Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner (Nicolai Figner) |

UNicolai Figner

Umculi waseRussia, usomabhizinisi, uthisha wezwi. Umyeni womculi u-MI Figner. Ubuciko balo mculi badlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni yonke inkundla ye-opera kazwelonke, ekwakheni uhlobo lomculi-umlingisi owaba ngumuntu ophawulekayo esikoleni se-opera saseRussia.

Ngesinye isikhathi uSobinov, ebhekisela kuFigner, wabhala: "Ngaphansi kwekhono lakho, ngisho nezinhliziyo ezibandayo, ezibuhlungu zazithuthumela. Lezo zikhathi zokuphakanyiswa nobuhle ngeke zikhohlwe yinoma ubani owake wakuzwa.”

Futhi nawu umbono womculi ophawulekayo u-A. Pazovsky: “Njengoba enezwi le-tenor eliyingqayizivele elingaphawuleki nakancane ngobuhle be-timbre, uFigner nokho wayekwazi ukujabulisa, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokushaqeka, ngokucula kwakhe izilaleli ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. , okuhlanganisa nokudingeka kakhulu ezindabeni zobuciko bezwi nesesiteji.”

U-Nikolai Nikolayevich Figner wazalelwa edolobheni laseMamadysh, esifundazweni saseKazan, ngoFebruwari 21, 1857. Ekuqaleni wafunda e-gymnasium yaseKazan. Kodwa, ngenxa yokungamvumeli ukuba aqedele izifundo zakhe lapho, abazali bakhe bamthumela eButhweni Lezempi Lasemanzini LaseSt.

Ebhaliswe eqenjini lamasosha asolwandle, uFigner wabelwa ukuhamba ngomkhumbi e-Askold corvette, lapho azungeza khona umhlaba. Ngo-1879, u-Nikolai wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sika-Midshipman, futhi ngo-February 9, 1881, waxoshwa ngenxa yokugula enkonzweni enezinga lika-lieutenant.

Umsebenzi wakhe wezasolwandle waphela kungazelelwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile. U-Nikolai wathandana no-Bonn wase-Italy owayekhonza emndenini wabajwayele. Ngokuphambene nemithetho yomnyango wezempi, uFigner wanquma ukushada ngokushesha ngaphandle kwemvume yabaphathi bakhe. UNikolai wamthatha ngasese uLouise wamshada.

Isiteji esisha, esingakulungele neze ukuphila kwangaphambili, saqala ku-biography kaFigner. Uthatha isinqumo sokuba ngumculi. Uya eSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Esivivinyweni se-conservatory, uthisha odumile we-baritone kanye nokucula u-IP Pryanishnikov uthatha u-Figner ekilasini lakhe.

Nokho, okokuqala Pryanishnikov, khona-ke uthisha odumile K. Everardi wamenza ukuba aqonde ukuthi wayengenawo amakhono vocal, futhi wameluleka ukuba alahle lo mbono. Kusobala ukuthi uFigner wayenombono ohlukile ngethalente lakhe.

Emasontweni amafushane okufunda, uFigner ufika esiphethweni esithile, noma kunjalo. "Ngidinga isikhathi, intando nokusebenza!" ekhuluma yedwa. Esebenzisa usizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo ayelunikezwa, yena, kanye noLouise, owayesevele ekhulelwe, baya e-Italy. EMilan, uFigner wayenethemba lokuthola ukuqashelwa othisha abadumile bephimbo.

"Ngemva kokufika e-Christopher Gallery eMilan, lokhu kushintshaniswa kokucula, u-Figner uwela emikhondweni ye-charlatan evela" kubaprofesa abaculayo, futhi ngokushesha akamshiyi ngaphandle kwemali kuphela, kodwa futhi ngaphandle kwezwi, u-Levick uyabhala. - Omunye umculi wekwaya ongaphezu kwezinombolo - uDeroxas wamaGreki - uthola ngesimo sakhe esidabukisayo futhi welula isandla sosizo kuye. Umthatha ancike ngokugcwele futhi amlungiselele esiteji ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ngo-1882 u-NN Figner uzokwenza umdlalo wakhe wokuqala eNaples.

