Imiphakathi yomculo |

Imiphakathi yomculo - izinhlangano zika-prof. abaculi nabathandi bomculo, abahlose ukusabalalisa umculo. isiko, inkulumo-ze kanye nokufunda kwe-otd. izinhlobo zecala lomculo. Kukhona O. m. kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe; zihlukaniswe ngokucula (kwayaya, izinsimbi, ikamelo), ezesayensi nezemfundo, kukhona nokuqamba (ukuqamba, umculo). Umsuka ka-O.m., njengenye yezinhlobo zemiphakathi yomculo. imisebenzi, ihlehlela emuva ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi futhi ihlotshaniswa nezingoma ezikhona ngaleso sikhathi. izikole; kamuva O. m. ithole izimele. ukuthuthukiswa. Ama-prototypes abo kwakuyizikole ezavela ngekhulu le-16. e-Italy futhi wahlanganyela eCh. ar. ukusebenza komculo ngamalungu abo. Uhlobo olufanayo lwe-O. m., okuthiwa. I-Collegium Musicum yavela eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe. Ukukhula kwezintaba. isiko lomculo ngekhulu le-18, ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi. conc. ukuphila kube nomthelela ekuveleni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zenhlangano zemisebenzi yomculo neyomphakathi, ngokuyinhloko amakhonsathi (okuthiwa yi-philharmonic.) amamuse. ob-in futhi mus.-perform. izinhlangano: eNgilandi - i-Academy of Early Music (1710), e-Austria - i-Viennese Society of Musicians (1771); Inhlangano Yamakhonsathi yeParis Conservatory (1792), njll.

Ekuqaleni. Ngekhulu le-19 eJalimane, e-Austria, eSwitzerland, amadoda ayevamile. ikhwaya. ob-va - Liedertafel (owokuqala eBerlin, 1809), kamuva uthanda. ikhwaya. ob-va (“Orpheon”) uvele eFrance (owokuqala ngo-1835). I-O. m ukusuka esitezi sesi-2 ithole ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi. Ikhulu le-19 Phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu: General German. inyunyana yomculo (eyasungulwa ngo-1859 nguF. Brendel, L. Keller, nabanye, umgomo wayo kwakuwukuhlela imikhosi yomculo yaminyaka yonke eqhutshwa emadolobheni ahlukahlukene aseJalimane), i-National Musical Society (Paris, 1871), i-Society of Peoples. izingoma (London, 1898), njll. Mayelana nokukhula kwesithakazelo emsebenzini womnyango. abaqambi abakhulu kanye nokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo yabo. (ukusebenza, ukushicilelwa kwamaqoqo aphelele emisebenzi, ukukhululwa kwezincwadi okuthiwa zesikhashana, njll.) kukhona okukhethekile. O. m .: Bachovskoe (Leipzig, 1850), Handel (Hamburg, 1856), G. Purcell (London, 1876), Universal Wagner (Bayreuth, 1883), njll Ngokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo. imisebenzi emkhakheni wezomculo ihlelwa yizazi zomculo. mayelana-va, ukushicilela ezesayensi. omagazini, amaqoqo, amanqampunqampu. Owokuqala wabo yiNhlangano Yomculo. ucwaningo, kwakuyinhloko ngo-1868 eJalimane nguF. Kommer noR. Eitner (yaba khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1906); eshicilelwe nyanga zonke amaphepha ezesayensi. amaqoqo: “Monatshefte für Musikgeschichte” (1869-1905).

