Ithoni |

I-German Ton - umsindo, kusukela esiGrekini. tonos, lit. – ukushuba, ukushuba

Omunye wemiqondo eyinhloko esetshenziswa kabanzi kuthiyori yomculo.

1) Emculweni. ama-acoustics – ingxenye yobubanzi bomsindo, eyakhiwe ngezikhathi ezithile. ukunyakaza oscillating: ingxenye T., aliquot T., overtone (kunegama elithi “undertone”), pure, noma sinusoidal, T.; ngesikhathi sokusebenzisana kwemisindo, ukuhlangana kwe-T., T. kuphakama. Ihlukile emsindweni womculo, ohlanganisa oyinhloko. amathoni namathoni, kanye nokusuka emsindweni - umsindo onephimbo elingaphinyiswa ngendlela engaqondakali, i-to-ry ibangelwa ukungahambi kwesikhathi. ukunyakaza oscillating. I-T. inephimbo, ivolumu, ne-timbre encike kurejista (i-T ephansi ibuthuntu, i-matte; ephezulu iyakhanya, iyacwebezela) kanye nokuzwakala okukhulu (ngevolumu ephezulu kakhulu, ithoni ye-T. iyashintsha, ngoba ngenxa yokuhlanekezela ngendlela yokunyakaza kwe-oscillatory ngesikhathi sokudlula ku-analyzer yangaphandle yesitho sokuzwa, kuvela okuthiwa yi-subjective overtones). T. ingadalwa ijeneretha yefrikhwensi yomsindo; ezinjalo T. zisetshenziswa kabanzi ku-electromusic. izinsimbi zokuhlanganisa umsindo.

2) Isikhawu, isilinganiso sezilinganiso zephimbo: ekushuneni okumsulwa - i-T. enkulu ephelele enesilinganiso sokuvama esingu-9/8, esilingana namasenti angu-204, kanye nesilinganiso esincane esiphelele esingu-T. esinesilinganiso sokuvama esingu-10/9, esilingana no- 182 amasenti; esikalini esinomoya olinganayo - i-octave engu-1/6, i-T. yonke, ilingana namasenti angu-200; ku-gamma ye-diatonic - kanye ne-semitone, isilinganiso phakathi kwezinyathelo eziseduze (amagama asuselwe - i-tritone, ithoni yesithathu, ithoni yekota, isikali sethoni ephelele, isikali sethoni-semitone, umculo wethoni eyishumi nambili, njll.).

3) Okufanayo nomsindo womculo njengento esebenzayo yamamuse. amasistimu: izinga lesikali, imodi, isikali (ithoni eyisisekelo - i-tonic; i-dominant, subdominant, introduction, median tone); umsindo we-chord (eyisisekelo, yesithathu, yesihlanu, njll.), imisindo engekho (ukuboshwa, insiza, i-T.); ingxenye yomculo (eyokuqala, yokugcina, efinyelela umvuthwandaba, njll. T.). Amagama asuselwe - i-tonality, i-polytonality, i-tonicity, njll. T. - igama eliphelelwe yisikhathi le-tonality.

4) Kule okuthiwa. izindlela zesonto (bheka izindlela zeNkathi Ephakathi) ukuqokwa kwemodi (isibonelo, ithoni ye-I, ithoni ye-III, ithoni ye-VIII).

5) Ama-Meistersingers anemodeli yomculo yokucula ngokubola. imibhalo (isibonelo, umculo we-G. Sachs “Silver Tone”).

I-6) Inkulumo ehlanganisiwe ye-subjective yombono ojwayelekile womsindo: umthunzi, uhlamvu lomsindo; okufanayo nephimbo lokuphimisa, ikhwalithi yezwi, insimbi, umsindo owenziwe (okumsulwa, iqiniso, amanga, okuvezayo, okugcwele, okuvilaphayo kwe-T., njll.).

References: Yavorsky BL, Isakhiwo senkulumo yomculo, izingxenye 1-3, M., 1908; I-Asafiev BV, Umhlahlandlela wamakhonsathi, vol. 1, P., 1919, M., 1978; Tyulin Yu. N., Imfundiso yokuvumelana, vol. I-1 - Izinkinga eziyinhloko zokuvumelana, (M.-L.), 1937, zilungisiwe. futhi wengeze., M., 1966; I-Teplov BM, I-Psychology yamakhono omculo, M.-L., 1947; Izingoma zomculo (umhleli jikelele NA Garbuzov), M., 1954; I-Sposobin IV, i-Elementary theory of music, M., 1964; I-Volodin AA, izinsimbi zomculo ze-Electronic, M., 1970; I-Nazaikinsky EV, Kwi-psychology yombono womculo, M., 1972; Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, 1891 M., 1921); Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts…, Bern, 1898, 1917

Yu. N. Amagwababa