Ukuqala umsebenzi eNtshonalanga, u-NN Figner, njengomuntu onombono futhi ohlakaniphile, ubheka ngokucophelela yonke into. Usemncane, kodwa usevuthiwe ngokwanele ukuba aqonde ukuthi endleleni yokucula okunezwi elimnandi, ngisho nase-Italy, angase abe nameva amaningi kunama roses. Umqondo wokucabanga kokudala, ubuqiniso bokusebenza - lezi yizigaba ezibalulekile agxila kuzo. Okokuqala, uqala ukuthuthukisa kuye umuzwa wesilinganiso sobuciko futhi anqume imingcele yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukunambitheka okuhle.

UFigner uphawula ukuthi, ingxenye enkulu, abaculi be-opera base-Italy cishe abanawo ubunikazi bokuphindaphinda, futhi uma benza kanjalo, abakunaki ukubaluleka okufanele kukho. Balindele ama-arias noma imishwana enenothi eliphezulu, nesiphetho esilungele ukugcwaliswa noma zonke izinhlobo zomsindo onciphayo, nezwi eliphumelelayo noma imisindo eyengayo e-tessitura, kodwa acishwa ngokusobala esenzweni lapho abalingani babo becula. . Abanandaba nama-ensembles, okungukuthi, ezindaweni eziveza umvuthwandaba wesigcawu esithile, futhi cishe njalo bawacula ngezwi eligcwele, ikakhulukazi ukuze bazwakale. U-Figner waqaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi lezi zici azifakazeli neze ukufaneleka komculi, ukuthi zivame ukuba yingozi kuwo wonke umbono wobuciko futhi ngokuvamile ziphikisana nezinhloso zomqambi. Ngaphambi kwamehlo akhe kukhona abahlabeleli baseRussia abahamba phambili besikhathi sakhe, kanye nezithombe ezinhle zikaSusanin, Ruslan, Holofernes ezakhiwe yizo.

Futhi into yokuqala ehlukanisa u-Figner ezinyathelweni zakhe zokuqala ukwethulwa kokuphindaphinda, okungajwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi esiteji sase-Italy. Alikho nelilodwa igama elingenakho ukunaka kakhulu emgqeni womculo, alikho nelilodwa inothi elingathinteki egameni… Isici sesibili sokucula kuka-Figner ukubala okulungile kokukhanya nesithunzi, ithoni enamanzi kanye ne-semitone ethobile, umehluko ogqamile.

Njengokungathi ulindele umsindo okhaliphile we-Chaliapin othi “economy”, uFigner wakwazi ukugcina izilaleli zakhe ngaphansi kwesipelingi segama eliphinyiselwe kahle. Ubuncane be-sonority iyonke, ubuncane bomsindo ngamunye ngokuhlukene - njengoba ncamashi njengoba kudingekile ukuze umculi azwakale kahle ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amakhona ehholo futhi ukuze umlaleli afinyelele imibala ye-timbre.

Ngaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kamuva, u-Figner wenza i-debut yakhe ephumelelayo eNaples e-Gounod's Philemon and Baucis, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva eFaust. Waqashelwa ngokushesha. Baba nesithakazelo. Ukuvakasha kwaqala emadolobheni ahlukene ase-Italy. Nansi enye yezimpendulo zentshiseko zabezindaba zase-Italy. Iphephandaba i-Rivista (Ferrara) labhala ngo-1883: “I-tenor Figner, nakuba ingenawo amazwi ahlukahlukene, ikhanga ngokucebile kwemisho, iphimbo elingenasici, ubuciko bokubulawa, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, nobuhle bamanothi aphezulu. , okuzwakala kuhlanzekile futhi kunomdlandla naye, ngaphandle kwemizamo encane. Ku-aria ethi "Siyabonga, indawo yokukhosela engcwele", endimeni lapho ehle kakhulu khona, umdwebi unikeza isifuba "yenza" ecacile futhi ebuhlungu kangangokuthi kubangela ihlombe elinamandla kakhulu. Kube nezikhathi ezinhle kubathathu abayinselelo, emqhudelwaneni wothando nakwabathathu bokugcina. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izindlela zakhe, nakuba zingapheli, zisamnikeza leli thuba, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi ezinye izikhathi zigcwaliswe ngomzwelo ofanayo nomdlandla ofanayo, ikakhulukazi isandulela, esadinga incazelo enothando futhi ekholisayo. Lo mculi usemncane. Kodwa ngenxa yobuhlakani nezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu aphiwe ngazo ngokukhululekile, uzokwazi - uma nje ehlinzeka ngomculo okhethwe ngokucophelela - ukuqhubekela phambili kude endleleni yakhe.