E-Russia, u-O.m. yaqala ukubonakala engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-18. futhi ekuqaleni ayebizwa ngamakilabhu - eyokuqala eSt. Petersburg ngo-1772 (bheka "Iqembu Lomculo"). U-Large O. m., owahlanganisa u-Prof. abaculi (i-orchestra), yayihamba phambili. ngo-1802 i-St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society. Ngo-1840, kwavela i-Symphony Society eSt. Petersburg, futhi ngo-1850, i-Concert Society, eyayithuthukisa umculo we-classic. umculo. Ngo-1859, kwahlelwa umphakathi omkhulu womculo waseRussia (owavula amagatsha emadolobheni amaningi kamuva), inhloso yawo kwakuwukuthuthukiswa kukaProf. imfundo yomculo eRussia. Lokhu mayelana nokungena kuholele futhi okuhlelekile. conc. eSt. Petersburg, eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha lapho amagatsha awo ayekhona. EMoscow ngo-1874 iNhlangano YaseRussia. idrama. ababhali nabaqambi be-opera ukuze kuvikelwe izinto ezibonakalayo zamalungu ayo (ngo-1877, abaqambi u-PI Tchaikovsky, AG Rubinshtein, MP Mussorgsky, njll.) ngo-1878 - i-Moscow Philharmonic Society. Phakathi kwezinye isiRashiya. prerevolutionary O. m.: St. Petersburg Society of Chamber Music, St. Petersburg. umculo-idrama. umbuthano wezimfundamakhwela (owasungulwa ngo-1883), owahlela imidlalo ye-opera yaminyaka yonke (ngokokuqala ngqá eSt. Imihlangano yeSociety of Music (eyasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1877s, ehloselwe ukujwayeza amalungu omphakathi ngokukhiqizwa komculo nezincwadi ezibucayi zomculo; indlu yokushicilela i-Izvestia ..., bheka omagazini bomculo), eSt. Inhlangano yothisha boMculo namanye amamuse. izibalo (1884-1890; ngaphansi kwakhe kwakukhona i-music intermediary bureau, i-choir, izintambo nama-wok quartets), iBandla. chanter Izinzuzo. umphakathi (owasungulwa eSt. Petersburg ngo-1899 ngesinyathelo somqhubi wekhorasi u-AA Arkhangelsky; amakhonsathi ahlelwa minyaka yonke omculo ongcwele), eMoscow Liedertafel, eMoscow. I-Society of Lovers of Orchestral, Chamber and Vocal Music (yasungulwa ngo-1908 ngumqhubi u-A. Litvinov), Umbuthano Wabathandi Bomculo WaseRussia (eMoscow, 1902-1895), Indlu Yengoma (eMoscow, 1896-1912), I-Musical Theory Library "( Moscow, 1908-18). Umculo womculo ubukhona nakwamanye amadolobha amaningana (bheka futhi Evenings of Contemporary Music, Musical Exhibitions).

Ngemva kokuguqulwa kuka-Okthoba kwemiphakathi yango-1917 kwadalwa. izinhlangano zomculo: I-Association of Contemporary Music (Leningrad, eMoscow), i-Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians; Inhlangano yabaguquli abaqambi nabaculi izibalo (ORKIMD; 1925-32), All-Ukrainian Society eqanjwe ngalo. ND Leontovich (1921-28), All-Ukrainian Association of Revolutionaries. abaculi (1928-32). Ngo-1931-35 kwakukhona Intern. umculo I-bureau iyinhlangano yabasebenzi nabaguquli. izinhlangano zomculo zase-Austria, eJalimane, e-USA, e-USSR, eFrance, eJapane, esebenza e-Intern. inhlangano yabavukeli. t-ra (MORT) futhi yashicilela umbiko othi “International Music” (kusukela ngo-1933). Ngo-1939 eMoscow, main. I-Union of Composers yase-USSR - yokudala. inhlangano yabaqambi bezikhova kanye nezazi zomculo, ngo-1957 - i-All-Russian Choir. mayelana-ngaphakathi, njll.; ikhwaya. mayelana-va zidalwe e-Ukraine, e-Belarus, e-Armenia nakwamanye ama-republic. Kunezinyunyana zabaqambi nabaculi bakwamanye amazwe, kanye nabanye abaningi. intl. O. m., eyokuqala yakho kwaba Intern. umculo womphakathi (1899-1914) - inhlangano yezazi zomculo, eyayine-nat. izingxenye emazweni amaningi (izingqungquthela ezibanjwayo, imibiko eshicilelwe, amajenali ashicilelwe). Phakathi kwe-O. m. ekhona njengamanje: Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yomculo Wesimanje, Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yezomculo, I-Intern. inhlangano yomculo. imitapo yolwazi, iNhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yemfundo Yomculo, umkhandlu wamazwe ngamazwe womculo wabantu, njll. Abaningi babo bangamalungu e-International Music Council e-UNESCO.

I-IM Yampolsky