Nicolai Gedda |

U-Nicolai gedda

U-Nikolai Gedda wazalelwa e-Stockholm ngoJulayi 11, 1925. Uthisha wakhe wayengumculi wezingoma waseRussia uMikhail Ustinov, emndenini wakhe umfana owayehlala kuwo. Ustinov futhi waba uthisha wokuqala umculi esizayo. UNicholas wachitha ubuntwana bakhe eLeipzig. Lapha, lapho eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala, waqala ukufunda ukudlala upiyano, kanye nokucula ekwayeni yesonto laseRussia. Baholwa ngu-Ustinov. “Ngalesi sikhathi,” kukhumbula lo mculi kamuva, “ngizifundele izinto ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu: okokuqala, ukuthi ngiwuthanda kakhulu umculo, futhi okwesibili, ukuthi nginephimbo eliphelele.

… Ngike ngabuzwa izikhathi eziningi ukuthi ngalitholaphi izwi elinjalo. Kulokhu ngingaphendula into eyodwa kuphela: Ngayithola kuNkulunkulu. Bengingazuza kumkhulu wami ozala umama izici zomculi. Mina ngokwami ​​bengilokhu ngibheka izwi lami lokucula njengento okufanele ilawulwe. Ngakho-ke, bengilokhu ngizama ukunakekela izwi lami, ukulithuthukisa, ngiphile ngendlela yokuthi ngingalimazi isipho sami.

Ngo-1934, kanye nabazali bakhe bokutholwa, uNikolai wabuyela eSweden. Wathweswa iziqu e-gymnasium futhi waqala izinsuku zokusebenza.

“…Ngelinye ihlobo ngasebenzela umyeni wokuqala ka-Sarah Leander, uNils Leander. Wayenendlu yokushicilela ku-Regeringsgatan, banyathelisa incwadi enkulu yereferensi mayelana nabenzi befilimu, hhayi kuphela ngabaqondisi nabalingisi, kodwa futhi mayelana nabakhokhi bemali kuma-cinema, ama-mechanics nabalawuli. Umsebenzi wami kwakuwukupakisha lo msebenzi ephaketheni leposi futhi ngiwuthumele ezweni lonke ngokheshi lapho kulethwa.

Ehlobo lika-1943, ubaba wathola umsebenzi ehlathini: wagawula izinkuni umuntu ompofu eduze kwedolobha Mersht. Ngahamba naye ngamsiza. Kwakuyihlobo elihle ngendlela emangalisayo, sasivuka ngehora lesihlanu ekuseni, ngesikhathi esimnandi kakhulu - kwakungakabikho ukushisa futhi kungekho omiyane futhi. Sasebenza kwaze kwaba sesithathu sayophumula. Sasihlala endlini yabantu abampofu.

Ehlobo lika-1944 no-1945, ngasebenza eNkampanini yaseNurdiska, emnyangweni owawulungisa amaphasela omnikelo ukuze athunyelwe eJalimane - lokhu kwakuwusizo oluhlelekile, oluholwa ngu-Count Folke Bernadotte. Inkampani yaseNurdiska yayinezindawo ezikhethekile zalokhu ku-Smålandsgatan - amaphakheji ayegcwele lapho, futhi ngabhala izaziso ...

… Intshisekelo yangempela emculweni yavuswa umsakazo, lapho phakathi neminyaka yempi ngalala amahora amaningi futhi ngilalela – okokuqala ngilalela uGigli, kwase kuba uJussi Björling, uRichard Tauber waseJalimane kanye noDane Helge Rosvenge. Ngikhumbula indlela engangiyithanda ngayo i-tenor Helge Roswenge - wayenomsebenzi omuhle eJalimane phakathi nempi. Kodwa u-Gigli wavusa imizwa enesivunguvungu kakhulu kimi, ikakhulukazi ekhangwa i-repertoire yakhe - i-arias evela kuma-opera ase-Italy nase-French. Ngangichitha izikhathi eziningi zakusihlwa emsakazweni, ngilalela futhi ngilalela ngokungapheli.

Ngemva kokukhonza ebuthweni lezempi, u-Nikolai wangena eStockholm Bank njengesisebenzi, lapho asebenza khona iminyaka eminingana. Kodwa waqhubeka ephupha ngomsebenzi wokuba umculi.

