Umfana |

I-Armenia yesiGreki, lat. I-modulatio, i-modus, isiFulentshi nesiNgisi. imodi, i-italy. igciwane, igciwane. i-Tongeschlecht; inkazimulo. ukuvumelana - ukuzwana, ukuthula, ukuzwana, ukuhleleka

Okuqukethwe:

I. Incazelo yemodi II. I-Etymology III. Ingqikithi yemodi IV. Imvelo yezwi lezinto ezizwakalayo zemodi V. Izigaba eziyinhloko nezinhlobo zesistimu ye-modal, i-genesis VI yazo. Ukuphila kanye dialectics VII. Indlela yokwakheka kwe-Fret VIII. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IX. Umlando okhathazayo X. Umlando Wezimfundiso Ezikumodi

I. Incazelo yemodi. 1) L. ngobuhle. umuzwa - ovumelana nokuvumelana kwendlebe phakathi kwemisindo yesistimu yephimbo (okungukuthi, empeleni, okufanayo nokuvumelana emqondweni womculo-wobuhle); 2) L. emqondweni womculo-wethiyori - imvelo yesistimu yokuxhumana kwendawo ephakeme, ehlanganiswe umsindo ophakathi nendawo, kanye nesistimu yomsindo ethize ewuhlanganisayo (ngokuvamile usesimweni sesikali). Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukukhuluma ngo-L. njenganoma iyiphi isistimu yezwi ehlelwe ngokushesha, futhi mayelana nezindlela njengokuhlukana. amasistimu anjalo. Igama elithi "L". liphinde lisetshenziswe ukuchaza okukhulu noma okuncane (ngokunembile, ukuthambekela), ukuchaza uhlelo lwemisindo olufana nesikali (ngokunembile, isikali). Ubuhle nomculo-thiyori. izici zakha izinhlangothi ezimbili zomqondo owodwa we-L., kanye nobuhle. umzuzu uyahola kulobu bunye. Ngomqondo obanzi womqondo “L.” kanye “nokuvumelana” kusondelene kakhulu. Ngokucacile, ukuvumelana kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nongwaqa nokulandelana kwabo (ikakhulukazi nesici esime mpo sesistimu yephimbo), kanye nokuhambisana nokuncikana kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesemantic kwemisindo yesistimu (okungukuthi, ikakhulukazi ngendawo evundlile). Izingxenye zesiRashiya. umqondo we "L". phendula isiGreki esingenhla, isiLat., isiFulentshi, isiNgisi, isiNtaliyane, isiJalimane. amagama, kanye namagama anjengokuthi "tonality", "scale" namanye.

II. I-etymology yegama elithi "L". akucaci kahle. Umfana waseCzech - i-oda; Umfana wasePoland - ukuvumelana, ukuhleleka; Ukraine L. - imvume, umyalelo. IsiRashiya Esihlobene. "bambisana", "kulungile", "kulungile", esinye isiRashiya. "laditi" - ukubuyisana; "Lada" - umyeni (unkosikazi), othandekayo (umthandi). Mhlawumbe leli gama lihlotshaniswa namagama athi “lagoda” (ukuthula, ukuhleleka, ukuhlela, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo), isiCzech. i-lahoda (ubumnandi, ubuhle), esinye isiRashiya. lagoditi (to do something nice). Izincazelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zegama elithi “L.” eduze kwe-aronia yamaGreki (ukuzila, ukuxhumana; ukuzwana, ukuthula, ukuhleleka; ukuhleleka, ukuzwana; ukuhambisana; ukuvumelana, ukuvumelana); ngokufanelekile, umbhangqwana wakhiwa “ngokuzwana” (ukulungisa, ukulinganisa, ukuhlela, ukumisa insimbi yomculo; ukuphila ngokuthula, ukuvumelana) kanye ne-armozo, i-armotto (ukufakela, ukubopha, ukulungisa, ukulungisa, ukulingana, ukushada). IsiRashiya. umqondo we "L". kuhlanganisa nesiGreki. isigaba “uhlobo” (genos), isibonelo. i-diatonic, chromatic, "enharmonic" genera (namaqembu ahambisanayo, izimfanelo zamamodi).

III. Ingqikithi yokuvumelana. L. njengesivumelwano phakathi kwemisindo ingeyobuhle bomdabu. izigaba zomculo, eziqondana ngalo mqondo nomqondo “wokuvumelana” (isiJalimane: Harmonie; ngokungafani neHarmonik neHarmonielehre). Noma yimuphi umculo. umsebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uquketheni, okokuqala kufanele kube umculo, okungukuthi ukusebenzisana kwemisindo evumelanayo; ubuhle obufanayo. incazelo yesigaba L. (nokuvumelana) ifakiwe njengengxenye ebalulekile embonweni womculo njengomuhle (umculo awuwona njengokwakhiwa komsindo, kodwa njengohlobo lokuhambisana olunikeza injabulo endlebeni). L. njengobuhle. isigaba (“ukubumbana”) siyisisekelo sokuvela nokuhlanganiswa emiphakathini. ukwazi kuchaziwe. ubudlelwano obuhlelekile phakathi kwemisindo. “Ukukhazimula kokuhleleka” (uhlangothi olunengqondo lukaL.) oluvezwa imisindo ka-L. lubhekisela ezindleleni eziyinhloko zobuhle bakhe. umthelela. Ngakho-ke, L. emkhiqizweni othile. njalo imele ukugxila komculo. Amandla esichazamazwi (ngokulandelana, umthelela waso wobuhle) axhunywe nekhono lawo lobuhle lokuhlela impahla yomsindo “eluhlaza”, ngenxa yalokho iphenduka ibe izinhlobo ezivumelanayo “zemisindo yongwaqa”. Sekukonke, i-L. yembulwa ekupheleleni kwesakhiwo, ehlanganisa yonke inkimbinkimbi yezingxenye zayo - kusukela ezintweni ezizwakalayo ngokusebenzisa okunengqondo. ukuhleleka kwama-elementi ukuze kube yikristalu ngokukhethekile ubuhle. ubudlelwano obuhlelekile bokulinganisa, ukulingana, ukubhalelana (ngomqondo obanzi - ukulinganisa). Okunye okubalulekile ukuqiniswa ngakunye kwe-L. ekuqanjweni okunikeziwe, okuveza ukunotha kwamathuba ayo kanye nokuvela ngokwemvelo kube ukwakhiwa kwemodi ebanzi. Kusukela ku-aesthetic essence ka-L. kulandela umbuthano wezinkinga zetiyori eziyisisekelo: ukubonakaliswa kwe-L. ekwakhiweni komsindo; isakhiwo se-fret nezinhlobo zayo; ukuxhumana okunengqondo nomlando; inkinga yobunye be-modal evolution; ukusebenza kwe-L. njengento kanye nesisekelo esizwakalayo seminyuziyamu. izingoma. Indlela eyinhloko yokwenza samuntu ubudlelwano bemodali emsindweni ozwakalayo womculo owomculo. isisusa (esimisweni esizwakalayo - ifomula yesikali esivundlile) - ihlala isethulo esilula (futhi ngakho esibaluleke kakhulu, esiyisisekelo) sengqikithi ye-L. Ngakho-ke incazelo ethile yegama elithi "L." ehambisana ne-melodic. izikali, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-frets.

IV. Imvelo yephimbo lento yomsindo wemodi. Impahla yomsindo lapho i-lantern yakhiwe khona ibalulekile kunoma yiziphi izakhiwo zayo kanye nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesibani. d1-c1, d1-e1, f1-e1, njll.) kanye nongwaqa (ikakhulukazi i-c1-e1-g1 njengendawo emaphakathi), ihlanganisa umlingiswa wayo (“i-ethos”), isisho, umbala, nenye ikhwalithi yobuhle.

