Isigqi esishisayo |

Umqondo wetiyori womculo odalwe ngu-BL Yavorsky. Ekuqaleni (kusukela ngo-1908) yayibizwa ngokuthi "isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo", kusukela ngo-1918 - "ithiyori ye-auditory gravity"; L. r. - igama layo elidume kakhulu (lethulwa ngo-1912). Okuyisisekelo kwethiyori ye-L. river. yathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Igama elithi LR” lisho ukwembuleka kwemodi ngesikhathi. Isisekelo esiyinhloko sethiyori ye-LR: ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambene zobudlelwane bomsindo - obungazinzile futhi obuzinzile; ukukhangwa kokungazinzi ekuxazululeni ekuzinzeni kuyisisekelo seminyuziyamu. dynamics futhi ikakhulukazi ukwakha frets. Ngokusho kuka-Yavorsky, amandla adonsela phansi omsindo ahlobene eduze nokuma komuntu endaweni ezungezile, njengoba kufakazelwa isikhundla se-organ of balance - imisele ye-semicircular esithweni sokuzwa esibona umculo. Umehluko kusuka ku-dissonance ne-consonance ukuthi imisindo engazinzile nezikhawu zingavumelana (isibonelo, ingxenye yesithathu ye-hd noma i-fa ku-C-dur) futhi, ngokuphambene, ongwaqa abazinzile (amathoni) bemodi bangahlukana (ngokwesibonelo, abathathu abanyukile nabanciphile) . U-Yavorsky ubona umthombo wokungazinzi ngesikhathi se-triton ("i-six-luton ratio"). Kulokhu, uthembela embonweni we-tritone njengesikhuthazo esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwe-modal, ebekwe phambili ngu-SI Taneev ku-con. Ikhulu le-19 (umsebenzi "Ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo zokuguquguquka ku-sonatas kaBeethoven") futhi yathuthukiswa nguye kamuva (izincwadi eziya kuNN Amani, 1903). Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlaziya amasampula e-bunks kuphinde kwaholela embonweni wokubaluleka okukhethekile kwe-newt ka-Yavorsky. umculo. Kanye nokulungiswa kwayo kwengxenye yesithathu enkulu, i-triton yakha ubunye obuyinhloko bokungazinzi nokuzinza - "uhlelo olulodwa lwe-symmetrical"; amasistimu amabili anjalo ebangeni le-semitone ahlangana abe "isistimu ye-symmetrical kabili", lapho ukulungiswa kuyingxenye yesithathu encane. Inhlanganisela yalezi zinhlelo yakha i-decomp. frets, futhi ukungazinzi kwesistimu eyodwa kwethula umsebenzi (“isikhathi semodal”) sokubusa, futhi isistimu ekabili yethula abangaphansi. Ukuma kwemisindo ngokuvumelana kunquma izinga lokuqina kwayo (“ukukhanya”).

Ngakho-ke, ukuvumelana, kucatshangelwa njengeqoqo lamandla adonsela phansi (“ukuhlanganisa”) kwemisindo engazinzile ibe yizinzile eyixazululayo. Kusuka lapha kufika izikhova ezivame ukwamukelwa. i-musicology, umqondo wemodi njengephethini ehlelwe kakhulu yokuguquguquka. umlingiswa, njengomzabalazo wamandla aphikisayo. Ukuchazwa kwemodi kujule kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa neyokuqala, isikali (njengoba isikali asibonisi isakhiwo sangaphakathi semodi).

Kanye nokukhulu nokuncane, ithiyori ye-linear r. ifakazela izindlela, amathonikhi awo angameli ongwaqa bongwaqa: ukwanda, ukuncipha, iketango (ukuxhumanisa izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezinkulu, isibonelo, i-ce-es-g, okungukuthi enkulu-encane yegama elifanayo). Iqembu elikhethekile lenziwe ngezindlela eziguquguqukayo, lapho umsindo ofanayo ungaba nencazelo ephindwe kabili - engazinzile futhi eqinile, okuyisizathu sokufuduka kwe-tonic. Okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu "ama-double-modes" avela lapho ukungazinzi kuxazululwa kabili - "ngaphakathi nangaphandle" (zombili izinqumo zihlukaniswa komunye nomunye nge-tritone, ukuze i-double-major, isibonelo, ihlanganise izimpawu ze C-dur kanye ne-Fis-dur).

