I-Pentatonic |

kusukela ku-pente yesiGreki - emihlanu nethoni

Isistimu yomsindo equkethe izinyathelo ezinhlanu ngaphakathi kwe-octave. Kunezinhlobo ezi-4 ze-P.: i-non-semitone (noma empeleni i-P.); ithoni encane; okuxubile; uthukuthele.

I-Non-half-tone P. iyaziwa nangokuthi ngaphansi kwamanye amagama: imvelo (AS Ogolevets), ihlanzekile (X. Riemann), i-anhemitonic, ithoni ephelele; i-proto-diatonic (GL Katouar), i-trichord system (AD Kastalsky), i-gamma “yenkathi yesine” (PP Sokalsky), i-gamma yesiShayina, i-gamma yaseScotland. Lolu hlobo oluyinhloko P. (igama elithi “P.” ngaphandle kwezengezo ezikhethekile ngokuvamile lisho okungeyona i-semitone P.) iyisistimu enezinyathelo ezi-5, yonke imisindo engahlelwa ngokwesihlanu okumsulwa. Izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zezikhawu ezifakiwe phakathi kwezinyathelo eziseduze zezilinganiso zale P. - b. okwesibili kanye m. okwesithathu. I-P. ibonakala ngezingoma ezingezona ze-semitone zezinyathelo ezintathu - ama-trichords (m. yesithathu + b. yesibili, isibonelo, i-ega). Ngenxa yokungabikho kwama-semitone ku-P., amandla adonsela phansi e-modal abukhali awakwazi ukwakheka. Isikali se-P. asivezi isikhungo sethoni esiqondile. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yeCh. amathoni angenza noma yimiphi imisindo emihlanu; ngakho-ke abahlanu bahlukene. okuhlukile kwesikali se-P. sokuqanjwa komsindo okufanayo:

I-half-tone P. ingesinye sezigaba ezivamile ekuthuthukisweni komculo. ukucabanga (bona uhlelo lomsindo). Ngakho-ke, i-P. (noma ama-rudiments ayo) itholakala ezingxenyeni zasendulo zama-muses. umlando wabantu abahlukahlukene kakhulu (kuhlanganise nabantu baseNtshonalanga Yurophu, bheka incwadi ka-X. Moser noJ. Müller-Blattau, p. 15). Kodwa-ke, i-P. iyingxenye yomculo wamazwe aseMpumalanga (China, Vietnam), nase-USSR - yamaTatars, amaBashkirs, amaBuryats nabanye.

I-Do Nhuan (Vietnam). Ingoma ethi "Far March" (ekuqaleni).

Izakhi zokucabanga kwe-pentatonic nazo ziyisici seRussia yasendulo, isi-Ukraine, isiBelarusian. nar. izingoma:

Kusuka eqoqweni lika-A. Rubets "Izingoma Zomdabu zase-Ukraine eziyi-100".

Ama-Trichords ajwayelekile ku-P. ngesi-Russian. nar. iculo livamise ukumbozwa ngomculo olula. umhlobiso, ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane (ngokwesibonelo, engomeni ethi "Kwakungekho moya" eqoqweni lika-MA Balakirev). Izinsalela ze-P. ziyabonakala kumasampula amadala eNkathi Ephakathi. i-chorale (isibonelo, amafomula ayisici ezwi lezwi c-df ngesi-Dorian, deg kanye ne-ega ngesi-Frygian, i-gac ngezindlela ze-Mixolydian). Nokho, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19. P. njengesistimu yayingabalulekile eYurophu. uphrof. umculo. Ukunaka uNar. umculo, intshisekelo kumbala we-modal nokuvumelana. izici enkathini yangemva kwezakudala zaseViennese zenze ukuphila ukuvela kwezibonelo ezicacile zika-P. njengezikhethekile. izoveza. kusho (ihubo lesiShayina emculweni ka-K. Weber kuya ku-Schiller athathelwe indawo yomdlalo othi “Turandot” ka-K. Gozzi; emsebenzini ka-AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, E. Grieg, K. Debussy). I-P. ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuveza ukuthula, ukungabi bikho kwezinkanuko:

AP Borodin. Romance "Sleeping Princess" (ekuqaleni).

Ngezinye izikhathi kusiza ukukhiqiza kabusha umsindo wezinsimbi - Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy. Kwesinye isikhathi i-P. iphinde isetshenziswe ku-chord ("ukugoqa" kube ipentachord engaphelele):

MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov". Isenzo III.

Kumasampula ezehlele kithi, Nar. izingoma, kanye naku-prof. Umsebenzi kaP. ngokuvamile uncike kokuyinhloko (bheka u-A esibonelweni esikukholomu 234) noma kwencane (bheka u-D esibonelweni esifanayo), futhi nangenxa yokunethezeka kokuguqula isisekelo sisuke kwelinye ithoni siye kwelinye, okufanayo. -imodi yokushintshana ivame ukwakheka, isibonelo.