Ngokulandelayo, ukwaziswa okuzwakalayo kunqunywa umlando ophathekayo. izimo zokuba khona komculo, okuqukethwe kwawo, izinhlobo ezinqunywa umphakathi zokwenza umculo. Uhlobo "lokuzalwa" luka-L. (okungukuthi, umzuzu wokuguqulwa komculo njengesipiliyoni esingokomzwelo esimweni sawo somsindo) simbozwe umqondo wephimbo (futhi iphimbo) owethulwa ngu-BV Asafiev. Ukuba “umngcele” empeleni (ukuma endaweni yokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwempilo yemvelo nezobuciko nezomculo), umqondo “wezwi” ngaleyo ndlela ubamba umthelela wezenhlalo-mlando. izici mayelana nokuvela kwempahla yomsindo - iphimbo. ama-complexes kanye nezinhlobo zenhlangano ye-modal ezincike kuzo. Ngakho-ke ukuchazwa kwamafomula e-modal njengokuvezwa kokuqukethwe komculo okunqunywe ngokomlando: "i-genesis kanye nokuba khona ... kwezinhlobonhlobo zezwi ngenxa yemisebenzi yazo yezenhlalo," ngakho-ke, uhlelo lwezwi (kanye ne-modal) lomlando othile. inkathi inqunywa "isakhiwo salokhu kwakheka komphakathi" (BV Asafiev). Ngakho, equkethe iphimbo ku-embryo. umkhakha wenkathi yakhe, ifomula ye-L. iphimbo. inkimbinkimbi ehlotshaniswa nombono womhlaba wesikhathi sayo (isibonelo, iNkathi Ephakathi. iyakhathazeka ekugcineni - ukubonakaliswa kokwazi kwenkathi ye-feudal nokuhlukaniswa kwayo, ukuqina kwayo; uhlelo lwe-dur-moll luwukubonakaliswa kwamandla ukwazi komculo walokho okubizwa ngokuthi isikhathi sanamuhla saseYurophu njll.). Ngalo mqondo, ifomula ye-modal iyimodeli emfishane kakhulu yomhlaba ekuboniseni inkathi yawo, uhlobo "lwekhodi yofuzo yomculo". Ngokusho kuka-Asafiev, uL. "inhlangano yamathoni akha uhlelo lomculo olunikezwa inkathi ekusebenzelaneni kwabo," futhi "lolu hlelo alupheli ngokuphelele," kodwa "luhlala lusesimweni sokwakheka nokuguqulwa. ”; U-L. ulungisa futhi enze ngokujwayelekile "isichazamazwi sesichazamazwi senkathi" somlando ngamunye, isikhathi ("inani lomculo elizinze ngokuqinile ekuqapheleni komphakathi" - Asafiev). Lokhu kuphinde kuchaze "izingqinamba zephimbo", ezivuselela kakhulu kokubili ukuphinyiswa komsindo. impahla, ngakho, ukulandela lokhu, kanye nesakhiwo jikelele sezwe (ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni ama-epochs amakhulu, isibonelo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17 noma le-19-20). Isibonelo, ukugcizelela kothando okuyintandokazi kokuvumelana okunamandla okubusayo (impahla yomsindo ka-L.) emisebenzini yakamuva ka-Scriabin yanikeza umphumela omusha wekhwalithi futhi kwaholela ekuhlelweni kabusha okuqinile kwalo lonke uhlelo lwe-L. emculweni wakhe. Iqiniso elingokomlando - ukuguqulwa kwamafomula e-modal - ngakho-ke, liwukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle (okugxilwe ezinhlelweni zethiyori) yezinqubo ezijulile zokuguquguquka kokufundwa kwezilimi njengokuphilayo nokuqhubekayo kokwakheka kwephimbo. amamodeli womhlaba.

V. Izigaba eziyinhloko nezinhlobo zesistimu ye-modal, i-genesis yazo. Izigaba eziyinhloko nezinhlobo zomculo zakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lokuthuthukiswa komculo. ukwazi (ingxenye yenqubo evamile yentuthuko eqhubekayo yokuqaphela, ekugcineni ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebenzi yezenhlalo yomuntu ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba). Isimo esibalulekile somsindo ukuhleleka “kwemvume” yemisindo (uhlobo lokungaguquguquki kokuzwakala kokuzwakalayo) ngokukhula okuqhubekayo (konke) komthamo wevolumu yento ezwakalayo kanye nemingcele ehlanganiswa yikho. Lokhu kwenza kube kudingekile ukufanisa. amaphuzu abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinguquko eziyisisekelo zekhwalithi ezinhlotsheni zobukhona be-L. futhi idala ithuba lokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezakhiwo ze-modal. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kwengqikithi ye-L. ezicini zayo ezintathu eziyinhloko - umsindo (intonation), okunengqondo (ukuxhumana) nobuhle (ukuhambisana, ubuhle) - kukhona kwangaphakathi. perestroika (empeleni, lo ziqu-zintathu uyinto eyodwa efanayo engahlukaniseki: imvume, L., kodwa ibhekwa kuphela ezicini ezahlukene). Isikhathi sokushayela ukuvuselelwa kwephimbo. uhlelo (kuze kufike "enkingeni yamaphimbo" ngaphansi kwe-L.), okwenza izinguquko ezengeziwe ziyadingeka. Ikakhulukazi, izinhlobo nezinhlobo zemisindvo zibonwa njengezinhlelo zezikhawu kanye nemigqa evundlile namaqembu aqondile (amaculo) akhiwe ngazo (bheka isistimu yomsindo). "Imodi iwukuboniswa kwakho konke ukubonakaliswa kwamaphimbo enkathi, ancishiswe ohlelweni lwezikhathi nezikali" (Asafiev). L. njengohlelo oluthile lomsindo lwakhiwe ngesisekelo sokusetshenziswa komzimba. (i-acoustic) yempahla yomsindo, okokuqala, ubudlelwano bokuhlobana kwemisindo okukhona kuyo, kwembulwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Kodwa-ke, isikhawu, isikali se-melodic, nobunye ubudlelwano abusebenzi njengezibalo kuphela. noma ngokomzimba. inikezwe, kodwa njenge "quintessence" "yezitatimende ezizwakalayo" zomuntu owenziwe yibona (Asafiev). (Ngakho-ke ukunemba okuyisisekelo maqondana ne-L. lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ncamashi, okungukuthi, ukulinganisa kwenani, izindlela, "isilinganiso sobuciko".)

Isigaba sokuqala kwezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezigaba zomugqa - ukwakheka kwezisekelo ngaphakathi kohlaka lokutshuza "kwe-ecmelic" yakudala (okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwephimbo elithile). Ukuphikelela njengesigaba sokucabanga kwe-modal ngokofuzo kuwukusungulwa kokuqala kwesiqiniseko somugqa ngobude (ithoni ebusayo njengento emaphakathi ehleleka ngokunengqondo) futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (ubunikazi bokuphikelela kubo uqobo, kulondolozwe naphezu kokushintshashintsha kwesikhathi ukubuyela ezwini elifanayo elisele kumemori); ngokufika kwesigaba sesisekelo, wona kanye umqondo ka L. njengohlobo lwesakhiwo somsindo uyavela. Uhlobo lomlando L.'s - ukucula ithoni (ehambisana "nesigaba sokuzinza" ekuthuthukisweni kwe-L.) itholakala ngokobuhlanga. amaqembu asezingeni eliphansi lokuthuthuka. Uhlobo olulandelayo (ngokunengqondo nangokomlando) lwe-lyricism luyi-monodic style enesitayela somculo esithuthukisiwe nesicacile. umugqa womsindo (uhlobo lwe-modal, isistimu ye-modal) ijwayelekile ezingomeni zakudala zaseYurophu. abantu, kuhl. kanye nesiRashiya, iNkathi Ephakathi. I-chorale yaseYurophu, enye isiRashiya. icala le-chanter; futhi itholakala ezinganekwaneni zabaningi abangebona abaseYurophu. abantu. Uhlobo "lokucula ithoni", ngokusobala, luseduze ne-modal (njengoba nayo i-monodic). Uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-modal yilokho okubizwa. i-akhodiyoni h. i-tonality europ. umculo wesikhathi esisha. Amagama wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu zomculo womhlaba ahlotshaniswa nawo. i-harmonic i-tonality ihluke kakhulu ku-polyphony ye-bagpipe noma i-heterophonic warehouse (phakathi kwabantu basendulo, ngesintu, umculo wangaphandle kweYurophu). Ngekhulu lama-20 (ikakhulukazi emazweni amasiko aseYurophu) izinhlobo zezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu ezihluke kuzo zonke ezedlule (ku-serial, sonorous, umculo we-elekthronikhi) ziye zanda. Lona kanye ithuba lokubahlukanisa ngokuthi L. yindaba eyimpikiswano; le nkinga isekude ukuba ixazululwe. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-L., kunezinhlobo eziningi eziphakathi, ezinzile futhi ezizimele (isibonelo, ukuvumelana kwe-modal ye-European Renaissance, ikakhulukazi ikhulu le-15-16).

