U-Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau |

U-Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau

Umculi waseJalimane u-Fischer-Dieskau wahlukaniswa kahle ngendlela ecashile yomuntu ngamunye ku-repertoire ehlukahlukene ye-operatic nezingoma. Ubuningi bezwi lakhe lwamvumela ukuba enze cishe noma yiluphi uhlelo, acule cishe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye ye-opera ehloselwe i-baritone.

Wenza imisebenzi yabaqambi abahlukahlukene njengoBach, Gluck, Schubert, Berg, Wolf, Schoenberg, Britten, Henze.

U-Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau wazalwa ngoMeyi 28, 1925 eBerlin. Umculi ngokwakhe uyakhumbula: "... ubaba wayengomunye wabahleli bethiyetha yesikole samabanga aphezulu, lapho, ngeshwa, abafundi abacebile kuphela banikezwa ithuba lokubuka imidlalo yakudala, ukulalela ama-opera namakhonsathi ngemali encane. Konke engangikubona lapho kwaqala ukucutshungulwa emphefumulweni wami, kwaphakama isifiso kimi sokuthi ngizihlanganise nami ngokushesha: Ngaphindaphinda ama-monologue nezigcawu zonke ngokuzwakalayo ngothando oluhlanyayo, ezikhathini eziningi ngingayiqondi incazelo yamagama akhulunywayo.

Ngachitha isikhathi esiningi ngihlukumeza izinceku ekhishini ngezwi lami elikhulu, i-fortissimo, kangangokuthi ekugcineni wathatha indiza, ethatha izibalo.

… Kodwa-ke, lapho ngineminyaka eyishumi nantathu ngangiyazi kahle kakhulu imisebenzi yomculo ebaluleke kakhulu - ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamarekhodi egilamafoni. Maphakathi nawo-thirties, ukuqoshwa okumangalisayo kwavela, manje okuvame ukuqoshwa kabusha kumarekhodi adlala isikhathi eside. Ngibeke phansi umdlali ngokuphelele esidingweni sami sokuziveza.

Ukuhlwa komculo kwakuvame ukubanjelwa ekhaya labazali, lapho u-Dietrich osemusha wayengumlingisi oyinhloko. Lapha waze wadlala ingoma kaWeber ethi “Free Gunner”, esebenzisa amarekhodi egilamafoni ahambisana nomculo. Lokhu kwanikeza ababhali bomlando wokuphila kwakhe esikhathini esizayo isizathu sokusho ngokuncokola ukuthi kusukela lapho isithakazelo sakhe esikhulayo ekurekhodweni komsindo sesivukile.

U-Dietrich wayengangabazi ukuthi uzozinikela emculweni. Kodwa kuthiwani ngempela? Esikoleni esiphakeme, wenza i-Schubert's Winter Road esikoleni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wakhangwa umsebenzi wokuba umqhubi. Ngesinye isikhathi, eneminyaka eyishumi nanye, u-Dietrich waya nabazali bakhe endaweni yokuphumula futhi wenza kahle emncintiswaneni womqhubi we-amateur. Noma mhlawumbe kungcono ukuba umculi? Intuthuko yakhe njengomdlali wopiyano yayihlaba umxhwele. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Isayensi yomculo nayo yamkhanga! Lapho eqeda isikole, walungiselela indatshana eqinile mayelana neCantata Phoebus nePan kaBach.

Uthando lokucula lwathatha izintambo. UFischer-Dieskau uyofunda emnyangweni wamazwi weSikole Esiphakeme Somculo eBerlin. Kwagqashuka iMpi Yezwe II futhi wabuthelwa empini; ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa zokulungiselela, bathunyelwa empini. Nokho, lensizwa ayizange ikhangwe nakancane imibono kaHitler yokubusa umhlaba.

Ngo-1945, uDietrich wagcina esejele eliseduze nedolobha lase-Italy iRimini. Kulezi zimo ezingezona ezejwayelekile, i-debut yakhe yobuciko yenzeka. Ngolunye usuku, amanothi omjikelezo we-Schubert "Owesifazane Omuhle KaMiller" amdonsa amehlo. Wawufunda ngokushesha lo mjikelezo futhi ngokushesha wakhuluma neziboshwa endaweni yesikhashana.

Ebuyela eBerlin, uFischer-Dieskau uyaqhubeka nezifundo zakhe: uthatha izifundo ku-G. Weissenborn, ehlonipha indlela yakhe yokukhuluma, elungiselela ingoma yakhe.

Uqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba umculi okhokhelwayo kungazelelwe, eseqophe "Uhambo Lwasebusika" lukaSchubert ku-tape. Lapho lokhu okuqoshiwe kuzwakala ngolunye usuku emsakazweni, izincwadi zazina zivela yonke indawo zicela ukuba kuphindwe. Uhlelo lwalusakazwa cishe nsuku zonke izinyanga ezimbalwa. Futhi u-Dietrich, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uqopha yonke imisebenzi emisha - Bach, Schumann, Brahms. Esitudiyo, umqhubi we-West Berlin City Opera, u-G. Titjen, naye wayizwa. Waya kulo mculi osemusha futhi washo ngokungananazi: “Emasontweni amane uzocula umbukiso wokuqala kaDon Carlos kaMarquis Pozu!”

Ngemva kwalokho, umsebenzi kaFischer-Dieskau wokudlala waqala ngo-1948. Njalo ngonyaka uthuthukisa amakhono akhe. I-repertoire yakhe igcwaliswa ngemisebenzi emisha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uye wacula inqwaba yezingxenye emisebenzini kaMozart, Verdi, Wagner, Rossini, Gounod, Richard Strauss nabanye. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50s, umculi wadlala indima yesihloko okokuqala ngqa ku-opera kaTchaikovsky ethi Eugene Onegin.

Enye yezindima ezithandwa umculi kwakuyindima kaMacbeth ku-opera kaVerdi: “Emdlalweni wami, uMacbeth wayengumdondoshiya omhlophe, ohamba kancane, ohlakaniphe, ovulekele imilingo yabathakathi eguqa ingqondo, wabe eselwela ubudlova egameni lamandla, udliwe isifiso sokuvelela nokuzisola. Umbono wenkemba wavela ngesizathu esisodwa kuphela: wazalwa ngesifiso sami sokubulala, esanqoba yonke imizwa, i-monologue yenziwa ngendlela ephindaphindayo kuze kube yilapho ukumemeza ekugcineni. Khona-ke, ngokuhleba, ngathi “Konke kuphelile,” njengokungathi lawa mazwi aphihlizwa umuntu onecala, isigqila esilalelayo somfazi obandayo, olambele amandla kanye nenkosikazi. Encwadini enhle ye-D-flat major aria, umphefumulo wenkosi elahliwe wawubonakala uphuphuma ngamazwi amnyama, waphumela ekubhujisweni. Ukwethuka, ukufutheka, ukwesaba kwathathelwa indawo cishe ngaphandle koshintsho - kulapho umoya obanzi wawudingeka khona ukuze uthole i-cantilena yangempela yase-Italy, ingcebo emangalisayo yokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindayo, ukujula okwesabekayo kwe-Nordic ngaphakathi kwakho, ukungezwani ukuze kudluliselwe isisindo esiphelele sokubulala. kuthinta - kulapho ithuba bekungumdlalo “weshashalazi womhlaba”.

Akuwona wonke ama-vocalist adlale ngokulangazela okungaka kuma-opera abaqambi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Lapha, phakathi kwezimpumelelo ezinhle zika-Fischer-Dieskau ukuhunyushwa kwamaqembu amaphakathi kuma-opera ethi The Painter Matisse ka-P. Hindemith kanye no-Wozzeck ka-A. Berg. Ubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuqala zemisebenzi emisha ka-H.-V. Henze, M. Tippett, W. Fortner. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uphumelela ngokulinganayo ezindimeni ze-lyrical ne-heroic, zamahlaya nezimangalisayo.

“Lapho ngise-Amsterdam, u-Ebert wabonakala ekamelweni lami lasehhotela,” kukhumbula uFischer-Dieskau, “futhi waqala ukukhononda ngezinkinga zomqhubi owaziwayo, bathi izinkampani zokuqopha zimkhumbula ngezikhathi ezithile, abaqondisi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini abavamile ukufeza izithembiso zabo ngokoqobo.

