Pierre Rode |

Pierre Rode

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX eFrance, eyayiphakathi nenkathi yezinxushunxushu zomphakathi ezinodlame, kwasungulwa isikole esimangalisayo sabadlali be-violin, esathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Abameleli bayo abakhaliphile kwakunguPierre Rode, Pierre Baio noRodolphe Kreuzer.

Abadlali beviyolin bobuntu obuhlukahlukene bobuciko, babenokuningi abafana ngakho ezikhundleni zobuhle, okwavumela izazi-mlando ukuba zibahlanganise ngaphansi kwesihloko sesikole se-violin yesiFulentshi. Bakhuliswe emkhathini weFrance yangaphambi kokuguquguquka, baqala uhambo lwabo ngokuthakazelela ama-encyclopedist, ifilosofi kaJean-Jacques Rousseau, futhi emculweni babengabalandeli abashisekayo beViotti, ababezithibe kahle futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bedabukisa. umdlalo babone isibonelo sesitayela sakudala kwezobuciko obudlalwayo. Bazizwa uViotti njengoyise nothisha wabo ongokomoya, nakuba uRode kuphela owayengumfundi wakhe oqondile.

Konke lokhu kwabahlanganisa nophiko lwentando yeningi lwezibalo zamasiko zaseFrance. Ithonya lemibono yama-encyclopedist, imibono yenguquko, lizwakala ngokucacile ku-"Methodology of the Paris Conservatory" eyathuthukiswa ngu-Bayot, uRode no-Kreutzer, "lapho umcabango womculo nowokufundisa ubona futhi uphikisa ... izazi zemibono yonxiwankulu baseFrance abasebasha.”

Kodwa-ke, intando yeningi yabo yayilinganiselwe ikakhulukazi emkhakheni we-aesthetics, umkhakha wezobuciko, ngokwezombangazwe babengenandaba nhlobo. Babengenayo leyo ntshiseko evuthayo yemibono yenguquko, eyahlukanisa i-Gossek, i-Cherubini, i-Daleyrac, i-Burton, ngakho-ke bakwazi ukuhlala enkabeni yokuphila komculo waseFrance kuzo zonke izinguquko zomphakathi. Ngokwemvelo, i-aesthetics yabo ayizange ihlale ingashintshiwe. Uguquko olusuka ekuguquguqukeni kuka-1789 luya embusweni kaNapoleon, ukubuyiselwa kobukhosi baseBourbon futhi, ekugcineni, ebukhosini bonxiwankulu bukaLouis Philippe, ngokufanele kwashintsha umoya wesiko lesiFulentshi, lapho abaholi bakhona bengakwazi ukuhlala bengenandaba. Ubuciko bomculo baleyo minyaka bavela ku-classicism baya ku-"Empire" futhi baqhubekela phambili ekuthandweni. I-motifs yangaphambili ye-heroic-civil tyrannical enkathini ka-Napoleon yathathelwa indawo inkulumo ewubukhazikhazi kanye nobuhlakani bomkhosi "woMbuso", amakhaza angaphakathi futhi anengqondo, futhi amasiko e-classicist athola uhlamvu lwesifundiswa esihle. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwayo, u-Bayo no-Kreutzer baqeda umsebenzi wabo wobuciko.

Sekukonke, bahlala bethembekile ku-classicism, futhi ngendlela yayo yezifundo, futhi abahambi ekuqondeni kothando okuvelayo. Phakathi kwabo, u-Rode oyedwa wathinta uthando ngezici zomculo we-sentimentalist-lyrical. Kodwa noma kunjalo, esimweni samazwi, wahlala engumlandeli kaRousseau, uMegul, uGrétry noViotti kunomethuli womqondo omusha wothando. Phela, akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi lapho ukuqhakaza kwe-romanticism kufika, imisebenzi kaRode yalahlekelwa ukuthandwa. Ama-Romantics awazange azizwe evumelana nesistimu yawo yemizwa. NjengoBayo noKreutzer, uRode wayeyingxenye yenkathi ye-classicism, eyanquma izimiso zakhe zobuciko nezobuhle.