Ngemva kokuvakashela i-Italy, uFigner udlala eSpain futhi avakashele eNingizimu Melika. Ngokushesha igama lakhe laziwa kabanzi. Ngemuva kweNingizimu Melika, kulandela imidlalo e-England. Ngakho uFigner iminyaka emihlanu (1882-1887) uba omunye wezibalo eziphawulekayo e-European opera house yangaleso sikhathi.

Ngo-1887, wayesemenyiwe kakade Mariinsky Theatre, futhi ngokwemibandela engakaze ibonwe evumayo. Khona-ke iholo eliphakeme kakhulu lomculi we-Mariinsky Theatre lalingama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-12 ngonyaka. Inkontileka yaphetha nombhangqwana we-Figner kusukela ekuqaleni ehlinzekelwe ukukhokhwa kwama-ruble angu-500 ngokusebenza ngakunye ngezinga eliphansi lama-personances angu-80 ngesizini ngayinye, okungukuthi, lalifinyelela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-40 ngonyaka!

Ngaleso sikhathi, uLouise wayeshiywe uFigner e-Italy, futhi indodakazi yakhe yayisele lapho. Ohambweni, wahlangana nomculi osemusha wase-Italy, uMedea May. Naye, uFigner wabuyela eSt. Ngokushesha uMedea waba umkakhe. Umbhangqwana oshadile wenza i-duet yezwi ephelele ngempela eyahlobisa isiteji se-opera yenhloko-dolobha iminyaka eminingi.

Ngo-April 1887, waqala ukubonakala esiteji se-Mariinsky Theatre njengo-Radamès, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ngu-1904 wayelokhu engumculi ohamba phambili weqembu, ukusekelwa nokuziqhenya.

Mhlawumbe, ukuze igama lalo mculi liqhubekele phambili, bekuyokwanela ukuthi ube ngumdlali wokuqala wezingxenye zikaHerman ku-Queen of Spades. Ngakho ummeli odumile u-AF Koni wabhala: “U-NN Figner wenza izinto ezimangalisayo njengoHerman. Waqonda futhi wethula u-Herman njengesithombe esiphelele somtholampilo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ... Lapho ngibona u-NN Figner, ngamangala. Ngamangala ngezinga aveza ngalo ngokunembayo nangokujulile ubuhlanya ... nokuthi bukhula kanjani kuye. Ukube bengingudokotela wengqondo ochwepheshe, bengizothi ezilalelini: “Hambani niyobona uNN Figner. Uzokukhombisa isithombe sokuthuthukiswa kobuhlanya, ongasoze wahlangana futhi ungalokothi ukuthole! .. Njengo-NN Figner wadlala konke! Lapho sibheka ubukhona buka-Nikolai Nikolayevich, lapho egqolozele iphuzu elilodwa futhi engenandaba nabanye, kwaba ukwesaba kuye ... . Yilapho umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu ungena khona. Ngangingamazi uNikolai Nikolayevich ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kamuva ngaba nelungelo lokuhlangana naye. Ngambuza: “Ake ungitshele, Nikolai Nikolayevich, wawufundelaphi ubuhlanya? Uzifundile izincwadi noma uzibonile?' — 'Cha, angizifundanga noma ngazitadisha, kubonakala kimina ukuthi kufanele kube njalo.' Lokhu kuyi-intuition. ”…

Yiqiniso, hhayi kuphela indima Herman wabonisa ithalente lakhe elimangalisayo oyibamba. Njengoba nje iyiqiniso elimangalisayo kwaba iCanio yakhe ePagliacci. Futhi kule ndima, umculi wadlulisela ngekhono lonke i-gamut yemizwa, efinyelela esikhathini esifushane isenzo esisodwa sokwanda okukhulu okumangalisayo, okuholela ekuthunjweni okudabukisayo. Umculi ushiye umbono oqine kakhulu endimeni kaJose (Carmen), lapho yonke into emdlalweni wakhe yayicatshangelwa, ilungisiwe ngaphakathi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhanya ngothando.