VI. I-organism kanye ne-dialectics yenqubo yokuguquguquka kwemodi. Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwento kanye nomqondo we "L." i-organic futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ine-dialectic. Umlingisi. Imvelo yenqubo ephilayo isekugcinweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezigaba eziyinhloko ezifanayo zomugqa, ukuvela kwezinye izigaba ngesisekelo sazo. izigaba kanye nokuthuthuka kwazo njengezizimele ngokuqhathaniswa, ezibeka konke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo emigomeni efanayo evamile. Okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo ukukhula (inombolo. ukwanda, isib. ukukhula kwesilinganiso sisuka ku-tetrachord siye ku-hexachord), inkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo zesivumelwano, ukuguqulwa kwamanani. izinguquko zekhwalithi, ukukhomba okukodwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukucula kwethoni echazwe ngendlela efanele, evuselelwa njalo, esakazekela eqenjini labanye. amathoni (ukukhula), kudinga izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumanisa - ukuhlukaniswa kwamathoni aseduze nokukhethwa kwe-melodic eseduze njengesisekelo sesibili. ongwaqa (ingxubevange yezinhlobo zesivumelwano; bheka. Ungwaqa); ohlotsheni oluphezulu oluwumphumela we-L. kakade wonke amathoni (ikhwalithi yangaphambili) aphenduka achazwe ngokwekhwalithi futhi avuselelwe ngezikhathi ezithile; nokho, ukuzimela kwabaningi babo kunqunyelwe ekubuseni kokukodwa, ngezinye izikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu (ikhwalithi entsha). Ukuqiniswa kwe-quart noma i-quint, njengamathoni asebenza okukodwa we-fret rod, evuthwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-modality, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuguqula lawa ongwaqa abavundlile abe aqondile. Ngokomlando, lokhu kuhambisana neNkathi Ephakathi. Yebo, ku-V. Oddington (ca. 1300) ukulingana kongwaqa abavundlile nabame mpo njengezigaba ze-L. okugxilwe encazelweni yabo ngegama elifanayo elithi “harmony” (i-harmonia simplex ne-harmonia multiplex). Umqondo wongwaqa njengendlela yokuchazwa kokusebenza udlulela ezinkathini eziyinkimbinkimbi ezilandelayo - kwesithathu (ukukhula); ngakho-ke ukuhlelwa kabusha kwalo lonke uhlelo lwe-L. (inkinga yezinhlobo zesivumelwano). Ngo-20 ku. isinyathelo esisha sithathwa ngendlela efanayo: leli qembu elilandelayo lezikhathi lingeniswa emjikelezweni wezikhawu ezifanelekile - imizuzwana, eyesikhombisa kanye nezintathu (ukukhula), kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zomsindo ezintsha kuhlotshaniswa nalokhu (ongwaqa abahunyushwa , uchungechunge lokuqanjwa kwesikhawu esisodwa noma okunye, njll.) nezinguquko ezihambisanayo ezinhlotsheni zokuvumelana kwezakhi zomsindo nomunye nomunye. I-dialectic ye-evolution L. kuqukethe iqiniso lokuthi izakhi zofuzo ezalandela, uhlobo oluphakeme lwenhlangano ye-modal, ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, alulutho kodwa lwangaphambilini, oluthuthukiswe ezimweni ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, i-modality, njengokungathi, "ukucula" kwezinga eliphezulu: ithoni eyisisekelo-ukuhlala ihlotshiswe ngokuhamba ngomunye. amathoni, i-to-rye, nawo, angahunyushwa njengezisekelo; ngokuvumelana. Amasistimu amaningana adlala indima efanayo ekuguquguqukeni kwephimbo (emazingeni ahlukene esakhiwo se-modal): ithoni yereferensi yamachord kanye nemisindo eseduze (isilekeleli), amachords e-tonic kanye ne-non-tonic, i-ch yendawo. ukuguquguquka nokuguquguquka, okujwayelekile ch. i-tonality kanye namathoni aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafomu e-modal aphakeme njalo ayaqhubeka nokuba ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kwefomu eyodwa, enomsindo wesimo esiyinhloko - iphimbo (“umongo wephimbo liwumlolozelo” - Asafiev). I-chord ibuye ibe ngokwezwi (i-consonance, eyakhiwe njengokuma kweyunithi yesikhashana, igcina ikhwalithi yayo yangempela ngendlela "egoqiwe" - melodic. ukunyakaza), kanye ne-timbre-sonor complex (hhayi "ethunyelwe" njenge-chord, kodwa ihunyushwe ngesisekelo se-chord kukhwalithi yayo entsha). Kungokufanayo nakwezinye izingxenye ze-L. Ngakho-ke i-dialectical main metamorphosis. isigaba L.

UKUMELANA: – main. umsindo oyisisekelo. Ikhonsoni yesikhawu esikhulu. ingoma esemqoka. diss. uchungechunge lwe-chord - isikhungo sokugcina se-tonic. umsindo noma ungwaqa – iphimbo (=imodi) iphimbo elithile. i-sphere – iphimbo eliyinhloko eliyinhloko. imbulunga

Ngakho-ke i-dialectic yomqondo we "L." (ithatha futhi iqukethe ngokwayo, njengezendlalelo ezihlukahlukene ze-semantic, wonke umlando wokwakhiwa kwayo kwamakhulu eminyaka):

1) isilinganiso sokuzinza nokungazinzi (kusukela esigabeni “sokucula ithoni”; yingakho isiko lokumela umsindo we-L. ch., isibonelo, “ithoni yesonto IV”, okungukuthi ithoni Mi),

2) isistimu yomsindo wemelodi yobudlelwano bethoni obuhlukene ngokwekhwalithi (kusukela esigabeni somusho; yingakho isiko ukumela ukubiza ngokuyinhloko ngendlela yethebula lesikali, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemisindo emibili enethoni eyodwa eyisisekelo, okungukuthi iphimbo elifanele kanye nephimbo) ,

3) isabelo sesigaba L. sezinhlelo kanye nohlobo lwe-harmonic-chord, hhayi ngempela ukuhlukaniswa maqondana nokucaciswa kwesikali kanye nokungaqondakali kokuyinhloko. amathoni (ngokwesibonelo, emisebenzini yakamuva ye-Scriabin; imodeli ye-harmonic tonality). Amafomula omsindo amele u-L. abuye aguquke ngokwe-dialectically. I-prototype (eyakudala kakhulu) iyindawo yethoni emaphakathi, ezungezwe i-melismatic. indwangu ("inguquko" yethoni). Isimiso sasendulo se-melody-model (emasikweni ahlukahlukene: nom, raga, poppies, pathet, njll.; ukucula onkamisa baseRussia) kufanele kubhekwe njengesibonelo sangempela sika-L.. Umgomo we-melody-model uyisici ngokuyinhloko sasempumalanga izindlela (India, Soviet East, Middle East region). Ku-harmonic. i-tonality - ukunyakaza kwesikali, isikhungo esilungisekayo. triad (evezwe emisebenzini kaG. Schenker). Uchungechunge lwe-dodecaphone, olunquma iphimbo, lungabhekwa njenge-analogue. isakhiwo kanye ne-pitch yokwakheka kwe-serial (bona i-Dodecaphony, Series).

VII. Indlela yokwenza i-fret formation. Indlela yokusebenza yezici ezakha i-L. ayifani ekuwohlokeni. izinhlelo. Umgomo ojwayelekile wokwakheka kwe-fret ungamelwa njengokuqaliswa kokusungula. sebenzisa izindlela eziphakeme, usebenzisa amathuba oku-oda aqukethwe kulo msindo, iphimbo. impahla. Kusuka kubuchwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umgomo uwukufinyelela ukuhlangana okunenjongo kwemisindo, okuzwakala njengento evumelanayo ngokomculo, okungukuthi, L. Umgomo wakudala kakhulu wokuqanjwa kwe-L. usekelwe ezakhiweni zikangwaqa wokuqala - ubunye (1) : 1; ukwakheka kwe-abutment kanye nokucula kwayo okujabulisayo). Ku-melodic endala L. isici esiyinhloko esakhiweni, njengomthetho, futhi sibe yizikhawu ezilandelayo ezilula. Kulabo abanikeza imisindo yezinga elihlukile, laba ngowesihlanu ( 3:2 ) nowesine ( 4:3 ); sibonga ukusebenzisana ne-linear melodic. njalo bashintsha izindawo; ngenxa yalokho, owesine uba obaluleke kakhulu kuneyesihlanu. I-Quarte (kanye neyesihlanu) yokuxhumana yamathoni ihlela isikali; iphinde ilawule ukusungulwa nokulungiswa kwamanye amathoni ayireferensi we-L. (okujwayelekile ezingomeni eziningi zesintu). Ngakho-ke isakhiwo se-diatonic esifana ne-L. Ithoni yereferensi ingaba njalo, kodwa futhi iguquguquke (ukuhlukahluka kwe-modal), okuyingxenye ngenxa yemvelo yohlobo lwemiculo. Ukuba khona kwethoni yereferensi kanye nokuphindaphinda kwayo kuwumgogodla oyinhloko ka-L.; I-diatonic ye-quint yesine iwukubonakaliswa kokuxhumeka kwe-modal okulula kakhulu kwesakhiwo sonke.