URode wazalelwa eBordeaux ngoFebhuwari 16, 1774. Kusukela eneminyaka eyisithupha, waqala ukufunda ivayolini no-André Joseph Fauvel (ophakeme). Ukuthi u-Fauvel wayenguthisha omuhle yini kunzima ukusho. Ukushabalala ngokushesha kukaRode njengomdlali, okwaba inhlekelele yokuphila kwakhe, kungenzeka ukuthi kwabangelwa umonakalo owenziwe endleleni yakhe ngokufundisa kwakhe kokuqala. Ngandlela thize, uFauvel akakwazanga ukuhlinzeka uRode ngempilo ende yokusebenza.

Ngo-1788, uRode waya eParis, lapho adlala khona elinye lamakhonsathi kaViotti kumdlali wevayolini owaziwayo uPunto. Ehlatshwe ikhono lomfana, uPunto wamyisa kuViotti, othatha uRode njengomfundi wakhe. Amakilasi abo athatha iminyaka emibili. URode wenza inqubekelaphambili edidayo. Ngo-1790, Viotti wakhulula umfundi wakhe okokuqala ekhonsathini evulekile. I-debut yenzeke e-Theatre yomfowabo weNkosi ngesikhathi sekhefu lomdlalo we-opera. U-Rode udlale i-Viotti's Concerto's Thirteenth, futhi ukudlala kwakhe okuvuthayo, nokukhalipha kwaheha izethameli. Umfana uneminyaka engu-16 kuphela ubudala, kodwa, ngawo wonke ama-akhawunti, ungumdlali we-violinist ongcono kakhulu eFrance ngemuva kweViotti.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uRode waqala ukusebenza ku-orchestra enhle kakhulu ye-Feydo Theatre njengomphelekezeli we-violin yesibili. Ngaso leso sikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe wekhonsathi wembuleka: ngeviki lePhasika lika-1790, wenza umjikelezo omkhulu walezo zikhathi, edlala amakhonsathi e-Viotti angu-5 ngokulandelana (Okwesithathu, Kweshumi nantathu, Kweshumi nane, Kweshumi Nesikhombisa, Nesishiyagalombili).

URode uchitha yonke iminyaka embi yenguquko eParis, edlala enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini kaFeydo. Ngo-1794 kuphela lapho athatha uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lwekhonsathi kanye nomculi odumile uGarat. Baya eGermany bayocula eHamburg, eBerlin. Impumelelo kaRohde iyamangalisa, iBerlin Musical Gazette yabhala ngentshiseko: “Ubuciko bokudlala kwakhe buhlangabezane nakho konke obekulindelekile. Wonke umuntu ozwile uthisha wakhe odumile u-Viotti ugomela ngazwi linye ukuthi u-Rode uye wakwazi ngokuphelele indlela enhle kakhulu kathisha, enikeza ukuthamba okukhulu nomuzwa wesisa.

Ukubuyekezwa kugcizelela uhlangothi lwezingoma zesitayela sikaRode. Leli zinga lokudlala kwakhe ligcizelelwa njalo ekwahluleleni kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. "Ubuhle, ukuhlanzeka, umusa" - ama-epithets anjalo anikezwa ukusebenza kukaRode ngumngane wakhe uPierre Baio. Kodwa ngale ndlela, indlela yokudlala kaRode ngokusobala yayihluke kakhulu kwekaViotti, ngoba yayingenazo izimfanelo zobuqhawe, “zokukhuluma”. Ngokusobala, u-Rode uhehe izilaleli ngokuvumelana, ukucaca kwe-classicist kanye nezingoma, hhayi ngenjabulo edabukisayo, amandla owesilisa ahlukanisa uViotti.

Naphezu kwempumelelo, uRode ufisa ukubuyela ezweni lakubo. Ngemva kokumisa amakhonsathi, uya eBordeaux ngolwandle, njengoba ukuhamba ngezinyawo kuyingozi. Nokho, uyehluleka ukufika eBordeaux. Kusuka isiphepho futhi siqhube umkhumbi agibele kuwo uya ogwini lwaseNgilandi. Azange adikibale nakancane. URode uphuthuma eLondon eyobona uViotti, ohlala lapho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ufuna ukukhuluma nomphakathi waseLondon, kodwa, maye, amaFulentshi enhloko-dolobha yaseNgilandi aqaphe kakhulu, esola wonke umuntu we-Jacobin imizwa. URode uphoqeleka ukuthi azivalele ekubambeni iqhaza ekhonsathini elisiza abafelokazi nezintandane, ngaleyo ndlela ushiye eLondon. Indlela eya eFrance ivaliwe; umdlali wevayolini ubuyela eHamburg futhi esuka lapha edlula eHolland uya ezweni lakubo.

