Umlando we-clarinet

Clarinet iyinsimbi yomculo yomoya eyenziwe ngokhuni. Inethoni ethambile kanye nobubanzi bemisindo ebanzi. I-clarinet isetshenziselwa ukudala umculo wanoma yiluphi uhlobo. Ama-Clarinetists angakwazi ukudlala yedwa kuphela, kodwa futhi ku-orchestra yomculo.

Umlando wayo uhlanganisa amakhulu amane eminyaka. Ithuluzi ladalwa ngekhulu le-4 - 17. Usuku oluqondile lokuvela kwethuluzi alwaziwa. Kodwa ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi i-clarinet yadalwa ngo-18 nguJohann Christoph Denner. Wayeyingcweti yezinsimbi zomoya. Ngenkathi enza i-French Chalumeau ibe yesimanjemanje, uDenner udale insimbi yomculo entsha ngokuphelele enohlu olubanzi. Lapho iqala ukuvela, i-chalumeau yaba yimpumelelo futhi yayisetshenziswa kabanzi njengengxenye yezinsimbi zomculo we-orchestra. I-Chalumeau Denner idalwe ngendlela yeshubhu enezimbobo ezingu-7. Uhlu lwe-clarinet yokuqala lwaluyi-octave eyodwa kuphela. Futhi ukuze athuthukise ikhwalithi, uDenner wanquma ukushintsha ezinye izici. Wasebenzisa induku yomhlanga wakhipha ipayipi lokucwilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kutholwe ububanzi obubanzi, i-clarinet yenza izinguquko eziningi zangaphandle. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-clarinet ne-chalumeau yi-valve engemuva kwensimbi. I-valve isebenza ngesithupha. Ngosizo lwe-valve, ububanzi be-clarinet bushintshela ku-octave yesibili. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, i-chalumeau ne-clarinet zase zisetshenziswa kanyekanye. Kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, i-chalumeau yayilahlekelwa ukuthandwa kwayo.

Ngemva kokufa kukaDenner, indodana yakhe uJakobe yazuza njengefa ibhizinisi lakhe. Akazange alishiye ibhizinisi likayise futhi waqhubeka nokwakha nokuthuthukisa izinsimbi zomculo ezifuthwayo. Okwamanje, kunezinsimbi ezi-3 ezinhle kakhulu kumamnyuziyamu omhlaba. Izinsimbi zakhe zinama-valve angu-2. Ama-Clarinets anama-valve angu-2 asetshenziswa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19. Ngo-1760 umculi odumile wase-Austria uPaur wengeza elinye i-valve kulawa ayekhona. I-valve yesine, esikhundleni sayo, yavula i-clarinetist yaseBrussels uRottenberg. Ngo-1785, u-Briton John Hale wanquma ukufaka i-valve yesihlanu ensimbi. I-valve yesithupha yengezwe yi-clarinetist yesiFulentshi uJean-Xavier Lefebvre. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakhiwe inguqulo entsha yensimbi enama-valve angu-6.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, i-clarinet yafakwa ohlwini lwezinsimbi zomculo zakudala. Umsindo wayo uncike ekhonweni lomdlali. U-Ivan Muller uthathwa njengomdlali we-virtuoso. Washintsha ukwakheka komlomo. Lolu shintsho luthinte umsindo we-timbre nobubanzi. Futhi silungise ngokuphelele indawo ye-clarinet embonini yomculo.

Umlando wokuvela kwethuluzi awugcini lapho. Ekhulwini le-19, uprofesa weConservatory uHyacinth Klose, kanye nomsunguli womculo uLouis-Auguste Buffet, bathuthukisa insimbi ngokufaka amavalvu endandatho. I-clarinet enjalo yayibizwa ngokuthi "i-clarinet yesiFulentshi" noma "i-Boehm clarinet".

Izinguquko ezengeziwe kanye nemibono yenziwe ngu-Adolphe Sax no-Eugène Albert.

Umsunguli ongumJalimane u-Johann Georg kanye no-clarinetist uKarl Berman nabo banikele ngemibono yabo. Bashintsha ukusebenza kwesistimu ye-valve. Ngenxa yalokhu, imodeli yesiJalimane yensimbi yavela. Imodeli yesiJalimane ihluke kakhulu kunguqulo yesiFulentshi ngoba iveza amandla omsindo ebangeni eliphakeme. Kusukela ngo-1950, ukuthandwa kwemodeli yaseJalimane kwehle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ama-Austrian, amaJalimane namaDashi kuphela asebenzisa le clarinet. Futhi ukuthandwa kwemodeli yesiFulentshi kuye kwanda kakhulu.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngaphezu kwamamodeli aseJalimane nesiFulentshi, "i-clarinets ka-Albert" kanye "nensimbi kaMark" yaqala ukukhiqizwa. Amamodeli anjalo ayenobubanzi obubanzi, okuphakamisa umsindo kuma-octave aphezulu kakhulu.

Okwamanje, inguqulo yanamuhla ye-clarinet inomshini oyinkimbinkimbi nama-valve angaba ngu-20.