Umbhalo wesandla "Opekalovskaya" (ngekhulu le-17?). “Woza, sijabulise uJosefa.”

Ima - umsindo g1; a1 – eseduze ne-g1 futhi ihlobene eduze nayo ngo-d1 (g:d=d:a). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-a1 ne-g1 zikhiqiza i-tetrachord a1-g1-f1-e1 kanye neyesibili, umsindo oculayo ophansi f1 (usekelo lwasendaweni). Ukuqhubeka komugqa we-gamma kunikeza i-tetrachord f1-e1-d1-c1 ngesitobhi sendawo esingu-d1. Ukusebenzisana kwezisekelo g1-d1 kuhlanganisa uhlaka lwe-L. Ekupheleni kwesibonelo uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-L. ye-stichera (okuyi-1/50 kuphela yengxenye yaso enikezwe lapha). Ukucaciswa kwesakhiwo se-modal kusemlingiswa "ontantayo", ukungabi khona kwamandla okunyakaza namandla adonsela phansi (ukungabikho kwamandla adonsela phansi akuphikisi umugqa, ngoba ubukhona bokusimama namandla adonsela phansi kuyimpahla eyinhloko yazo zonke izinhlobo ze-gravity. umugqa).

L. ohlotsheni olukhulu-oluncane lusekelwe ebuhlotsheni hhayi “be-troika” (3:2, 4:3), kodwa “kobuhlanu” (5:4, 6:5). Isinyathelo esisodwa esilinganisweni sobudlelwano bomsindo (emva kwekota-quint, i-tert iyona eseduze kakhulu) sisho, nokho, umehluko omkhulu esakhiweni nasekuvezweni kwe-L., ushintsho emculweni-mlando. izinkathi. Njengoba nje ithoni ngayinye ye-L. endala yayilawulwa ubudlelwano bongwaqa obuphelele, lapha ilawulwa ubudlelwano bongwaqa abangaphelele (bheka isibonelo esingezansi; n ukudlula, u-c umsindo osizayo).

Emculweni wakudala wase-Viennese, lobu budlelwano bubuye bugcizelelwe ukujwayela kwezigqi. amashifu kanye ne-symmetry yama-accents (ibha 2 nokuvumelana kwayo D - isikhathi esinzima, okwesine - i-T yayo - kanzima kabili).

(T|D¦D|T) |1+1| |1 1|

Ngakho-ke izilinganiso zangempela ze-modal zikhuluma ngokugqama kwe-tonic. ukuvumelana phezu kokubusa. (Kulokhu, ayikho i-S; kuma-classics ase-Viennese, kuvamile ukugwema izinyathelo eziseceleni ezicebisa i-L., kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ziyincisha ukuhamba.) Okungavamile kwe-L. - kuqeda. centralization, dynamics, ukusebenza kahle; amandla adonsela phansi achazwe kakhulu futhi aqinile; imvelo yesistimu enezingqimba eziningi (isibonelo, kungqimba olulodwa iculo elinikeziwe lizinzile maqondana nemisindo edonsela kulo; kolunye, alizinzile, ngokwalo lidonsela kuthonishi yendawo, njll.).

WA Mozart. I-Magic Flute, i-aria ka-Papageno.

Emculweni wesimanjemanje, kukhona ukuthambekela ekwenziweni komuntu ngamunye kwe-L., okusho ukuthi ukuyihlonza ngenhlanganisela ethile yamaphimbo (melodic, chordal, timbre-coloristic, njll.) isici socezu oluthile noma itimu. Ngokuphambene namafomula emodeli avamile (imodeli yomculo ku-L. yasendulo, ukulandelana kwemelodi efanekiselwayo noma yamaculo ngeNkathi Ephakathi L., ohlelweni lwakudala lwemodali enkulu-encane), imodeli eyinkimbinkimbi ngayinye ithathwa njengesisekelo, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuphelele. esikhundleni sendabuko . izingxenye ze-L., ngisho naphakathi kwabaqambi abavame ukunamathela kumgomo wethoni. Ngale ndlela, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ze-modal ezihlanganisa noma yiziphi izici ze-modal kunoma iyiphi ingxenye (isb, imodi enkulu + isikali sethoni egcwele + ukuqhubekela phambili kwephimbo elithambile ngaphandle kwesistimu enkulu-encane). Izakhiwo ezinjalo zizonke zingahlukaniswa njenge-polymodal (hhayi nje ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa futhi ngokulandelana kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zabo eziyisisekelo).

Uhlamvu ngalunye lwesiqephu alunikezwanga unxantathu u-T C-dur, kodwa ngechord cgh-(d)-f (qhathanisa nechord 1 yetimu eyinhloko: chdfgc, inombolo 3). Ukukhethwa kwama-harmonies kuphela ngesisekelo esikhulu kanye nama-dissonances abukhali, kanye nombala we-sonorant (timbre-coloristic) wongwaqa abaphindaphinda ingoma, kuphumela kumphumela othile, nokho oyingqayizivele kuphela kulesi siqeshana - esiqine kakhulu futhi esibukhali. okukhulu, lapho umthunzi okhanyayo womsindo otholakala kokukhulu ulethwa ekukhanyeni okukhazimulayo.

WA Mozart. I-Magic Flute, i-aria ka-Papageno.

VIII. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamamodi kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izici zayo ezinqumayo yilezi: isigaba sofuzo sokuthuthukiswa kokucabanga kwe-modal; inkimbinkimbi yesikhawu yesakhiwo; izici zobuhlanga, zomlando, zamasiko, zesitayela. Kuphelele kuphela futhi ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina lapho umugqa wokuziphendukela kwemvelo we-L. uphenduka unidirectional. Izibonelo eziningi zendlela ukuguqukela kokuphezulu kofuzo olujwayelekile. izinyathelo ngasikhathi sinye zisho ukulahleka kwengxenye yamanani wangaphambilini futhi, ngalo mqondo, ukunyakaza emuva. Ngakho-ke, ukunqotshwa kwe-polyphony yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. impucuko iyisinyathelo esikhulu kunazo zonke phambili, kodwa yayihambisana (iminyaka eyi-1000-1500) ngokulahlekelwa kwengcebo ye-chromatic. futhi “enarmonic.” uhlobo lwe-antique monodic. uhlelo lokukhathazeka. Ubunkimbinkimbi bomsebenzi bubangelwa futhi ukuthi izigaba eziningi zihlobene eduze, azikwazi ukuqeda ukuhlukana: L., ithoni (uhlelo lwethoni), isistimu yomsindo, isikali, njll. ekhomba izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinhlelo ze-modal njengamaphuzu wokugxilisa okuyinhloko. amaphethini wokwakheka kwe-fret: i-ecmelica; anhemitonics; i-diatonic; i-chromaticity; i-microchromatic; izinhlobo ezikhethekile; amasistimu axubile (ukuhlukaniswa kube lezi zinhlobo ngokuyisisekelo kuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwegenera, i-Greek genn).

I-Ekmelika (kusuka kwelesiGrikhi elithi exmelns – extra-melodic; uhlelo lapho imisindo ingenayo iphimbo elithile eliqondile) njengohlelo ngomqondo ofanele wegama cishe alutholakali. Isetshenziswa kuphela njengendlela yohlelo oluthuthuke kakhulu (iphimbo elishelelayo, izakhi zephimbo lenkulumo, indlela yokwenza ekhethekile). I-Ekmelik ihlanganisa nokucula kwe-melismatic (ukuphakama okungapheli) kwethoni eqondile - upstoi (ngokusho kuka-Yu. N. Tyulin, ekuculweni kwamaKurds ase-Armenia "ithoni eyodwa eqinile ... ehlanganiswe ngomusa ohlukahlukene ogcwele amandla angavamile esigqi"; ”).