URode wafika eParis ngo-1795. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho uSarret wafuna eNgqungqutheleni umthetho wokuvulwa kwendawo yokugcina izinto eziphilayo - isikhungo sokuqala sikazwelonke emhlabeni, lapho imfundo yomculo iba indaba yomphakathi. Ngaphansi komthunzi we-conservatory, i-Sarret iqoqa wonke amabutho omculo amahle kakhulu ayeseParis. UCatel, uDaleyrak, uCherubini, u-cellist uBernard Romberg, futhi phakathi kwabadlali bevayolini, uGavignier osekhulile kanye noBayot osemncane, uRode, uKreutzer bathola isimemo. Umkhathi ku-conservatory uyadala futhi unomdlandla. Futhi akucaci ukuthi kungani, njengoba ubeseParis isikhathi esifushane. URode ulahla yonke into futhi uya eSpain.

Ukuphila kwakhe eMadrid kuyaphawuleka ngobungane bakhe obukhulu noBoccherini. Umculi omkhulu akanawo umphefumulo kumuntu osemusha waseFrance oshisayo. I-Rode eshisekayo iyakuthanda ukuqamba umculo, kodwa inekhono eliphansi lokudlala izinsimbi. UBoccherini umenzela lo msebenzi ngokuzithandela. Isandla sakhe sizwakala ngokucacile ebuhleni, ekukhanyeni, emuseni we-orchestra ehambisana nenani lamakhonsathi kaRode, kuhlanganise ne-Sixth Concerto.

URode wabuyela eParis ngo-1800. Ngesikhathi engekho izinguquko ezibalulekile zezombangazwe zenzeka enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance. UGeneral Bonaparte waba yinxusa lokuqala leRiphabhulikhi yaseFrance. Umbusi omusha, kancane kancane elahla isizotha nentando yeningi ye-republic, wafuna "ukunikeza" "inkantolo" yakhe. “Enkantolo” yakhe kuhlelwa isonto lezinsimbi kanye ne-orchestra, lapho uRode emenywa khona njengomculi oyedwa. I-Paris Conservatory nayo imvulela iminyango yayo ngomusa, lapho kwenziwa umzamo wokudala izikole zendlela yokusebenza emagatsheni amakhulu emfundo yomculo. Indlela yesikole yevayolini ibhalwe nguBaio, Rode noKreutzer. Ngo-1802, lesi Sikole (i-Methode du violon) sashicilelwa futhi sathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele. Nokho, uRode akazange abe nengxenye enkulu kangaka ekudalweni kwayo; U-Baio wayengumbhali oyinhloko.

Ngaphezu kwe-Conservatory kanye neBonaparte Chapel, uRode ubuye abe yedwa eParis Grand Opera. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubeyintandokazi yomphakathi, usezingeni eliphezulu lodumo futhi ujabulela igunya elingangatshazwa lomshayi wevayolini wokuqala eFrance. Futhi futhi, imvelo engaphumuli ayimvumeli ukuthi ahlale endaweni. Eyengwe umngane wakhe, umqambi uBoildieu, ngo-1803 uRode wahamba waya eSt.

Impumelelo ye-Rode enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia iyamangalisa ngempela. Wethulwa ku-Alexander I, uqokwa soloist wenkantolo, nge iholo engezwakali ruble 5000 esiliva ngonyaka. Uyashisa. Umphakathi ophakeme waseSt. Petersburg uyaqhudelana omunye nomunye uzama ukufaka uRode kumasaluni abo; unikeza amakhonsathi e-solo, adlala ngama-quartet, ama-ensembles, eyedwa ku-opera yasebukhosini; izingoma zakhe zingena empilweni yansuku zonke, umculo wakhe uthakaselwa yizithandwa.

