I-Veljo Tormis (Veljo Tormis) |

Veljo Tormis

Ukwenza ifa lasendulo liqondakale futhi lifinyeleleke kumuntu wanamuhla kuyinkinga enkulu ebhekene nomqambi namuhla emsebenzini wakhe ngezinganekwane. V. Tormis

Igama lomqambi wase-Estonia u-V. Tormis alihlukaniseki nesiko lamakwaya langaleso sikhathi lase-Estonia. Lo mculi ovelele waba negalelo elicebile ekuthuthukisweni komculo wamakhwaya wesimanje futhi wavula amathuba amasha azwakalayo kuwo. Ukusesha kwakhe okuningi nokuhlola, akutholile okugqamile nokutholwayo kwenziwa endaweni evundile yokujwayela izingoma zomdabu zase-Estonia, ayisazi esigunyaziwe nomqoqi wazo.

UTormis wathola imfundo yakhe yomculo okokuqala eTallinn Conservatory (1942-51), lapho afunda khona i-ogani (no-E. Arro, A. Topman; S. Krull) nokuqamba no-(V. Kappa), wabe esefunda eMoscow Conservatory ( 1951- 56) esigabeni sokuqanjwa (no-V. Shebalin). Izithakazelo zokudala zomqambi wesikhathi esizayo zakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya wokuphila womculo owawumzungezile kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ubaba kaTormis uvela kubalimi (Kuusalu, indawo engaphansi kweTallinn), wayesebenza njenge-ogani esontweni lasedolobhaneni laseVigala (eNtshonalanga Estonia). Ngakho-ke, uVelho wayesondelene nokucula kwakwaya kusukela ebuntwaneni, waqala ukudlala isitho kusenesikhathi, ethatha amakhora. Izimpande zozalo lomqambi wakhe zibuyela emasikweni omculo wase-Estonian, abantu kanye nochwepheshe.

Namuhla uTormis ungumbhali wenqwaba yemisebenzi, kokubili ikwaya nezinsimbi, ubhala umculo waseshashalazini nasesinema. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuqamba umculo wekhwaya kuyinto esemqoka kuyena. Abesilisa, abesifazane, abaxubile, amakhwaya ezingane, okungaphelezelwa muntu, kanye nokuhambisana - kwesinye isikhathi okungajwayelekile (ngokwesibonelo, izigubhu zamashamanic noma ukuqoshwa kwekhasethi) - ngegama, wonke amathuba okukhala namuhla, ukuhlanganisa izinsimbi zezwi nezinsimbi, bathole. isicelo ku-studio somculi. U-Tormis usondela ezinhlotsheni nezindlela zomculo wamakhwaya ngomqondo ovulekile, ngomcabango ongavamile nesibindi, ucabanga kabusha ngezinhlobo zendabuko ze-cantata, umjikelezo wamakhwaya, usebenzisa izinhlobo ezintsha zekhulunyaka lama-1980 ngendlela yakhe. – izinkondlo zamakhwaya, amaculo omculo wamakhwaya, izigcawu zamakhwaya. Wabuye wenza imisebenzi ngezinhlobo ezixubile zangempela: i-cantata-ballet "i-Estonian Ballads" (1977), ukwakhiwa kwesiteji sezingoma zakudala ze-rune "Ama-Ballads Abesifazane" (1965). I-opera Swan Flight (XNUMX) iphethe isitembu sethonya lomculo wamakhwaya.

UTormis ungumbhali wezingoma nesazi sefilosofi. Unombono obukhali wobuhle emvelweni, kumuntu, emphefumulweni wabantu. Imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu yama-epic kanye ne-epic-dramatic iqondiswe kuzindikimba ezinkulu, zendawo yonke, ngokuvamile ezomlando. Kuzo, inkosi ikhuphukela kuma-generalizations efilosofi, ifinyelela umsindo ofanele umhlaba wanamuhla. Imijikelezo yamakhwaya Yezingoma Zekhalenda Lase-Estonia (1967) inikelwe endikimbeni yaphakade yokuvumelana kwemvelo nokuba khona komuntu; Ngokusekelwe olwazini olungokomlando, i-Ballad emayelana no-Maarjamaa (1969), ama-cantatas The Spell of Iron (edala kabusha isiko lokupela lamashamani asendulo, enikeza umuntu amandla phezu kwamathuluzi awadalile, 1972) kanye naMazwi kaLenin (1972), njengoba kanye Nezinkumbulo Zesifo » (1973).