I-Anhemitonics (ngokuqondile, i-anhemitonic pentatonics), isici sabaningi. emasikweni asendulo ase-Asia, e-Afrika naseYurophu, ngokusobala, kwakha isigaba esijwayelekile ekuthuthukisweni kokucabanga kwe-modal. Umgomo owakhayo we-anhemitonics ukuxhumana ngokusebenzisa ongwaqa abalula. Umkhawulo wesakhiwo yi-semitone (yingakho kube nomkhawulo wezinyathelo ezinhlanu ku-octave). Iphimbo elijwayelekile i-trichord (isb. ega). I-Anhemitonics ingaba ingaphelele (3-4, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezinyathelo ezi-2), iphelele (izinyathelo ezi-5), iguquguquke (isb, ukuguqulwa ukusuka ku-cdega ukuya ku-cdfga). I-semitone pentatonic (isibonelo, thayipha i-hcefg) ihlukanisa ifomu lenguquko libe yi-diatonic. Isibonelo se-anhemitonics ingoma ethi "Paradise, Paradise" ("izingoma ezingu-50 zabantu baseRussia" ngu-AK Lyadov).

I-Diatonic (ngesimo sayo esihlanzekile - uhlelo lwezinyathelo ezingu-7, lapho amathoni angahlelwa ngamahora wesihlanu) - uhlelo olubaluleke kakhulu futhi oluvamile lwe-L. Umkhawulo wesakhiwo yi-chromatism (ama-semitone angu-2 ngokulandelana). Izimiso zokuklama zihlukile; okubaluleke kakhulu okwesihlanu (i-Pythagorean) i-diatonic (isici sesakhiwo siyingxenye yesihlanu noma i-quart ehlanzekile) kanye ne-triadic (isici sesakhiwo siwungwaqa wesithathu), izibonelo izindlela zasendulo zamaGreki, izindlela zenkathi ephakathi, izindlela zaseYurophu. nar. umculo (nabanye abantu abaningi abangewona abaseYurophu); church polyphonic L. europ. umculo we-Renaissance, L. uhlelo olukhulu-oluncane (ngaphandle kwe-chromatization). Amaphimbo ajwayelekile yi-tetrachord, i-pentachord, i-hexachord, egcwalisa izikhala phakathi kwamathoni ama-tertian chords, njll. I-Diatonic inothile ngezinhlobo. Ingase ingaphelele (izinyathelo ezi-3-6; bheka, isibonelo, ama-hexachords e-guidon, folk kanye ne-Greek tetrachords; isibonelo se-diatonic enezinyathelo ezingu-6 ihubo elithi “Ut queant laxis”), ephelele (uhlobo lwe-hcdefga olunezinyathelo ezingu-7 noma i-octave cdefgahc; izibonelo ziningi), ukuguquguquka (isib. ukushintshashintsha kwe-ahcd ne-dcba ethoni yesonto lokuqala), inhlanganisela (isb. IsiRashiya nsuku zonke L.: GAHcdefgab-c1-d1), okunemibandela (isb.i-“hemiol” ihambisana nokukhuphuka kwesekhondi - okuncane okuvumelanayo kanye nesikali esikhulu, “isi-Hungarian”, njll., “i-Podgalian scale”: gah-cis-defg; melodic minor and major, njll.), i-polydiatonic (isibonelo, ucezu luka-B. Bartok “Ngesitayela sesi-Russian” iqoqo "Microcosmos", No 1). Ezinye izinkinga ziholela ku-chromatics.

I-Chromatics. Uphawu oluthile - ukulandelana kwama-semitones amabili noma ngaphezulu ngokulandelana. Umkhawulo wesakhiwo yi-microchromatics. Izimiso zokuklama zihlukile; okubaluleke kakhulu - melodic. i-chromatic (isb, ku-monody esempumalanga), i-chord-harmonic (ukuguqulwa, uhlangothi D no-S, amathoni anamathoni amugqa we-chromatic ohlelweni oluncane lwaseYurophu), i-enharmonic. I-Chromatics kumculo waseYurophu (nangaphezulu kumculo ongewona owaseYurophu) wekhulu lama-20. ngokusekelwe esimweni sengqondo esilinganayo. I-Chromatics ingaba ingaphelele (i-chromatic yesiGreki; ukuguqulwa kokuvumelana kwe-Europe; ukwakheka kwe-L. symmetrical, okusho ukuhlukanisa ama-semitone angu-12 we-octave ibe izingxenye ezilinganayo) futhi iphelele (i-polydiatonic ehambisanayo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-chromatic tonality, i-dodecaphonic, i-microserial kanye nezakhiwo ze-serial).

I-Microchromatic (i-microinterval, i-ultrachromatic). Uphawu – ukusetshenziswa kwezikhawu ezingaphansi kwe-semitone. Isetshenziswa kaningi njengengxenye ye-L. yezinhlelo ezintathu ezedlule; ingahlangana ne-ecmelica. I-microchromatic evamile - isiGreki. uhlobo lwe-enharmonic (isibonelo, ngamathoni - 2, 1/4, 1/4), i-shruti yaseNdiya. Emculweni wesimanje isetshenziswa ngesisekelo ezahlukene (ikakhulukazi A. Khaba; futhi V. Lutoslavsky, SM Slonimsky, nabanye).

Isibonelo, i-East Asian slindro ne-pylog (ngokulandelana - 5- kanye ne-7-step, ukuhlukaniswa okulinganayo kwe-octave) kungenziwa kuhlotshaniswa ne-L ekhethekile. , kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ngokulandelana (ngaphakathi kokwakhiwa okufanayo).

IX. Umlando wamamodi ekugcineni uwukudalulwa okulandelanayo kwamathuba “esivumelwano” (“L.”) phakathi kwemisindo; empeleni umlando awukona nje ukushintshana kokubola. amasistimu we-L., kanye nokumbozwa kancane kancane kobudlelwane bomsindo obukude kakhulu nobuyinkimbinkimbi. Kakade emhlabeni uDkt wavuka (futhi ngezinga elithile walondoloza) izinhlelo modal emazweni aseMpumalanga: China, India, Persia, Egypt, Babylonia, njll (bheka izihloko ezihambisanayo). Izilinganiso ze-non-semitone pentatonic (i-China, iJapane, amanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Ekude, ingxenye yaseNdiya), imisindo ye-7-step (diatonic kanye ne-non-diatonic) isisabalele; ngoba amasiko amaningi ethize L. ngokwanda. okwesibili (umculo wama-Arabhu), i-microchromatic (i-India, amazwe ase-Arab aseMpumalanga). Ukuchazwa kwezindlela kwaqashelwa njengamandla emvelo (ukufana phakathi kwamagama amathoni nezidalwa zasezulwini, izakhi zemvelo, izinkathi zonyaka, izitho zomzimba womuntu, izakhiwo zokuziphatha zomphefumulo, njll.); ukushesha komthelela ka-L. emphefumulweni womuntu kwagcizelelwa, u-L. ngamunye wanikezwa inkulumo ethile. incazelo (njengasemculweni wesimanje - omkhulu noma omncane). A. Jami (ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-2) wabhala: “Ngayinye (amaqam) ayishumi nambili, i-aze neshu’be ngayinye inomphumela wayo okhethekile (kuzilaleli), ngaphezu kwempahla evamile kubo bonke nikeza injabulo.” Izigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wolimi lwaseYurophu uhlelo lwe-modal (hhayi kakhulu eYurophu njengeMedithera; kuze kube maphakathi nenkulungwane yoku-15) kanye nesistimu ye-modal "yaseYurophu" yekhulu le-1th-9th, emlandweni namasiko. amagama we-typological. umqondo - "Western" uhlelo, isiJalimane. abendländische, ihlukaniswe ngeNkathi Ephakathi yokuqala. uhlelo lwe-modal (imingcele yomlando ayinamkhawulo: yaqala emiculweni yesonto lokuqala lobuKristu, eyagxiliswa ngekhulu lesi-20-7, yabe isikhula kancane kancane yaba ukuvumelana kwe-Renaissance; ngokomfanekiso, olunye uhlelo lwe-modal yaseRussia nalo lukhona lapha), cf. uhlelo lwe-modal lwekhulu lesi-9 kuya kwele-9, uhlelo lweRenaissance (ngokwemibandela ekhulwini le-13-14), uhlelo lwe-tonal (elikhulu-elincane) (ikhulu le-16-17; ngendlela elungisiwe lusetshenziswa futhi ekhulwini lama-19), uhlelo olusha lokuphakama kwe-20. (Bheka izindatshana ezithi Ukhiye, Izindlela zemvelo, Izindlela ezilinganayo).