Ngo-1804, uRode waya eMoscow, lapho enza khona ikhonsathi, njengoba kufakazelwa isimemezelo esasiseMoskovskie Vedomosti: “UMnu. URode, umshayi wevayolini wokuqala we-Himperial Majesty, unelungelo lokwazisa umphakathi ohloniphekile ukuthi uzonikeza ikhonsathi ngo-Ephreli 10, ngeSonto, ehholo elikhulu le-Petrovsky Theatre, lapho ezodlala khona izingcezu ezihlukahlukene. ukwakheka kwakhe. URode wahlala eMoscow, ngokusobala isikhathi esihle. Ngakho-ke, ku-SP Zhikharev's "Amanothi" sifunda ukuthi e-salon yomthandi womculo odumile waseMoscow u-VA Vsevolozhsky ngo-1804-1805 kwakukhona i-quartet lapho "ngonyaka odlule uRode ebambe i-violin yokuqala, noBatllo, i-viola Frenzel kanye ne-cello namanje uLamar. . Yiqiniso, ulwazi olubikwe nguZhikharev alunembile. J. Lamar ngo-1804 akakwazanga ukudlala ku-quartet noRode, ngoba wafika eMoscow kuphela ngoNovemba 1805 noBayo.

Ukusuka eMoscow, uRode waphinde waya eSt. Petersburg, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1808. Ngo-1808, naphezu kwakho konke ukunakwa ayezungezwe ngakho, uRode waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe aye ezweni lakubo: impilo yakhe yayingenakukwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu esinzima sasenyakatho. Endleleni, waphinde wavakashela eMoscow, lapho ahlangana khona nabangane bakudala baseParis ababehlala lapho kusukela ngo-1805 - i-violinist Bayo kanye ne-cellist uLamar. E-Moscow, wenza ikhonsathi yokuvalelisa. “UMnu. URode, umshayi-vayolini wokuqala we-Kammera Yobukhosi Bakhe uMbusi WaseRussia, edlula eMoscow phesheya, ngeSonto, Februwari 23, uzoba nelungelo lokunikeza ikhonsathi ngokudlala kwakhe okuhlomula ehholo le-Dance Club. Okuqukethwe ekhonsathini: 1. I-Symphony kaMnu. Mozart; 2. UMnu. Rode uzodlala ikhonsathi yengoma yakhe; 3. I-Overture Enkulu, i-Op. idolobha laseKherubini; 4. UMnu. Zoon uzodlala i-Flute Concerto, i-Op. Kapellmeister Mnu. Miller; 5. UMnu. Rode uzodlala ikhonsathi yokuqamba kwakhe, eyethulwa kuMbusi Wakhe Omkhulu u-Alexander Pavlovich. I-Rondo ithathwa kakhulu ezingomeni eziningi zesiRashiya; 6. Okokugcina. Intengo ingama-ruble angu-5 ithikithi ngalinye, elingatholakala kuMnu. Rode ngokwakhe, ohlala e-Tverskaya, endlini kaMnu Saltykov noMadame Shiu, nakumgcini wendlu we-Dance Academy.

Ngale khonsathi, uRode wavalelisa eRussia. Lapho efika eParis, ngokushesha wenza ikhonsathi ehholo le-Odeon Theatre. Nokho, ukudlala kwakhe akuzange kuvuse isasasa lezilaleli. Ukubuyekezwa okudabukisayo kwavela kuyi-German Musical Gazette: “Ekubuyeni kwakhe eRussia, uRode wayefuna ukuklomelisa abantu bakubo ngokubaphuca injabulo yokujabulela ithalente lakhe elimangalisayo isikhathi eside. Kodwa kulokhu, wayengenanhlanhla kangako. Ukukhethwa kwekhonsathi yokusebenza kwenziwa nguye kakhulu ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Wayibhala eSt. Petersburg, futhi kubonakala sengathi amakhaza aseRussia awazange ahlale engenathonya kulokhu kuqanjwa. U-Rode wenze umbono omncane kakhulu. Ithalenta lakhe, eliqedwe ngokuphelele ekuthuthukisweni kwalo, lisashiya okuningi okufanele lifiswe mayelana nomlilo nokuphila kwangaphakathi. URoda wamphatha kabi kakhulu ukuthi sizwe uLafon phambi kwakhe. Lona manje ungomunye wabadlali be-violin abayintandokazi lapha. "