Umhlaziyi womculo u-V. Kolomiytsev wabhala ekupheleni kuka-1907, lapho u-Figner eseqedile ukudlala kwakhe:

“Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili ehlala eSt. Petersburg, wacula izingoma eziningi. Impumelelo ayizange imshintshe noma kuphi, kodwa leyo ngqungquthela ethi "ijazi nenkemba", engikhulume ngayo ngenhla, yayifaneleka ngokukhethekile kubuntu bakhe bobuciko. Wayeyiqhawe lezinkanuko ezinamandla nezimangalisayo, nakuba zisebenza, zinemibandela. Ngokuvamile ama-opera aseRussia naseJalimane ezimweni eziningi awaphumelelanga kangako kuye. Ngokuvamile, ukungenzeleli nokungakhethi, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi uFigner akazange adale izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesiteji (ngomqondo wokuthi, isibonelo, uChaliapin udala): cishe njalo futhi kukho konke wahlala ngokwakhe, okungukuthi, okufanayo. nenhle, ethukile futhi inkanuko yokuqala tenor. Ngisho nokwakheka kwakhe akushintshile neze - izingubo kuphela ezishintshile, imibala yaqina noma yaba buthakathaka ngokufanele, imininingwane ethile yayinomthunzi. Kodwa, ngiyaphinda, izimfanelo zomuntu siqu, ezikhanyayo kakhulu zalo mculi zazifaneleka kakhulu izingxenye ezingcono kakhulu ze-repertoire yakhe; ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele kukhohlakale ukuthi lezi zingxenye ze-tenor zona ngokwazo, ngomqondo wazo, ziyafana kakhulu.

Uma ngenza iphutha, u-Figner akakaze abonakale kuma-opera ka-Glinka. Akazange acule noWagner, ngaphandle komzamo ongaphumelelanga wokuveza uLohengrin. Emiculweni yaseRussia, ngokungangabazeki wayemuhle kakhulu emfanekisweni kaDubrovsky ku-opera ethi Napravnik futhi ikakhulukazi uHerman kuTchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades. Futhi-ke kwaba ongenakuqhathaniswa Alfred, Faust (e Mephistopheles), Radames, Jose, Fra Diavolo.

Kodwa lapho uFigner eshiye khona umbono ongacimeki ngempela kwakusezinndimeni zikaRaoul kuHuguenots kaMeyerbeer kanye no-Othello ku-opera kaVerdi. Kula ma-opera amabili, izikhathi eziningi wasinikeza injabulo enkulu, eyivelakancane.

UFigner ushiye isiteji ekuphakameni kwethalente lakhe. Iningi labalaleli lalikholelwa ukuthi isizathu salokhu kwakuyisehlukaniso somkakhe ngo-1904. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMedea wayenecala ngokuhlukana. UFigner wakuthola kungenakwenzeka ukudlala naye esiteji esifanayo ...

Ngo-1907, ukusebenza kwenzuzo yokuvalelisa kukaFigner, owayeshiya isiteji se-opera, kwenzeka. I-“Russian Musical Newspaper” yabhala mayelana nalokhu: “Inkanyezi yakhe yavuka ngandlela thize futhi ngokushesha yaphuphuthekisa umphakathi nabaphathi, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi ophakeme, othakazelo lwawo lwakhuphula udumo lukaFigner kwezobuciko lwafinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme abaculi be-opera baseRussia ababengaziwa kuze kube manje... UFigner wamangala. . Weza kithi, uma kungenjalo ngezwi elivelele, wabe esehamba ngendlela emangalisayo yokujwayela ingxenye yezwi lakhe kanye nokudlala ngezwi okumangalisayo nokumangalisayo.

Kodwa ngisho nangemva kokuqeda umsebenzi wakhe njengomculi, uFigner wahlala e-opera yaseRussia. Waba umhleli nomholi wamaqembu amaningana e-Odessa, Tiflis, Nizhny Novgorod, wahola umsebenzi womphakathi osebenzayo futhi oguquguqukayo, owenziwa emakhonsathini omphakathi, futhi wayengumhleli womncintiswano wokudala imisebenzi ye-opera. Uphawu oluphawuleka kakhulu empilweni yamasiko lwashiywa umsebenzi wakhe njengenhloko yeqembu le-opera le-St. Petersburg People's House, lapho amakhono avelele kaFigner okuqondisa nawo azibonakalisa khona.

U-Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner washona ngo-December 13, 1918.