I-Antich. isistimu ye-modal isekelwe kuma-tetrachords, kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwawo octave Ls komunye nomunye. Phakathi kwamathoni we-quart, ama-midtones ahluke kakhulu ukuphakama angenzeka (izinhlobo ezintathu zama-tetrachords: i-diatone, i-chromium, "enarmony"). Ku-L., ithonya labo lenzwa eqondile liyaziswa (ngokusho kwalokhu noma lokho "i-ethos"), ukuhlukahluka, ukuhlukahluka kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezingenzeka ze-L. (isibonelo: Skoliya Seikila).

L. ekuqaleni kwentshonalanga-European. Inkathi Ephakathi ngenxa yezici zomlando zenkathi yehlele kithi Ch. ar. mayelana nebandla. umculo. Njengokubonakaliswa kwesistimu yephimbo ehlukile, zibonakala nge-diaatonicism eqinile (kuze kufike ekuzincipheni) futhi zibonakala zingenambala futhi ngokomzwelo zinohlangothi olulodwa uma ziqhathaniswa nokugcwala kwemizwa yasendulo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iNkathi Ephakathi. U-L. uhlukaniswa ngokugxila okukhulu esikhathini esingaphakathi (ekuqaleni, ngisho nokulimaza uhlangothi lwangempela lobuciko lobuciko, ngokweziqondiso zesonto). Wed-century. L. bonisa enye inkimbinkimbi yesakhiwo se-diatonic. L. (i-guidonian hexachord esikhundleni se-tetrachord yasendulo; i-harmonic polyphony yaseNtshonalanga-Europe yembula imvelo ehluke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-heterophony yasendulo). Umculo wesintu nowezwe weNkathi Ephakathi, ngokusobala, wawuhlukaniswa ngesakhiwo esihlukile nokuvezwa kwe-L.

Uhlelo lokusebenza olufanayo. Wed-century. i-chorale culture other-rus. I-chanter art-va ihlanganisa nezingxenye ze-modal zasendulo (iquart extra-octave "yesilinganiso sansuku zonke"; ithonya elinamandla lesimiso sasendulo se-melody-model lisezingomeni, emazwini).

NgeNkathi Ephakathi (ikhulu le-9-13), i-polyphony entsha (uma iqhathaniswa neyasendulo) yavela futhi yachuma, eyathonya kakhulu uhlelo lwe-modal nezigaba zayo, futhi yalungiselela umlando. uhlobo oluhlukile ngokuyisisekelo. L. (L. njengesakhiwo se-polyphonic).

Isistimu ye-modal ye-Renaissance, ngenkathi igcine okuningi ohlelweni lweNkathi Ephakathi, ihlukaniswa nokugcwala kwegazi okungokomzwelo okuthuthuke ngesisekelo esisha, ukufudumala kwesintu, kanye nokuthuthuka okucebile kokukhethekile. izici ze-L. (ikakhulukazi isici: i-polyphony ekhanyayo, ithoni yesethulo, ukubusa kwama-triad).

Esikhathini esibizwa ngokuthi. isikhathi esisha (ikhulu le-17-19), uhlelo lwe-modal-main-minor, olwavela ku-Renaissance, lufinyelela ukubusa. Ngobuhle, okucebe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nakho konke okungaphambili (naphezu komkhawulo ngenani eliphansi lemisindo) uhlelo olukhulu-oluncane uhlobo oluhlukile lwephimbo, lapho i-polyphony, i-chord akuyona nje indlela yokwethula, kodwa ingxenye ebalulekile ye-li. . umgomo wesistimu enkulu-encane, njenge-L., izinguquko ezihlukile "kumamodi amancane," noma ama-chords. Eqinisweni, "i-harmonic tonality" iphenduka ukuguqulwa okukhethekile kwesigaba L., "imodi eyodwa" (Asafiev) enemizwa emibili (enkulu nencane).

Ngokuhambisana nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwe-harmonic tonality ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20. kukhona imvuselelo njengomuntu ozimele. isigaba kanye L. melodic. uhlobo. Kusukela ohlelweni olukhulayo nolushintshayo lwamathoni amakhulu, i-diatonic L. ekhethekile (esevezwe ngu-Mozart no-Beethoven, esetshenziswa kabanzi ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwe-20th ngama-romantics nabaqambi bezikole ezintsha zezwe - F. Chopin, E. Grieg, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky nabanye), kanye nesilinganiso se-anhemitone pentatonic (ngu-F. Liszt, R. Wagner, Grieg, AP Borodin, emisebenzini yokuqala kaStravinsky, njll.). Ukukhula kwe-chromatization ye-L. kukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-symmetrical L., isikali sayo esihlukanisa ama-semitone angu-12 e-octave ibe izingxenye zosayizi olinganayo; lokhu kunikeza wonke amasistimu we-tonic, alinganayo-thermal kanye ne-tritone (ku-Chopin, Liszt, Wagner, K. Debussy, O. Messiaen, MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin, Stravinsky, AN Cherepnin nabanye ).

Emculweni wase-Europe wekhulu lama-20 zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-L. namasistimu axhumene futhi axubane aze afike ku-microchromatic (A. Haba), ukusetshenziswa kokungewona owaseYurophu. indlela (Messian, J. Cage).

X. Umlando wezimfundiso mayelana nemodi. Ithiyori kaL., ekhombisa umlando wabo, iyisihloko esidala kakhulu socwaningo emculweni. isayensi. Inkinga ka L. ingena emfundisweni yokuvumelana futhi ngokwengxenye iqondane nenkinga yokuvumelana. Ngakho-ke, isifundo senkinga ye-L. ekuqaleni kwenziwa ucwaningo ngenkinga yokuvumelana (armonia, harmonie). Incazelo yokuqala yesayensi L. (ukuvumelana) eYurophu. i-musicology ingeyesikole sasePythagorean (emakhulwini ama-6-4 BC). BC.). Ukuchaza ukuvumelana kanye no-L. ngokusekelwe kumbono wenombolo, amaPythagoreans agcizelela ukubaluleka kobudlelwane obulula bomsindo (ngaphakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. tetrad) njengento elawula ukwakheka kweqhwa (ukubonakaliswa kwethiyori kaL. izenzakalo ze-tetrachords kanye nemisindo "ezinzile" yongwaqa wesine). Isayensi yePythagorean yahunyushwa nguL. nomculo. ukuzwana njengokubonakaliswa kokuzwana kwezwe, ngaphandle kwalokho umhlaba ubuyohlakazeka (isib nangempela abuke uL. njengemodeli yomhlaba - i-microcosm). Ukusuka lapha kwathuthukiswa kamuva (e-Boethius, Kepler) ye-cosmological. идеи umculo wezwe nomculo wabantu. I-cosmos ngokwayo (ngokusho kwamaPythagoras kanye noPlato) yayishuniswe ngendlela ethile (izindikimba zasezulwini zazifaniswa namathoni esiGreki. Imodi ye-Dorian: e1-d1-c1-hagfe). Isayensi yamaGreki (Pythagoreans, Aristoxen, Euclid, Bacchius, Cleonides, njll.) yakha futhi yathuthukisa umculo. ithiyori L. nezindlela ezithile. Wakha imiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu ka-L. - i-tetrachord, umugqa we-octave (i-armonia), izisekelo (ama-nstotes), ithoni emaphakathi (ephakathi) (i-mesn), i-dynamis (i-dunamis), i-ecmelika (isifunda sezikhawu ezinobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nemisindo ngaphandle kwephimbo elithile), njll. Eqinisweni, yonke imfundiso yamaGreki yokuvumelana yayiyinkolelo-mbono kaL. futhi frets njengezakhiwo monophonic high-pitched. Umculo. isayensi yeNkathi Ephakathi yavuselela kabusha i-antique ngesisekelo esisha. (Pythagorean, Platonic, Neoplatonic) imibono mayelana nokuvumelana kanye no-L. njengezigaba zobuhle. Ukuhumusha okusha kuxhumene nenkolo yobuKrestu. incazelo yokuvumelana kwendawo yonke. I-Middle Ages yakha imfundiso entsha yama-frets. Zivela kuqala emisebenzini ka-Alcuin, u-Aurelian waseReome kanye noRegino wasePrüm, zaqoshwa ngokunembayo ekubhalweni komculo ngumbhali ongaziwa wencwadi ethi “Alia musica” (c. Ikhulu le-9). Ibolekwe esiGrekini ithiyori yegama elithi L. (Dorian, Phrygian, njll.), phakathi nekhulu leminyaka. isayensi yathi ahlobene nezinye izikali (inguqulo etholakala yonke indawo; nokho, kwavezwa umbono ohlukile; bheka. umsebenzi kaM. Dabo-Peranycha, 1959). Ngesakhiwo seNkathi Ephakathi. L. umsuka wamagama athi “finalis”, “repercussion” (tenor, tuba; kusukela ekhulwini le-17 kuya futhi “okubusayo”), “ambitus”, agcine ukubaluleka kwawo ku-monophonic yakamuva ethi L. Ngokuhambisana nethiyori ye-octaves L. kusukela ngekhulu le-11 (kusuka ku-Guido d'Arezzo) kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza. isistimu ye-solmization esekelwe ku-hexachord enkulu njengeyunithi yesakhiwo ohlelweni lwe-modal (bona. Ukuxazulula, i-Hexachord). Umkhuba we-solmization (wawukhona kuze kube yi-18th c. futhi yashiya uphawu oluphawulekayo ku-teminology yethiyori ka-L.) yalungiselela izigaba ezithile zokulandela ngokomlando izindlela zeNkathi Ephakathi kanye Nokuvuselelwa Kohlelo Lwezindlela Ezinkulu-ezincane. Encwadini kaGlarean ethi “Dodecachord” (1547), ababili uL. - I-Ionian ne-Aeolian (nezinhlobo zazo ze-plagal). Kusukela ngekhulu le-17 ephethwe nguL. uhlelo olukhulu lwe-tonal-functional. Incazelo yokuqala eguquguqukayo ehlelekile yesakhiwo esikhulu nesincane kanjalo (ngokuphambene futhi ngokwengxenye ngokumelene nabanduleli babo - isonto le-Ionian ne-Aeolian. tones) inikezwe emisebenzini kaJ. F. Rameau, ikakhulukazi ku-"Treatise on Harmony" (1722). Okusha L. EYurophu.

