlela engajabula ngayo ebusheni bami lapho ngifunda incwadi ethi The Barber nezinguquko zayo ezingenakuqhathaniswa zesigqi, yeka indlela engangihlatshwe umxhwele ngayo ngokoqobo ukuceba nokugqama komculo! I-opera eyivelakancane yayisondele kakhulu kimi emoyeni.

Kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1943 mina noMaestro Ricci sasebenza kule ndima cishe nsuku zonke. Futhi kungazelelwe i-Rome Opera ingimema ukuba ngenze umbukiso wokuqala othi The Barber; Yebo, angikwazanga ukwenqaba lesi simemo. Kodwa, futhi ngikhumbula ngokuziqhenya, ngaba namandla okucela ukubambezeleka. Phela, ngangazi ukuthi ukuzilungiselela ngempela, ukuzethemba, kuthatha isikhathi. Khona-ke abaqondisi bemidlalo yeshashalazi bebesacabanga ngokuthuthuka kweciko; umdlalo wokuqala wavunyelwa ngomusa ukuba uhlehliswe, futhi ngacula okokuqala ngqa ethi The Barber ngoFebruary 1944.

Kimina, lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esiya phambili. Ngazuza impumelelo enkulu, nganconywa ngokuhlanzeka komsindo kanye nobungqabavu bokucula.

Kamuva, u-Gobbi uzophinde akhishwe e-Costa - ku-"Pagliacci" ngokusekelwe ku-opera ka-Leoncavallo. UTito wenza izingxenye ezintathu ngesikhathi esisodwa: Isandulelo, uTonio noSilvio.

Ngo-1947, uGobbi wavula ngempumelelo isizini ngengxenye ye-Mephistopheles enguqulweni yasesiteji ye-Berlioz's Damnation of Faust. Kwaqala uhambo oluningi lwakwamanye amazwe, olwaqinisa udumo lukaGobbi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, umculi washayelwa ihlombe ngentshiseko yiStockholm naseLondon. Ngo-1950, wabuyela eLondon njengengxenye ye-La Scala Opera Company futhi wadlala esiteji se-Covent Garden kuma-opera i-L'elisir d'amore, kanye ne-Falstaff, i-Sicilian Vespers ne-Otello ka-Verdi.

Kamuva, uMario Del Monaco, ebala ozakwabo abavelele kakhulu, ubiza uGobbi ngokuthi “u-Iago ongenakuqhathaniswa nomculi ohamba phambili ongumlingisi.” Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, ngokudlala izindima eziholayo kuma-opera amathathu e-Verdi, u-Gobbi waklonyeliswa ngomklomelo okhethekile, njengomunye wama-baritones ahlakaniphe kakhulu owadlala ngaleso sikhathi e-Covent Garden.

Maphakathi nawo-50s kwakuyinkathi yokukhula okuphezulu kobuciko bomculi. Izindlu ze-opera ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni zimnika izinkontileka. UGobbi, ikakhulukazi, ucula eStockholm, eLisbon, eNew York, eChicago, eSan Francisco.

Ngo-1952 uTito ucula eMkhosini waseSalzburg; uqashelwa ngazwi linye njengoDon Giovanni ongenakuqhathaniswa ku-opera kaMozart enegama elifanayo. Ngo-1958, uGobbi wabamba iqhaza emdlalweni kaDon Carlos eCovent Garden Theatre yaseLondon. Umculi owenza ingxenye kaRodrigo wathola ukubuyekezwa okuhle kakhulu kubagxeki.

Ngo-1964, uFranco Zeffirelli wadlala iTosca eCovent Garden, wamema uGobbi noMaria Callas.

UGobbi uyabhala: “I-Covent Garden Theatre yayiphila ngaphansi kwengcindezi nokwesaba: kuthiwani uma uCallas enqaba ukudlala ngomzuzu wokugcina? USander Gorlinski, umphathi wakhe, wayengenaso isikhathi sanoma yini enye. Ukuba khona kwabantu abangagunyaziwe kuzo zonke izivivinyo akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele. Amaphephandaba abenomkhawulo emibikweni ye-laconic eqinisekisa ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle ...

