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Eng., Irl. kanye nesiGaelic. bard, ot celtsk. u-bardo ungumculi

Umculi-umlandisi wezizwe zasendulo zamaCeltic, cf. ekhulwini - uprofesa. imbongi esigodlweni samakhosi, ch. ar. e-Ireland, eWales naseScotland. Kwakukhona nezindawo ezihlala njalo. E-Ireland, ama-bastards ahlangene ezinhlanganweni ezithonya umphakathi. ukuphila. I-epic yasekuqaleni ye-B. - nat. ifa lesiko lamaCeltic. Yakhula emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka AD. e. futhi yahlala ingashintshile cishe amakhulu eminyaka ayi-15. Kanye ne-prose yasendulo. iSaga, kusukela nge-10 C. ngezihloko ezifanayo, isikh. ar. icebo lobuqhawe, kwavuka izingoma ze-ballad ezingalahlekelwanga yinkondlo. amanani (izinguqulo zesiRashiya zamasampula ezinkondlo zika-B zenziwe ngu-S. Ya. Marshak). I-repertoire ka-B yayihlanganisa nezokulwa, ezenkolo, kanye nezokubhuqa. amaculo, ama-elegies, ama-eclogue, njll. B. bacula, beziphelezela ngensimbi efana ne-lyre kruite (crwth) noma imvukuzane, eyaqala yahluthwa, yabe isikhothama, kamuva ku-tilinka enezintambo ezi-3. Nakuba umculo wezingoma zika-B ungalondolozwanga, uhlamvu lwawo lungahlulelwa ngokusankondlo. izici zengoma; Ngokusobala, izici ezithile zomculo wezingoma zika-B zafakwa ku-Nar. ukucula. Isudi ye-B. ibonakale isho ukuthini. ithonya ekuthuthukisweni komculo wesizwe nezinkondlo. ubuhlakani. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, B. bashushiswa iziphathimandla; ngaphansi kweNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth, bagwetshwa intambo ngenxa yokushoshozela ukuvukela kwama-Ireland iNgilandi. Ngokuwohloka kwesimiso se-feudal-patriarchal, i-B. estate yanyamalala. UTurlow O'Carolen (1670-1738) uthathwa njengowokugcina B.. ENtshonalanga Yurophu. lit-re kusho. indima yadlalwa ngokulingisa izinkondlo zika-B. (Izingoma zika-Ossian ka-J. MacPherson nabanye).

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