Umculo kaTormis ubonakala ngomfanekiso ocacile, imvamisa ukubukeka okuhle kanye nezithombe, ezihlale zigcwele ingqondo. Ngakho-ke, kumakhwaya akhe, ikakhulukazi kuma-miniatures, imidwebo ye-landscape ihambisana nokuhlaziywa kwezingoma, njengaku-Autumn Landscapes (1964), futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, ukubonakaliswa okujulile kokuhlangenwe nakho okuzimele kuphakanyiswa isithombe sezinto zemvelo, njengakuHamlet's. Izingoma (1965).

Ulimi lomculo lwemisebenzi kaTormis lungolwesimanjemanje futhi lwangempela. Indlela yakhe yobuciko nobuhlakani kuvumela umqambi ukuthi andise izinhlobonhlobo zamasu okubhala amakhwaya. Ikhwaya ibuye ihunyushwe njenge-polyphonic array, enikezwa amandla nesikhumbuzo, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho - njengensimbi eguquguqukayo, ehambayo ye-chamber sonority. Indwangu yamakhwaya ingaba i-polyphonic, noma iphethe imibala evumelanayo, ikhipha ukuvumelana okuhlala njalo okunganyakazi, noma, ngokuphambene, ibonakala iphefumula, icwebezela ngokugqamayo, ukushintshashintsha kokungavamile nokuminyana, ukucaca kanye nokuminyana. U-Tormis wethula kuyo izindlela zokubhala ezivela kumculo wezinsimbi wesimanje, i-sonorous (i-timbre-colorful), kanye nemiphumela yendawo.

UTormis ufunda ngentshiseko izingqimba zasendulo zomculo nezinkondlo zase-Estonia, umsebenzi wabanye abantu baseBaltic-Finnish: amaVodi, ama-Izhorians, amaVepsians, amaLivs, amaKarelians, amaFinns, abhekisele kusiRashiya, isiBulgaria, isiSweden, isi-Udmurt neminye imithombo yezinganekwane, umdwebo. impahla evela kubo ngemisebenzi yabo. Ngalesi sisekelo, "izingoma zakhe eziyishumi nantathu zase-Estonian Lyrical Folk Songs" (1972), "Izhora Epic" (1975), "Northern Russian Epic" (1976), "Ingrian Evenings" (1979), umjikelezo wezingoma zesi-Estonian nesiSwidi "Izithombe. kusukela Esikhathini Esidlule Sesiqhingi saseVormsi "(1983), "Bulgarian Triptych" (1978), "Viennese Paths" (1983), "XVII Song of the Kalevala" (1985), amalungiselelo amaningi ekwaya. Ukucwiliswa ezigabeni ezibanzi zendabuko akugcini nje ngokucebisa ulimi lomculo lukaTormis ngephimbo lenhlabathi, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa izindlela zokulucubungula (olubhaliwe, oluvumelanayo, oluhlanganisayo), futhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola amaphuzu okuxhumana nezinkambiso zolimi lomculo lwanamuhla.

U-Tormis unikeza ukubaluleka okukhethekile ekunxuseni kwakhe inganekwane: “Ngithanda ifa lomculo wezinkathi ezahlukene, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, izendlalelo zasendulo ezinenani elithile … Kubalulekile ukudlulisela kumlaleli-isibukeli izici ezingavamile zezingoma zabantu. umbono wezwe, isimo sengqondo ngezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, ovezwa ekuqaleni nangokuhlakanipha kunganekwane” .

Imisebenzi ye-Tormis yenziwa ngamaqoqo ahamba phambili ase-Estonia, phakathi kwawo i-Estonian ne-Vanemuine Opera Houses. I-Estonian State Academic Male Choir, i-Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir, i-Tallinn Chamber Choir, i-Estonian Television ne-Radio Choir, amakhwaya amaningi abafundi nentsha, kanye namakhwaya avela eFinland, Sweden, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Germany.

Lapho umculi wekwaya uG. Ernesaks, umdala wesikole sabaqambi base-Estonia, ethi: “Umculo kaVeljo Tormis uveza umphefumulo wabantu base-Estonia,” wabeka incazelo ecacile emazwini akhe, ebhekisela emsuka ocashile, ukubaluleka okuphezulu okungokomoya kobuciko bukaTormis.

M. Katunyan