Umlando we-clavichord

Kukhona izinsimbi zomculo ezingenakubalwa emhlabeni: izintambo, imimoya, ukushaywa kanye namakhibhodi. Cishe wonke amathuluzi asetshenziswayo namuhla anomlando ocebile. Omunye walaba “badala” angabhekwa ngokufanelekile njenge-pianoforte. Le nsimbi yomculo yayinokhokho abambalwa, enye yazo i-clavichord.

Igama elithi "clavichord" ngokwalo livela emagameni amabili - i-Latin clavis - key, ne-Greek xop - string. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwaleli thuluzi kuhlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14, futhi ikhophi endala kunazo zonke esekhona igcinwe namuhla komunye weminyuziyamu yaseLeipzig.Idivayisi nokubukeka kwama-clavichords okuqala kuhluke kakhulu kupiyano. Uma uthi nhlá, ungabona ikesi lokhuni elifanayo, ikhibhodi enokhiye abamnyama nabamhlophe. Kodwa njengoba usondela, noma ubani uzoqala ukuqaphela umehluko: ikhibhodi incane, awekho amaphedali ngaphansi kwensimbi, futhi amamodeli okuqala kakhulu awanawo ama-kickstand. Lokhu akubanga ngengozi, ngoba emuva ekhulwini le-14 nele-15, ama-clavichords ayesetshenziswa ikakhulukazi abaculi bomdabu. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukunyakaza kwensimbi kusuka endaweni kuya endaweni akuzange kulethe inkinga enkulu, yenziwe ibe mncane ngosayizi (imvamisa ubude abudluli imitha), enezintambo ezinobude obufanayo ezinwetshiwe ngokuhambisana nezindonga zensimbi. ikesi nezihluthulelo ngenani lezingcezu eziyi-12. Ngaphambi kokudlala, umculi wayebeka i-clavichord etafuleni noma ayidlale emathangeni akhe.

Yiqiniso, ngokuthandwa okukhulayo kwensimbi, ukubukeka kwayo kushintshile. I-clavichord yema ngokuqinile emilenzeni ye-4, icala ladalwa kusuka ezinhlotsheni zezinkuni ezibizayo - i-spruce, i-cypress, i-Karelian birch, futhi ihlotshiswe ngokuvumelana nemikhuba yesikhathi nemfashini. Kodwa ubukhulu bensimbi kukho konke ukuba khona kwayo kwahlala kuncane kakhulu - umzimba awuzange udlule amamitha angu-1,5 ubude, futhi usayizi wekhibhodi wawungokhiye abangu-35 noma ama-octave angu-5 (uma kuqhathaniswa, upiyano unokhiye abangu-88 nama-octave angu-12) .Ngokuqondene nomsindo, umehluko ugcinwa lapha. Iqoqo lezintambo zensimbi ezitholakala emzimbeni lenze umsindo wokubonga kumakhenikha we-tangent. I-tangent, iphinikhodi enekhanda eliyisicaba, yayigxilwe phansi kokhiye. Lapho umculi ecindezela ukhiye, i-tangent yayixhumene nentambo futhi yayilokhu icindezelwe kuyo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye eyodwa yentambo yaqala ukudlidliza ngokukhululekile futhi yenza umsindo. Ukuphakama komsindo ku-clavichord kuncike ngokuqondile endaweni lapho i-tanget ithintwa khona kanye namandla okushaya kukhiye.

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abaculi bafuna kangakanani ukudlala i-clavichord emahholo amakhulu ekhonsathi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza kanjalo. Umsindo othize othulile wawufanele indawo yasekhaya kuphela kanye nenani elincane labalaleli. Futhi uma ivolumu ngokwezinga elincane incike kumdlali, khona-ke indlela yokudlala, amasu omculo ayencike kuye ngokuqondile. Isibonelo, i-clavichord kuphela engadlala umsindo okhethekile wokudlidliza, owenziwe ngenxa yomshini we-tangent. Ezinye izinsimbi zekhibhodi zingakhiqiza kuphela umsindo ofana nokude.Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, i-clavichord yayiyinsimbi eyintandokazi yekhibhodi yabaqambi abaningi: Handel, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Kule nsimbi yomculo, u-Johann S. Bach wabhala igama lakhe elidumile elithi "Das Wohltemperierte Klavier" - umjikelezo wamafugues angu-48 nama-preludes. Kuphela ngekhulu le-19 lapho yagcina ithathelwe indawo yisamukeli saso esinomsindo omkhulu nesizwakalayo - i-pianoforte. Kodwa leli thuluzi alikashabalala. Namuhla, abaculi nabahlaziyi abayizingcweti bazama ukubuyisela insimbi endala ukuze bezwe umsindo wegumbi lemisebenzi yabaqambi bodumo futhi.