… U-Ebert uvumile ukuthi bengifaneleka kahle ukubamba iqhaza kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-opera ayinkinga. Kulo mcabango, waqiniswa umqhubi oyinhloko wemidlalo yaseshashalazini, uRichard Kraus. Lesi sakamuva saqala ukudlala i-opera kaFerruccio Busoni ethi Doctor Faust, nokufunda indima yesihloko, uchwepheshe, uchwepheshe omkhulu wobuciko bemidlalo yaseshashalazini, umngane kaKraus uWolf Völker, waxhunyaniswa kimina "ngaphandle". umqondisi”. UHelmut Melchert, ongumculi nomlingisi waseHamburg, wamenywa ukuba azodlala indawo kaMephisto. Impumelelo ye-premiere yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphinda ukusebenza izikhathi eziyishumi nane kumasizini amabili.

Ngobunye ubusuku ebhokisini lomqondisi kwakuhlezi u-Igor Stravinsky, esikhathini esidlule owayephikisana noBusoni; ngemuva kokuphela komdlalo, weza ngemuva kwesiteji. Ngemva kwama-lens aminyene ezingilazi zakhe, amehlo akhe ayevuleke ecwebezela ngenxa yokuthakasela. UStravinsky wamemeza:

“Bengingazi ukuthi uBusoni ungumqambi onekhono kangaka! Namuhla ubunye bobusuku be-opera obubaluleke kakhulu kimina.”

Kuwo wonke umfutho womsebenzi kaFischer-Dieskau esiteji se-opera, kuyingxenye yempilo yakhe yobuciko. Njengomthetho, umnika izinyanga ezimbalwa zasebusika kuphela, ehambela ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezinkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu, futhi uhlanganyela emidlalweni ye-opera emikhosini yaseSalzburg, Bayreuth, Edinburgh ehlobo. Isikhathi esisele somculi singesomculo we-chamber.

Ingxenye eyinhloko yerepertoire yekhonsathi ka-Fischer-Dieskau amazwi ephimbo abaqambi bothando. Eqinisweni, wonke umlando wengoma yesiJalimane - kusukela ku-Schubert kuya ku-Mahler, Wolf no-Richard Strauss - uthathwe ezinhlelweni zakhe. Wayengeyena nje umhumushi ongenakuqhathaniswa wemisebenzi eminingi edume kakhulu, kodwa futhi wabizelwa empilweni entsha, wanikeza izilaleli inqwaba yemisebenzi kaBeethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, eyayicishe yanyamalala ngokuphelele ekhonsathini. Futhi abadlali abaningi abanekhono baye phansi indlela ebavulekele.

Lonke lolu lwandle lomculo luqoshwe nguye kumarekhodi. Kokubili ngokwenani nekhwalithi yokurekhodwa, uFischer-Dieskau ngokuqinisekile uthatha indawo yokuqala emhlabeni. Ucula estudiyo enomthwalo wemfanelo ofanayo kanye nesasasa elishubile lokudala aphumela ngalo emphakathini. Uma ulalela izingoma aziqophile, kunzima ukuhlukana nemicabango yokuthi lo mculi uculela wena, ube ndawana thize lapha.

Iphupho lokuba ngumbhidisi alizange limshiye, futhi ngo-1973 wathatha induku yomqhubi. Ngemva kwalokho, abathandi bomculo baba nethuba lokujwayelana nokulotshwa kwakhe kweminye imisebenzi ye-symphonic.

Ngo-1977, izilaleli zaseSoviet zakwazi ukuzibonela ngawazo ikhono likaFischer-Dieskau. E-Moscow, kanye noSvyatoslav Richter, wenza izingoma zikaSchubert noWolf. Umculi wezwi uSergei Yakovenko, ekhuluma ngentshiseko yakhe, wagcizelela: "Umculi, ngokubona kwethu, njengokungathi uncibilikise izimiso zezikole zaseJalimane nezase-Italy ... ukuqondanisa amarejista ezwi - zonke lezi zici , isici samakhosi ase-Italy angcono kakhulu, nawo ahambisana nesitayela sezwi sikaFischer-Dieskau. Ngeza kulokhu ukukhuphuka okungapheli kokuphinyiselwa kwegama, i-instrumentality yesayensi yomsindo, ukwazi kahle kwe-pianissimo, futhi sithola imodeli ecishe ifanelekele ukusebenza kwakho kokubili umculo we-operatic, ne-chamber, ne-cantata-oratorio.

Elinye iphupho likaFischer-Dieskau alizange lihlale lingafezeki. Nakuba engazange abe isazi somculo esikhokhelwayo, wabhala izincwadi ezinekhono kakhulu mayelana nengoma yaseJalimane, mayelana nefa lezwi likaSchubert wakhe othandekayo.