Umlando we-harpsichord

I-harpsichord ingummeleli okhanyayo wezinsimbi zomculo zekhibhodi, inani eliphakeme lokuthandwa kwayo lawela phakathi nenkathi yekhulu le-16-17, lapho kudlalwa inani elimangalisayo labaqambi abadumile bangaleso sikhathi.

Insimbi yokusa nokushona kwelanga

Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwe-harpsichord kuhlehlela emuva ku-1397. Ekuqaleni kwe-Renaissance, kwachazwa u-Giovanni Boccaccio ku-Decameron yakhe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isithombe esidala kunazo zonke se-harpsichord sabhalwa ngo-1425. Waboniswa e-altare edolobheni laseJalimane iMinden. Amahabhu angekhulu le-16 ehlele kithi, ayenziwa kakhulu eVenice, e-Italy.

ENyakatho Yurophu, ukukhiqizwa kwama-harpsichords kusukela ngo-1579 kwathathwa izingcweti zaseFlemish ezivela emndenini wakwaRückers. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuklanywa kwensimbi kwenzeka izinguquko ezithile, umzimba uba nzima, futhi izintambo ziba zinde, okunike umbala ojulile we-timbre.

Indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni insimbi yadlalwa ubukhosi baseFrance uBlanche, kamuva uTaskin. Kubaphathi bamaNgisi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX, imindeni yakwaSchudy neyakwaKirkman iyahlukaniswa. Amahabhu abo ayenomzimba we-oki futhi ayehlukaniswa ngomsindo ocebile.

Ngeshwa, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, i-harpsichord yathathelwa indawo ngokuphelele upiyano. Imodeli yokugcina yakhiqizwa uKirkman ngo-1809. Kuphela ngo-1896, inkosi yaseNgilandi u-Arnold Dolmech wavuselela ukukhiqizwa kwethuluzi. Kamuva, lesi sinyathelo sathathwa abakhiqizi baseFrance uPleyel no-Era, abaqala ukwenza i-harpsichord, becabangela ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bangaleso sikhathi. Umklamo wawunohlaka lwensimbi olwalukwazi ukubamba ukucinana kwezintambo eziwugqinsi.

Intuthuko

I-harpsichord iyisisetshenziswa sekhibhodi sohlobo olukhishiwe. Ezicini eziningi imvelaphi yayo isuselwa entweni yensimbi yesiGreki ephucwe i-psalterion, lapho umsindo wawukhishwa khona ngomshini wekhibhodi kusetshenziswa ipeni le-quill. Umuntu odlala i-harpsichord wayebizwa ngokuthi umdlali we-clavier, wayekwazi ukudlala ngempumelelo i-organ ne-clavichord. Sekuyisikhathi eside i-harpsichord ibhekwa njengethuluzi lezicukuthwane, ngoba yenziwa kuphela ngamapulangwe ayigugu. Ngokuvamile, izihluthulelo zazihlotshiswe ngezikali, amagobolondo ofudu namatshe ayigugu.

Idivayisi ye-Harpsichord

I-harpsichord ibukeka njengonxantathu obude. Amayunithi ezinhlamvu ahlelwe ngokuvundlile ahambisana nendlela yekhibhodi. Ukhiye ngamunye unopusher we-jumper. I-langetta ixhunywe engxenyeni engenhla ye-pusher, lapho kuxhunywe khona i-plectrum (ulimi) lophaphe lwegwababa, yiyona ehlwitha intambo lapho ukhiye ucindezelwa. Ngenhla komhlanga kune-damper eyenziwe ngesikhumba noma ezwayo, evala ukudlidliza kwentambo.

Ukushintsha kusetshenziselwa ukushintsha ivolumu ne-timbre ye-harpsichord. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-crescendo ebushelelezi ne-deminuendo ayikwazi ukutholwa kuleli thuluzi. Ngekhulu le-15, ububanzi bensimbi bebuyingama-octave angu-3, ​​amanye amanothi e-chromatic engekho ebangeni eliphansi. Ngekhulu le-16, uhla lwandiswa lwaba ama-octave angu-4, futhi ngekhulu le-18 ithuluzi selivele linama-octave angu-5. Ithuluzi elivamile lekhulu le-18 lalinamakhibhodi angu-2 (amamanuwali), amasethi angu-2 eyunithi yezinhlamvu 8` kanye no-1 – 4`, ayezwakala njenge-octave ephakeme. Zingasetshenziswa ngazinye futhi ndawonye, ​​​​zihlanganise i-timbre ngokubona kwakho. Kuphinde kwahlinzekwa nge-“lute register” noma i-nasal timbre. Ukuze uyithole, kwakudingeka kusetshenziswe ukuthulisa okuncane kwezintambo ezinamaqhubu azizwayo noma esikhumba.

Abaculi be-harpsichord abagqamile ngu-J. Chambonière, JF Rameau, F. Couperin, LK Daken nabanye abaningi.