I-hcdefga izwakala amathoni ayinhloko e-GCCFCF. | – || – |

Imodi (imodi) kokubili umthetho wokulandelana kwemisindo, nokuhleleka kokulandelana kwayo.

Njengengxenye yemfundiso yokuvumelana 18-19 eminyaka. Ithiyori ye-tonality yathuthukiswa njengethiyori ye-tonality enemiqondo namagama ayisici sayo (igama elithi "tonality" laqala ukusetshenziswa yi-FAJ Castile-Blaz ngo-1821).

Amasistimu amasha we-modal (kokubili okungewona ama-diatonic kanye ne-diatonic) eNtshonalanga Yurophu. imibono yabonakala emisebenzini kaF. Busoni ("izilinganiso ezihlukene ezingu-113", i-microchromatics), A. Schoenberg, J. Setaccioli, O. Messiaen, E. Lendvai, J. Vincent, A. Danielu, A. Khaba nabanye.

Ithiyori enemininingwane kaL. ithuthukiswe ocwaningweni Nar. umculo V. F. Odoevsky A. N. Serova, P. AP Sokalsky A. C. Famitsyna, A. D. Kastalsky, B. UM. Belyaeva X. C. Kushnareva, K. AT. Amathikithi, njll. E-Russia, omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala ehlanganisa izenzakalo ze-L. kwaba “I-Musician Ideagrammar…” ka-N. I-AP Diletsky (isigamu sesibili. Ikhulu le-17). Umbhali uqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa komculo okuphindwe kathathu (“ngokwencazelo”): ku-“merry” (okufana okusobala negama elithi enkulu elethulwa ngu-Zarlino – harmonie “allegra”), “elidabukisayo” (lihambisana nelincane; ku-Tsarlino - "i-mesta"; esibonelweni somculo, i-Diletsky harmonic minor) kanye "nokuxutshwa" (lapho zombili izinhlobo zishintshana khona). Isisekelo "somculo ojabulisayo" sithi "tone ut-mi-sol", "piful" - "tone re-fa-la". Ocansini lokuqala. 19 ku. UM. D. UFrisky (owathi, ngokusho kuka-Odoevsky, "wasungula ulimi lwethu lomculo wezobuchwepheshe okokuqala ngqa) evikelekile emazweni obaba. I-ice terminology ngokwayo igama elithi "L". Ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu ye-modal mayelana nesiRashiya. isonto. umculo ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20. benza D. AT. Razumovsky, I. FUTHI. Voznesensky, V. UM. Metalov, M. AT. Brazhnikov, N. D. Uspensky. U-Razumovsky wahlela izinhlelo eziguquguqukayo zomlando ze-L. isonto. umculo, yathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yesiRashiya. isivumelwano ngokuphathelene nezigaba zemisindo "yesifunda", "ebusayo" kanye "nokugcina" (isifaniso sika-zap. «ambitus», «reperkusse» futhi «finalis»). U-Metallov ugcizelele ukubaluleka kwengqikithi yamaculo ekulingiswa kwezwi. N. A. U-Lvov (1790) udonse ukunaka kwe-honours ethize aka L. kusuka ohlelweni lwaseYurophu. U-Odoevsky (1863, 1869) wafunda izici zesici sokwakheka kwe-fret ngesiRashiya. Umculo we-Nar (nesonto) nezakhiwo eziwuhlukanisa nohlelo lokusebenza. imiculo (ukugwema ukweqa okuthile, ukungabikho kwamandla adonsela phansi ethoni yesethulo, i-diatonicism eqinile), kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kusetshenziswe igama elithi “glamour” (diatonic. heptachord) esikhundleni se“thoni” yasentshonalanga. Ukuze kube nokuvumelanisa emoyeni wesiRashiya. UFrets Odoevsky wayebheka ama-triad ahlanzekile afanelekile, ngaphandle kwama-chords wesikhombisa. Umehluko phakathi kwesakhiwo samapulangwe. ukusebenza kanye "nesikali esibi" fp. yamholela emcabangweni "wokuhlela upiyano olungagxili" (insimbi ka-Odoevsky yagcinwa). Serov, efunda uhlangothi lwe-modal lwaseRussia. Izingoma zeNar “eziphikisana nomculo waseNtshonalanga Yurophu” (1869-71), zaphikisana “nobandlululo” lwaseNtshonalanga. ososayensi babheka wonke umculo kuphela “ngokombono wezikhiye ezimbili (okungukuthi izindlela) - ezinkulu nezincane. Waqaphela ukulingana kwezinhlobo ezimbili "zokuqoqana" (isakhiwo) sesikali - i-octave neyesine (ngokubhekisela kumbono wesiGreki. L.). IsiRashiya. ikhwalithi ye-L. yena (njengo-Odoevsky) wayebheka i-diatonicism eqinile - ngokuphambene ne-zap. ezinkulu nezincane (nenothi layo elinengqondo), ukuntuleka kokuguquguquka (“Ingoma yesiRashiya ayazi enkulu noma encane, futhi ayishintshi neze”). Isakhiwo sikaL. wahumusha ngokuthi i-clutch (“inqwaba”) yama-tetrachords; esikhundleni sokuguquguquka, wayekholelwa “ukulahlwa mahhala kwama-tetrachords.” Ekuvumelaniseni izingoma ngenjongo yokubuka isiRashiya. umlingiswa, wamelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-tonic, ama-chords abusayo kanye nama-subdominant (isb I, V kanye nezinyathelo ze-IV), ezincomayo ezinxantathu eziseceleni ("ezincane") (ezinkulu - II, III, VI izinyathelo). UFamintsyn (1889) wafunda izinsalela zezingqimba zasendulo (ezisengamaqaba) eNar. umculo kanye nokwakhiwa kwemodi (ngokwengxenye ukulindela kulokhu eminye imibono ka-B. Bartoka futhi Z. Kodaya). Wabeka phambili inkolelo-mbono "yezendlalelo" ezintathu ohlelweni lokuthuthukiswa komlando wokwakheka kwe-fret - "okudala" - i-pentatonic, "entsha" - i-7-step diatonic, kanye "nentsha kunazo zonke" - ezinkulu nezincane. UKastalsky (1923) wabonisa “ukuqala nokuzimela kwesimiso saseRussia. I-Nar polyphony evela emithethweni nezimfundiso zaseYurophu. Izinhlelo.