Janawari 21, 1964. Nansi incazelo yalokho kudlala engingasoze ngakukhohlwa, okwabhalwa umkami u-Tilda encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zansuku zonke ngakusasa ekuseni:

“Ubusuku obumangalisayo! Isiteji esihle kakhulu, nakuba ngokokuqala ngqa ekuphileni kwami ​​i-aria “Vissi d'arte” ingazange ishayelwe ihlombe. (Umbono wami wukuthi izethameli beziwuthakasele kakhulu lo mbukiso kangangokuthi azizange zilokothe ​​ziphazamise isenzo ngokushaya ihlombe okungafanele. – Tito Gobbi.) Isenzo sesibili simane singakholeki: imidondoshiya emibili yobuciko be-opera ikhothamela omunye komunye ngaphambi komdlalo we-opera. ikhethini, njengezimbangi ezinesizotha. Ngemva kokuhlabelela okungapheli, izethameli zangena esiteji. Ngabona ukuthi abaseBrithani ababezithimbile bahlanya kanjani ngokoqobo: bakhumula amajakhethi abo, othayi, uNkulunkulu uyazi ukuthi yini enye futhi wabanyakazisa ngokuphelelwa yithemba. UTito wayelingisa, futhi ukusabela kwabo bobabili kwakuphawuleka ngokunemba okungavamile. Yiqiniso, uMaria wasishukumisa ngokuphelele isithombe esivamile seTosca, esinika ubuntu nokuvuleleka okwengeziwe. Kodwa nguye kuphela ongakwenza. Noma ubani ongalokotha alandele isibonelo sakhe, ngingaxwayisa: qaphela!

Lo mdlalo ovusa amadlingozi waphindwa kamuva ngabalingisi abafanayo eParis naseNew York, okwathi ngemva kwalokho i-divine prima donna yashiya isiteji se-opera isikhathi eside.

I-repertoire yomculi yayingakholeki. UGobbi ucule izingxenye ezingaphezu kwekhulu zazo zonke izinkathi nezitayela. “Yonke imikhakha engokomzwelo nengokwengqondo yochungechunge lwe-opera yomhlaba ingaphansi kwakhe,” kuphawula abagxeki.

“Ukwenza kwakhe izindima eziholayo kuma-opera e-Verdi kwakumangalisa ngokukhethekile,” kubhala u-L. Landman, “ngaphandle kwalabo okukhulunywe ngabo, laba ngoMacbeth, uSimon Boccanegra, uRenato, uRigoletto, uGermont, u-Amonasro. Izithombe eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokoqobo nezinonya zama-opera ka-Puccini ziseduze nomculi: uGianni Schicchi, Scarpia, abalingisi be-verist opera ka-R. Leoncavallo, P. Mascagni, F. Cilea, amahlaya akhazimulayo e-Rossini's Figaro kanye nokubaluleka okuhle kwe "William Tshela".

UTito Gobbi ungumdlali omuhle kakhulu wokuhlanganisa. Ebamba iqhaza emikhiqizweni emikhulu ye-opera yaleli khulu leminyaka, wacula ngokuphindaphindiwe nabadlali besikhathi esidlule abanjengoMaria Callas, Mario Del Monaco, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, abaqhubi be-A. Toscanini, V. Furtwängler, G. Karajan. Ulwazi oluhle kakhulu lwezingxenye ze-opera, ikhono lokusabalalisa okuguquguqukayo kahle nokulalela umlingani wakhe ngokuzwela kwamvumela ukuba azuze ubunye obungavamile ekuculeni ndawonye. NgeCallas, umculi uqophe kabili i-Tosca kumarekhodi, noMario Del Monaco - Othello. Wabamba iqhaza emidlalweni eminingi ye-TV nefilimu, ukuguqulwa kwefilimu ye-biographies yabaqambi abavelele. Ukuqoshwa kukaTito Gobbi, kanye namafilimu ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe, kuyimpumelelo enkulu phakathi kwabathandi bobuciko bezwi. Kumarekhodi, umculi ubuye abonakale endimeni yekhonsathi, okwenza kube lula ukwahlulela ububanzi bezithakazelo zakhe zomculo. Emdwebeni wegumbi likaGobbi, indawo enkulu inikezelwe emculweni wamakhosi amadala ekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX uJ. Carissimi, J. Caccini, A. Stradella, J. Pergolesi. Ngokuthanda kwakhe futhi okuningi ubhala izingoma ze-Neapolitan.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-60, u-Gobbi waphendukela ekuqondiseni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wekhonsathi osebenzayo. Ngo-1970, uGobbi, kanye noKallas, beza eSoviet Union njengesivakashi soMqhudelwano Wamazwe Ngamazwe We-IV oqanjwe ngo-PI Tchaikovsky.

Iminyaka eminingi, ecula nabaculi abadume kakhulu, ehlangana nabantu abavelele bomculo, uGobbi uqongelele izinto ezithokozisayo zamadokhumentari. Akumangazi ukuthi izincwadi zomculi "Ukuphila Kwami" kanye "Izwe Le-Opera Yase-Italy" zijabulela impumelelo enkulu, lapho achaza khona ngokungagwegwesi nangokucacile izimfihlakalo ze-opera house. UTito Gobbi washona ngo-March 5, 1984.