Ezinye izinhlobo ze-P. izinhlobo zayo. I-Halftone (i-hemitonic; futhi i-ditonic) P. itholakala ku-Nar. umculo wamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga (X. Husman ukhomba izingoma zamaNdiya, kanye nesi-Indonesian, isiJapanese). Isakhiwo sesikali sesikali se-halftone -

, isib. esinye sezikali ze-slendro (Java). I-Mixed P. ihlanganisa izici ze-tonal kanye ne-non-semitone (u-Husman ukhuluma ngezingoma zomunye wezizwe zaseCongo).

I-Tempered P. (kodwa ayilingani; igama alinangqondo) isikali se-Indonesian slendro, lapho i-octave ihlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezingu-5 ezingahambelani namathoni noma ama-semitones. Isibonelo, ukulungiswa kwe-gamelan ye-Javanese (ngama-semitones) kanje: 2,51-2,33-2,32-2,36-2,48 (1/5 octave - 2,40).

Ithiyori yokuqala eyehlele kithi. Incazelo ka-P. ngeyososayensi uDkt. China (mhlawumbe yangengxenye yokuqala yenkulungwane yokuqala BC). Ngaphakathi kwe-acoustic isistimu ye-lu (imisindo engu-1 engxenyeni yesihlanu ephelele, eyathuthukiswa kusukela ebukhosini bakwa-Zhou) yahlanganiswa yaba i-octave eyodwa yemisindo engu-1 engumakhelwane yanikeza amapayipi angewona ama-semitone kuzo zonke izinhlobo zawo ezinhlanu. Ngaphezu kwezibalo eziqinisekisa indlela ye-P. (itshe lesikhumbuzo lasendulo kakhulu yincwadi ethi “Guanzi”, okuthiwa i-Guan Zhong, – 12th century BC), kwasungulwa uphawu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinyathelo zikaP, lapho imisindo emihlanu ihambisana khona. 5 izakhi, 7 ukunambitheka; ngaphezu kwalokho, iphimbo elithi “gong” (c) lalifanekisela umbusi, “shan” (d) – izikhulu, “jue” (e) – abantu, “zhi” (g) – izenzo, “yu” (a) – izinto.

Isithakazelo ku-P. savuselelwa ekhulwini le-19. U-AN Serov wayebheka u-P. engowaseMpumalanga. umculo futhi uhunyushwe njenge-diatonic ngokushiywa kwezinyathelo ezimbili. U-PP Sokalsky waqala wabonisa indima ka-P. ngesiRashiya. nar. ingoma futhi yagcizelela ukuzimela kuka-P. njengohlobo lwamamuse. izinhlelo. Ngokombono womqondo wesiteji, waxhuma u-P. “nenkathi ye-quart” (okuyingxenye yeqiniso kuphela). U-AS Famintsyn, elindele imibono ka-B. Bartok no-Z. Kodaly, ngokokuqala ngqa waveza ukuthi u-P. ungqimba lwasendulo lwamabhinki. umculo waseYurophu; ngaphansi kwezingqimba ze-halftone, wathola u-P. nangesiRashiya. ingoma. KV Kvitka ngesisekelo amaqiniso amasha kanye theory. Izimfuneko zagxeka inkolelo-mbono kaSokalsky (ikakhulukazi, ukuncishiswa "kwenkathi ye-quart" kuya kuma-trichords ka-P., kanye nohlelo lwakhe "lwezinkathi ezintathu" - ama-quarts, ingxenye yesihlanu, yesithathu) futhi yacacisa inkolelo ye-pentatonic AS. Ama-Ogolevets, asekelwe emcabangweni wesiteji, ayekholelwa ukuthi i-P. ngendlela efihliwe futhi ikhona emculweni othuthuke kakhulu. uhlelo futhi iwuhlobo "lwehlakalo" lwenhlangano ye-modal ku-diatonic kanye nezinhlobo zofuzo zakamuva zamamuse. ukucabanga. U-IV Sposobin waphawula ithonya lika-P. ekwakhekeni kolunye lwezinhlobo zokuvumelana okungezona eze-tertzian (bheka isibonelo ekugcineni kwe-strip 235). I-yam. Girshman, ngemva kokusungula ithiyori enemininingwane kaP. futhi wahlola ubukhona bayo kuTat. umculo, wakhanyisa umlando wetiyetha. ukuqondisisa kwe-P. Kwisayensi yomculo yangaphandle yekhulu lama-20. impahla enothile nayo iqoqwe ngo-dec. izinhlobo ze-P. (ngaphezu kwe-non-semitone).

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Yu. H. Kholopov