“Abangane abakhulu babazali bami bangeluleka ukuba ngifunde kuthisha waseLatvia uMaria Vintere, ngaphambi kokuza eSweden wacula eRiga Opera. Umyeni wakhe wayengumqhubi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, kamuva ngaqala ukufunda naye imfundiso yomculo. UMaria Wintere wayefundisa ehholo lomhlangano eliqashiwe lesikole kusihlwa, phakathi nosuku wayeziphilisa ngomsebenzi ovamile. Ngafunda naye unyaka, kodwa wayengazi ukuthi angathuthukisa kanjani into edingeka kakhulu kimi - indlela yokucula. Ngokusobala, akukho nqubekelaphambili engiyenziwe naye.

Ngaxoxa namakhasimende athile ehhovisi lasebhange ngomculo lapho ngiwasiza ekuvuleni amasefo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke sixoxe no-Bertil Strange - wayengumdlali wophondo eNkantolo yaseNkantolo. Lapho ngimtshela ngezinkinga zokufunda ukucula, waqamba uMartin Eman: “Ngicabanga ukuthi uzovumelana nawe.”

… Ngenkathi ngicula zonke izinombolo zami, ukutuseka okuzenzakalelayo kwachitheka kuye, wathi wayengakaze ezwe muntu ecula lezi zinto kamnandi kanjena – kunjalo, ngaphandle kuka-Gigli no-Björling. Ngajabula futhi nganquma ukusebenza naye. Ngamtshela ukuthi ngisebenza ebhange, imali engiyiholayo iyondla umndeni wami. “Masingayenzi inkinga ngokukhokhela izifundo,” kusho u-Eman. Ngesikhathi sokuqala wacela ukufunda nami mahhala.

Ekwindla ka-1949 ngaqala ukufunda noMartin Eman. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, wanginikeza inhlolokhono yesilingo ye-Christina Nilsson Scholarship, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyiziqhele ze-3000. UMartin Eman uhlezi ejajini nowayengumqhubi omkhulu we-opera, uJoel Berglund, kanye nomculi wasenkantolo uMarianne Merner. Kamuva, u-Eman wathi uMarianne Merner ujabule, okwakungashiwo ngoBerglund. Kodwa ngathola ibhonasi, neyodwa, futhi manje ngase ngikwazi ukukhokhela u-Eman izifundo.

Ngenkathi ngihambisa amasheke, u-Eman wabiza omunye wabaqondisi bebhange laseScandinavia, ayemazi mathupha. Wangicela ukuba ngibambe itoho ukuze anginike ithuba lokuqhubeka nokucula ngempela. Ngashintshelwa ehhovisi elikhulu eGustav Adolf Square. U-Martin Eman uphinde wangihlelela inhlolokhono entsha e-Academy of Music. Manje base bangamukela njengevolontiya, okwakusho ukuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakufanele ngibhale izivivinyo, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngangikhululiwe ekuyeni okuyimpoqo, njengoba kwakumelwe ngichithe ingxenye yosuku ebhange.

Ngaqhubeka ngifunda no-Eman, futhi zonke izinsuku zangaleso sikhathi, kusukela ngo-1949 kuya ku-1951, zazigcwele umsebenzi. Le minyaka yayiyimihle kakhulu empilweni yami, kwase kungivulekele okuningi ngokuzumayo ...

… Engifundiswe ngu-Martin Eman okokuqala kwaba ukuthi “lilungiswa” kanjani izwi. Lokhu akwenziwa nje kuphela ngenxa yokuthi ubumnyama ubheke ku-"o" futhi usebenzise ukuguqulwa kobubanzi bokuvulwa komphimbo kanye nosizo lokusekela. Umculi uvame ukuphefumula njengabo bonke abantu, hhayi kuphela ngomphimbo, kodwa futhi ujule, ngamaphaphu. Ukuthola indlela yokuphefumula efanele kufana nokugcwalisa i-decanter ngamanzi, kufanele uqale phansi. Bagcwalisa amaphaphu ngokujulile - ukuze kwanele ibinzana elide. Khona-ke kuyadingeka ukuxazulula inkinga yendlela yokusebenzisa umoya ngokucophelela ukuze ungashiywa ngaphandle kwawo kuze kube sekupheleni kwenkulumo. Konke lokhu u-Eman wayengangifundisa ngokuphelele, ngoba yena ngokwakhe wayeyi-tenor futhi ezazi lezi zinkinga kahle.

Ngo-April 8, 1952 kwaba ukuqalwa kwe-Hedda. Ngakusasa, amaphephandaba amaningi aseSweden aqala ukukhuluma ngempumelelo enkulu yalowo owayesanda kufika.