Imodi ngayinye inezici zayo zesici (isibonelo, kumodi ekhuphukile - izinqumo ku-triad ehambisanayo, ukulandelana kokuthathu okukhulu noma kwesithupha okuncane, ama-chords anenombolo yesithupha eyengeziwe, isisekelo sokugqoka esikhawulweni sesithathu esinciphile, njll. ). Thola incazelo. izikali: isikali se-pentatonic (esikhulu noma esincane nemisindo ye-tritone ivaliwe), "isikali saseHungary" (i-fret eyandayo yezinhlelo ezimbili ezilodwa), isikali sethoni ephelele kanye nethoni-semitone (ama-frets akhulayo futhi anciphile, kanye nama-frets aphindwe kabili).

Ukutholwa "kwezindlela ezintsha" kungenye yesayensi ebaluleke kakhulu. ukufaneleka kuka-Yavorsky, njengoba iningi labo likhona ngempela emculweni wekhulu le-19-20, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini kaF. Liszt, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin. U-Yavorsky uphinde wabonisa izikali ezakhiwe ngezikhathi ezithile (okubizwa ngokuthi izindlela ezinokuguqulwa okulinganiselwe), azisebenzisa emsebenzini wakhe wokudala eminyakeni eminingi kamuva. zijwayeze O. Messiaen. Umqondo wokuhlukahluka kwe-modal uchaza eziningi. izenzakalo zomculo wabantu; ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyasiza ukuchaza izici ezithile ze-polytonality. Ukugomela kokuthi kungenzeka ukwakheka kwe-modal okudlula okukhulu-okuncane kuwukuphikisa okubaluleke kakhulu emiqondweni, ngokusho ukuthi okukhulu nokuncane kungathathelwa indawo kuphela ukunganaki kwenhlangano ye-modal ngokuvamile, okungukuthi i-atonality.

Uhlangothi olusengozini lwethiyori ye-modal ye-Yavorsky yindlela yokwakha ama-frets ngesisekelo se-tritone. Asikho isizathu sokubona ku-tritone umthombo wendawo yonke wokwakheka kwe-fret; lokhu kufakazelwa ngokucacile ama-frets amadala, angenayo i-triton, i-to-rye, ngokuphambene nenkambo yomlando. ukuthuthukiswa kufanele kuhunyushwe njengezinhlobo ezingaphelele zezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izici ze-dogmatism zikhona futhi encazelweni yangaphakathi. Izakhiwo ezikhathazayo, ngezinye izikhathi eziholela ekuphikisaneni namaqiniso. Noma kunjalo, ukubaluleka kwethiyori ka-Yavorsky kunqunywa ngokungangabazeki indlela eyisisekelo yenkinga ngokwayo kanye nokwandiswa kohlu lwezindlela ezaziwayo.

Ubudlelwano be-Ladotonal (igama elithi "tonality" yethulwa nguYavorsky) libhekwa maqondana nefomu nesigqi. izilinganiso (isibonelo, “ukuchezuka engxenyeni yesithathu yefomu”). Okuthakazelisa kakhulu "ukuqhathaniswa kwethoni yesikali nomphumela", lapho amathoni amabili noma ngaphezulu angahlobene adala ukungqubuzana, isiphetho esivela kuso esiba "umphumela" - ithonility ehlanganisa zonke ezedlule. U-Yavorsky wathuthukisa lapha umqondo "wokuhlanganisa ithoni yezinga eliphezulu" obekwe phambilini nguTaneyev. Umgomo "wokuqhathanisa nomphumela" ubuye uqondwe kabanzi, njengokushayisana kwezikhathi eziphikisanayo nomphumela ojwayelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imbangela yezingxabano ezilandelayo kodlule kuyagcizelelwa.

Indawo enkulu kumbono ka L. r. ubhekene nenkinga yokunqunywa komsebenzi. U-Yavorsky wasungula umqondo we-caesura nezinhlobo zawo. Ngokusekelwe kuzifaniso nenkulumo yomlomo, umqondo we-caesuria uthuthukisa umbono wokusebenza, ikakhulukazi imfundiso yemisho. Uhlangothi oluphambene - ukucacisa - kutholwe inkulumo "esimisweni sokuxhuma" (ukuxhumana kude), emcabangweni "wokumbondelana" njengesici sokunamathela, ukunamathela. Umqondo wephimbo njengengqamuzana eliyinhloko lamamuse uyethulwa. ifomu nokuveza; kusekelwe ekusebenzelaneni kwemisindo yokuwohloka. incazelo ye-modal. Ingxenye eyodwa (ukwakhiwa kumsebenzi owodwa) kanye nezingxenye ezimbili (ukuguqulwa kwemisebenzi emibili) kuyahlukaniswa; ezingxenyeni ezimbili, isilandiso siyahlukaniswa - umzuzu wokulungiselela (umqondo osusakazeke kabanzi) kanye ne-ikt - umzuzu wokugcina kanye nencazelo.