U-BL Yavorskii unikeze ukuthuthukiswa okukhethekile kwesayensi komqondo kanye nethiyori yomugqa. Ukufaneleka kwakhe kwaba ukukhethwa kwesigaba L. njengesizimele. Muses. umsebenzi, ngokukaYavorsky, awulutho ngaphandle kokwembuleka kwesigqi ngesikhathi (igama lomqondo ka-Yavorsky lithi “Theory of Modal Rhythm”; bheka i-Modal Rhythm). Ngokuphambene nenkambiso yendabuko ekabili yaseYurophu Kuhlelo olukhulu-oluncane, u-Yavorsky waqinisekisa ukuphindaphindeka kwe-L. (ukwanda, iketango, ukuguquguquka, ukuncipha, okukhulu okuphindwe kabili, okuncane okuphindwe kabili, okuphindwe kabili, ama-X-modes, njll.). Emcabangweni wesigqi se-modal kuvela isiko lesiRashiya. i-musicology akufanele ifake izinhlelo zephimbo ezidlule ezinkulu nezincane kuhlobo oluthile "lwe-atonalism" olungahlelekile, kodwa zichaze njengezindlela ezikhethekile. U-Yavorsky wahlukanisa imiqondo yomugqa kanye ne-tonality (inhlangano ethile yokuphakama okuphezulu kanye nesikhundla sayo ezingeni elithile lokuphakama okuphezulu). U-BV Asafiev uveze imibono eminingi ejulile ngo-L. emibhalweni yakhe. Ukuxhumanisa isakhiwo sika-L nephimbo. uhlobo lomculo, wadala umnyombo womqondo wokuqala nothelayo ka-L. (bheka nezigaba zokuqala zalesi sihloko).

I-Asafiev iphinde yathuthukisa izinkinga zokwethula i-tonalities eYurophu. L., ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakhe; yigugu ngokombono. ngokuphathelene nokudalula kwakhe ukuhlukahluka kwe-modal ye-Glinka's Ruslan kanye no-Lyudmila, incazelo ka-Asafiev yezinyathelo ezingu-12 L., ukuqonda kwe-L. njengenhlanganisela yamaphimbo. Kusho. umnikelo ocwaningweni lwezinkinga ze-L. wenziwa umsebenzi wezinye izikhova. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo - Belyaev (umqondo wesigqi esinezinyathelo eziyi-12, ukuhlelwa kwezindlela zomculo wasempumalanga), u-Yu. imizuzwana; ithiyori yemisebenzi eguquguqukayo ye-modal, njll.),

I-AS Ogolevets (ukuzimela - "diatonicity" - imisindo engu-12 yesistimu yethoni; i-semantics yezinyathelo; ithiyori ye-modal genesis), IV Sposobina (ucwaningo lwendima yokudala yokusebenza kwethoni ye-modal, ukuvumelana okuhlelekile kwezindlela ngaphezu kokukhulu nokuncane, Ukuchazwa kwesigqi kanye nemitha njengezici zokwakheka kweqhwa), i-VO Berkova (i-systematics yenombolo yezenzakalo zokwakheka kweqhwa). Inkinga ka-L. ozinikele. imisebenzi (nezingxenye zemisebenzi) ka-AN Dolzhansky, MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HF Tiftikidi nabanye.

References: Odoevsky V. F., incwadi eya ku-V. F. U-Odoevsky kumshicileli mayelana nomculo wakudala we-Great Russian, ngo-Sat: Crossing Kaliki. Ngomgqibelo. izinkondlo nocwaningo lukaP. Bessonova, h. 2, cha. 5, eMoscow, 1863; eyakhe, ingoma kaMirskaya, ebhalwe ngamagama ayisishiyagalombili anamahhuku anamamaki e-cinnabar, eqoqweni elithi: Proceedings of the first archaeological congress in Moscow, 1869, vol. 2, M., 1871; eyakhe, ("umuntu ovamile waseRussia"). Ucezu, 1860s, encwadini: B. F. Odoevsky. Amagugu omculo nemibhalo, M., 1956 (kuhlanganisa nokuphrintwa kabusha kwezihloko ezishiwo ngenhla); Razumovsky D. V., Ukucula kweBandla eRussia, vol. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Serov A. N., ingoma yomdabu yaseRussia njengesihloko sesayensi, "Inkathi Yomculo", 1869-71, efanayo, Izbr. izihloko, njll. 1, M., 1950; Sokalsky P. P., umculo wesintu waseRussia…, Har., 1888; Famintsyn A. S., i-gamma yasendulo yama-Indochinese e-Asia naseYurophu …, iSt. Petersburg, ngo-1889; Metalov V. M., Osmoglasie znamenny chant, M., 1899; Yavorsky B. L., Isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo. Izinto zokwakha namanothi, cha. 1-3, M., 1908; Kastalskiy A. D., Izici zesistimu yomculo yabantu baseRussia, M.-P., 1923, M., 1961; U-Rimsky-Korsakov G. M., Ukulungisiswa kohlelo lomculo lwethoni yekota, encwadini: De Musica, vol. 1, L., 1925; Nikolsky A., Imisindo yezingoma zomdabu, encwadini: Ukuqoqwa kwemisebenzi yesigaba se-ethnographic se-HYMN, vol. 1, M., 1926; Asafiev B. V., Ifomu lomculo njengenqubo, incwadi. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; eyakhe, Isandulelo. ngesiRashiya ngokwe. incwadi: Kurt E., Fundamentals of linear counterpoint, M., 1931; eyakhe, uGlinka, M., 1947, M., 1950; UMazel L. A., Ryzhkin I. Ya., Izindatshana zomlando we-theoretical musicology, vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1934-39; Tyulin Yu. N., Imfundiso yokuvumelana, vol. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; eyakhe, Izindlela zemvelo nezokushintsha, M., 1971; Gruber R. I., Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 1, h. 1, M., 1941; Ogolevets A. S., Isingeniso sokucabanga komculo wesimanje, M.-L., 1946; Dolzhansky A. N., Ngokwesisekelo se-modal yezingoma zikaShostakovich, "SM", 1947, No 4; Kushnarev X. S., Imibuzo yomlando kanye nethiyori yomculo we-Armenian monodic, L., 1958; Belyaev V. M., Amazwana, encwadini: Jami Abdurakhman, Treatise on Music, trans. kusukela ePheresiya, ed. kanye namazwana. AT. UM. Belyaeva, Tash., 1960; yakhe, Izindatshana zomlando womculo wabantu base-USSR, vol. 1-2, eMoscow, 1962-63; Berkov V. O., Harmony, h. 1-3, M., 1962-1966, M., 1970; Slonimsky S. M., Prokofiev's Symphonies, M.-L., 1964; Kholopov Yu. N., Mayelana nezinhlelo ezintathu zakwamanye amazwe zokuvumelana, ku: Music and Modernity, vol. 4, M., 1966; Tiftikidi H. F., i-Chromatic system, ku: Musicology, vol. 3, A.-A., 1967; Skoryk M. M., isistimu ye-Ladovaya S. Prokofieva, K., 1969; Sposobin I. V., Izinkulumo eziphathelene nenkambo yokuzwana, M., 1969; U-Alekseev E., Ngesimo esiguquguqukayo semodi, "SM", 1969, No 11; Izinkinga zokukhathazeka, Sat. Art., M., 1972; Tarakanov M. E., Iphimbo elisha emculweni wekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ku: Izinkinga Zesayensi Yomculo, vol. 1, M., 1972; Ithikithi K. V., Esq. imisebenzi, ie 1-2, M., 1971-73; UHarlap M. G., Uhlelo lomculo we-Folk-Russian kanye nenkinga: imvelaphi yomculo, eqoqweni: Izinhlobo zakuqala zobuciko, M., 1972; USilenok L., umculi waseRussia ongumbhali-mfundiso uM. D. Rezvoy, "umculi waseSoviet", 1974, April 30; cm.

Yu. N. Kholopov