Ngaleso sikhathi, inkampani yamaNgisi yokuqopha i-EMAI yayifuna umculi ozodlala indima ye-Pretender ku-opera ka-Mussorgsky u-Boris Godunov, eyayizodlalwa ngesiRashiya. Unjiniyela womsindo owaziwayo u-Walter Legge weza eStockholm ezofuna umculi. Abaphathi be-opera house bameme u-Legge ukuthi ahlele inhlolokhono yabaculi abasebasha abanesiphiwo kakhulu. U-VV ulandisa ngenkulumo kaGedda. I-Timokhin:

“Umculi ucule u-Legge the “Aria with a Flower” from “Carmen”, ekhanyisa i-B-flat ebabazekayo. Ngemva kwalokho, u-Legge wacela le nsizwa ukuthi icule ibinzana elifanayo ngokombhalo wombhali - i-diminuendo ne-pianissimo. Umdwebi ufeze lesi sifiso ngaphandle komzamo. Ngabo lobo busuku, uGedda wacula, manje eculela i-Dobrovijn, futhi “i-aria enembali” kanye nama-aria amabili ka-Ottavio. U-Legge, umkakhe u-Elisabeth Schwarzkopf no-Dobrovein babevumelana ngombono wabo - babenomculi ovelele phambi kwabo. Ngokushesha inkontileka yasayinwa naye ukwenza ingxenye ye-Pretender. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kube ukuphela kwendaba. U-Legge wayazi ukuthi u-Herbert Karajan, owadlala uDon Giovanni kaMozart eLa Scala, waba nobunzima obukhulu ekukhetheni umlingisi ozodlala indima ka-Ottavio, futhi wathumela i-telegram emfushane esuka eStockholm kumqhubi nomqondisi wemidlalo yeshashalazi u-Antonio Ghiringelli: “Ngithole. i-Ottavio ekahle ". Ngokushesha uGhiringelli wabizela uGedda kwinhlolokhono eLa Scala. UGiringelli kamuva wathi engxenyeni yesine yekhulu leminyaka engumqondisi, wayengakaze ahlangane nomculi wangaphandle owayengaba nomyalo ophelele kangaka wolimi lwesiNtaliyane. UGedda wamenywa ngokushesha endimeni ka-Ottavio. Ukucula kwakhe kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu, futhi umqambi uCarl Orff, i-Triumphs trilogy yakhe eyayisanda kulungiselelwa ukudlalwa eLa Scala, ngokushesha wanikeza lo mculi osemusha ingxenye yoMyeni engxenyeni yokugcina ye-trilogy, Ukunqoba kuka-Aphrodite. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka nje ngemva komdlalo wokuqala esiteji, u-Nikolai Gedda wathola idumela lokuba umculi onegama laseYurophu.

Ngo-1954, uGedda wacula ngesikhathi esisodwa ezikhungweni zomculo ezintathu ezinkulu zaseYurophu: eParis, eLondon naseVienna. Lokhu kulandelwa ukuvakasha kwekhonsathi emadolobheni aseJalimane, okudlalwa edilini lomculo edolobheni laseFrance i-Aix-en-Provence.

Maphakathi nekhulu lama-1957, uGedda usevele enodumo lwamazwe ngamazwe. NgoNovemba XNUMX, wabonakala okokuqala kuGounod's Faust e-New York Metropolitan Opera House. Okunye lapha wayecula minyaka yonke izinkathi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili.

Ngemva nje kokuqala kwakhe e-Metropolitan, u-Nikolai Gedda wahlangana nomculi waseRussia kanye nothisha wezwi uPolina Novikova, owayehlala eNew York. UGedda wazazisa kakhulu izifundo zakhe: “Ngikholelwa ukuthi kuhlale kunengozi yamaphutha amancane angabulala futhi kancane kancane aholele umculi endleleni engalungile. Umculi akakwazi, njengomdlali wezinsimbi, ukuzizwa, ngakho-ke ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kuyadingeka. Ngenhlanhla nje ngahlangana nothisha osekuphenduke isayensi kuye ubuciko bokucula. Ngesinye isikhathi, uNovikova wayedume kakhulu e-Italy. Uthisha wakhe kwakunguMattia Battistini ngokwakhe. Wayenesikole esihle kanye ne-bass-baritone edumile uGeorge London.

Iziqephu eziningi ezikhanyayo ze-biography yobuciko ka-Nikolai Gedda zihlotshaniswa ne-Metropolitan Theatre. Ngo-Okthoba 1959, ukudlala kwakhe kuManon kaMassenet kwadonsela ukubuyekezwa kwabezindaba. Abagxeki abazange bahluleke ukuqaphela ubuhle bemisho, umusa omangalisayo nobuhle bendlela umculi acula ngayo.