Isigqi siqondwa njengendawo yonke yobudlelwano besikhashana - kusukela kokuncane kakhulu kuye esilinganisweni esiphakathi kwezingxenye ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izenzakalo zesigqi zigcwele okuqukethwe kwe-modal; umuzwa wesigqi uchazwa ngokuthi “ikhono lokuzulazula ngesikhathi, ngomsindo wamandla adonsela phansi osebenza njalo.” Kusuka lapha, kuvela umbono ojwayelekile, owanikeza igama. yonke ithiyori: isigqi se-modal njengenqubo yokwembula imodi ngesikhathi.

Ifomu liphinde licatshangelwe ngokuhlobene eduze nokuzinza nokungazinzi. Kuye kwaboniswa okokuqala ukuthi amafomu amelela ukuqaliswa kwezimiso ezijwayelekile zokubunjwa. Imiqondo yefomu njengendawo yokugcina impahla eyingqayizivele ngayinye kanye ne-schema njengesakhiwo esifanekisiwe esivamile ihlukaniswa. Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zethiyori ye-L. river. - isifiso sokuxhuma izindaba zesakhiwo nezobuciko. umbono womculo. Naphezu kwezici zenkolelo-mbono ezavela lapha, futhi, kwakukhona ukuthambekela kokubheka umculo njengenkulumo yomuntu evezayo, ukuveza ubuhle. incazelo yamafomu, ukuwasondeza ekufaneni. izenzakalo zamanye amacala. Lezi zici zibe nomthelela omuhle ekusetshenzisweni kwedatha ye-L. river. ngemfundo yomculo, yezifundo “zokulalela umculo”.

Ngakho-ke, nakuba umqondo ophelele we-LR, olandela ncamashi isethulo sombhali, awugcinanga ukubaluleka kwawo, imibono yawo evamile ethela izithelo, njll. imiqondo ethize isetshenziswa kabanzi. Emisebenzini yezikhova. izazi zomculo u-LV Kulakovsky, ME Tarakanov, VP Dernova baphinde bacabanga kabusha noma bavuselela izindlela zokuhlaziya i-Nar. izingoma, imiqondo ye-LR, izindlela ezimbili.

References: Yavorsky BL, Isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo. Izinto zokwakha namanothi, ingxenye 1-3, M., 1908; eyakhe, Ukuzivocavoca ekwakheni isigqi se-modal, ingxenye 1, M., 1915, M., 1928; yakhe, Izakhi eziyisisekelo zomculo, M., 1923; eyakhe, Ukwakhiwa kwenqubo yomculo, encwadini: Belyaeva-Ekzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky B., Isakhiwo se-Melody, M., 1929; Bryusova N., Isayensi yomculo, izindlela zayo zomlando kanye nesimo samanje, M., 1910; eyakhe, uBoleslav Leopoldovich Yavorsky, eqoqweni: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Kulakovsky L., De-yaki zivchennya BL Yavorsky, "Music", 1924, ingxenye 10-12; eyakhe, Emcabangweni wesigqi se-modal nemisebenzi yayo, “Imfundo Yomculo”, 1930, No 1; U-Belyaev V., Ukuhlaziywa kokuguqulwa kwe-sonatas ka-Beethoven, i-SI Taneev, eqoqweni: Incwadi yesiRashiya mayelana noBeethoven, M,, 1927; I-Protopopov S., Izakhi zesakhiwo senkulumo yomculo, izingxenye 1-2, M., 1930; U-Ryzhkin I., Ithiyori yesigqi se-modal, encwadini: Mazel L., Ryzhkin I., Izindatshana zomlando we-theoretical musicology, vol. 2, M.-L., 1939; Izincwadi ezivela ku-SI Taneyev ku-NN Amani, EF Napravnik, IA Vsevolozhsky, SM, 1940, No 7; Inkumbulo Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev, 1856-1946. Sat. izihloko nezinto zokwakha zeminyaka engu-90 yokuzalwa kwakhe, uM.-L., 1947; Zukkerman V., Kulakovsky L., Yavorsky-theorist, "SM", 1957, No 12; Lunacharsky AB, Inkulumo engqungqutheleni yethiyori yesigqi se-modal February 5, 1930 eMoscow, ngoSat: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Zukkerman VA, Yavorsky-theorist, ibid.; Kholopov Yu. N., Amamodi we-Symmetric ezinhlelweni zethiyori ye-Yavorsky ne-Mesiaen, ku: Music and Modernity, vol. 7, M., 1971.

VA Zuckerman