Phakathi kwezindima eziculwa uGedda esiteji saseNew York, uHoffmann (“The Tales of Hoffmann” ka-Offenbach), uDuke (“Rigoletto”), Elvino (“Sleepwalker”), Edgar (“Lucia di Lammermoor”) bayagqama. Mayelana nokudlala indima ka-Ottavio, omunye wababuyekezi wabhala: “Njenge-tenor yaseMozartia, u-Hedda unezimbangi ezimbalwa esiteji se-opera yesimanje: inkululeko ephelele yokusebenza nokunambitheka okucolisisiwe, isiko elikhulu lobuciko kanye nesipho esimangalisayo sobungcweti. umculi umvumele ukuthi afinyelele izinga eliphezulu emculweni kaMozart.”

Ngo-1973, uGedda wacula ngesiRashiya ingxenye kaHerman ethi The Queen of Spades. Injabulo ngazwilinye yabalaleli baseMelika nayo yabangelwa omunye umsebenzi "waseRussia" womculi - ingxenye kaLensky.

“I-Lensky ingxenye engiyithandayo,” kusho uGedda. "Kunothando oluningi nezinkondlo kuyo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo idrama yeqiniso." Kokunye ukuphawula kokusebenza komculi, sifunda: "Ekhuluma ku-Eugene Onegin, uGedda uzithola esesimweni esingokomzwelo esiseduze kakhulu naye kangangokuthi ingoma nomdlandla wezinkondlo otholakala esithombeni sikaLensky uthola okuthinta inhliziyo nokujulile. umfanekiso othokozisayo ovela kumdwebi. Kubonakala sengathi umphefumulo wembongi encane uhlabelela, futhi umfutho okhanyayo, amaphupho akhe, imicabango mayelana nokuhlukana nokuphila, umculi udlulisela ngobuqotho obumangalisayo, ubulula nobuqotho.

Ngo-March 1980, uGedda wavakashela izwe lakithi okokuqala. Wenza esiteji seBolshoi Theatre yase-USSR ngokunembile endimeni kaLensky nangempumelelo enkulu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umculi wayevame ukuvakashela ezweni lakithi.

Umhlaziyi wezobuciko uSvetlana Savenko uyabhala:

“Ngaphandle kwehaba, i-tenor yaseSweden ingabizwa ngomculi womhlaba wonke: izitayela nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ziyatholakala kuye - kusukela emculweni we-Renaissance kuya ku-Orff nezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia, imikhuba ehlukahlukene yezwe. Ukholisa ngokulinganayo ku-Rigoletto no-Boris Godunov, ngobuningi buka-Bach nasezindabeni zothando zikaGrieg. Mhlawumbe lokhu kubonisa ukuguquguquka kwemvelo yokudala, isici somculi owakhulela emhlabathini wangaphandle futhi waphoqeleka ukuba azivumelanise nezimo ezizungezile zamasiko. Kodwa ngemva kwakho konke, ukuguquguquka nakho kudinga ukugcinwa futhi kuhlakulelwe: ngesikhathi uGedda ekhula, wayengase akhohlwe ulimi lwesiRashiya, ulimi lobuntwana bakhe nobusha, kodwa lokhu akuzange kwenzeke. Iphathi yeLensky eMoscow naseLeningrad yazwakala ekuchazeni kwayo inenjongo kakhulu futhi ingenasici.

Isitayela sokwenza u-Nikolai Gedda sihlanganisa ngenjabulo izici zezikole eziningana, okungenani ezintathu, zezwe. Isekelwe ezimisweni ze-Italian bel canto, ukuphumelela kwayo okudingekayo kunoma yimuphi umculi ofuna ukuzinikela kuma-operatic classics. Ukucula kuka-Hedda kuhlukaniswa nokuphefumula okubanzi kwebinzana elimnandi elivamile le-bel canto, elihlanganiswe nokulingana okuphelele kokukhiqizwa komsindo: uhlamvu ngalunye olusha luthatha indawo yangaphambili ngokushelela, ngaphandle kokwephula isikhundla esisodwa sephimbo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukucula kungase kube nomuzwa ongakanani. . Ngakho-ke ubunye bezwi lika-Hedda, ukungabi bikho “kwemithungo” phakathi kwamarejista, ngezinye izikhathi okutholakala ngisho naphakathi kwabahlabeleli abakhulu. I-tenor yakhe yinhle ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amarejista.”