Yiqiniso, ukukhumbula akukakhulumi ngokuncipha kwekhono lobuchwepheshe likaRode. Umbuyekezi akazange aneliseke ngokukhethwa kwekhonsathi “ebanda kakhulu” kanye nokuntuleka komlilo ekusebenzeni komdwebi. Ngokusobala, into eyinhloko kwakuwukuthanda okushintshiwe kwamaParis. Isitayela "sakudala" sikaRode siyekile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi. Okuningi manje wayesehlabeke umxhwele ngobuhle obuhle bukaLafont osemncane. Ukuthambekela kokushisekela ubuhle bezinsimbi kwase kuzenza kuzwakale, okwakuzoba uphawu oluyisici kakhulu senkathi ezayo ye-romanticism.

Ukwehluleka kwekhonsathi kwamshaya uRode. Mhlawumbe kwakuyilokhu kusebenza okwambangela ukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo okungenakulungiseka, lapho engazange alulame kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Kwakungekho mkhondo osele we-Rode's sociability yangaphambili. Uhoxa kuye futhi kuze kube ngu-1811 eyeka ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni. Endingilizini yasekhaya kuphela nabangane bakudala - u-Pierre Baio kanye nomculi weselula u-Lamar - lapho edlala khona umculo, edlala ama-quartets. Nokho, ngo-1811 unquma ukuqhubeka umsebenzi ekhonsathini. Kodwa hhayi eParis. Hhayi! Uhambela e-Austria naseJalimane. Amakhonsathi abuhlungu. URode usephelelwe ukuzethemba: udlala ethukile, uba “nokwesaba isiteji.” Emuzwa eVienna ngo-1813, uSpohr uyabhala: “Ngangilindele, cishe ngokuthuthumela okunomkhuhlane, ukuqala komdlalo weRode, eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba ngicabangele isibonelo sami esikhulu kunazo zonke. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwe-solo yokuqala, kimina kwabonakala sengathi uRode usehlehlile ngalesi sikhathi. Ngamthola edlala ebanda futhi ekhempa; wayengenaso isibindi sakhe sangaphambili ezindaweni ezinzima, futhi ngazizwa nginganelisekile ngisho nangemva kukaCantabile. Ngenkathi ngenza ukuhluka kwe-E-dur engakuzwa kuye eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ekugcineni ngaqiniseka ukuthi ulahlekelwe okuningi ekuthembekeni kwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba akazange nje enze amavesi anzima abe lula, kodwa wenza amavesi alula nakakhulu ngobugwala nangokungalungile.

Ngokwesazi-mlando somculo esingumFulentshi uFetis, uRode wahlangana noBeethoven eVienna, futhi uBeethoven wambhalela iRomance (F-dur, op. 50) yevayolini ne-orchestra, “okungukuthi, lelo Romance,” kunezela uFetis, “okwakuthi ngaleso sikhathi. ngokwenziwa ngempumelelo nguPierre Baio kumakhonsathi e-conservatory. Nokho, Riemann, futhi ngemva kwakhe Bazilevsky baphikisa leli qiniso.

U-Rode waqeda uhambo lwakhe eBerlin, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1814. Waboshwa lapha ngebhizinisi lakhe - umshado wakhe nowesifazane osemusha wase-Italy.

Ebuyela eFrance, uRode wahlala eBordeaux. Iminyaka elandelayo ayinikezi umcwaningi nganoma iyiphi impahla ye-biographical. URode akenzi ndawo, kodwa, cishe, usebenza kanzima ukuze abuyisele amakhono akhe alahlekile. Futhi ngo-1828, umzamo omusha wokuvela phambi komphakathi - ikhonsathi eParis.

Kwaba ukwehluleka okuphelele. URode akazange abekezele. Wagula futhi ngemva kokugula okubuhlungu iminyaka emibili, ngo-November 25, 1830, washonela edolobheni laseChâteau de Bourbon eduze kwaseDamazon. URode wayiphuza ngokugcwele inkomishi ebabayo yomculi okwathiwa isiphetho sathatha kuye into eyigugu kakhulu ekuphileni - ubuciko. Kodwa nokho, naphezu kwesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuqhakaza kwezimbali zokudala, umsebenzi wakhe wokudlala ushiye uphawu olujulile kubuciko bomculo baseFrance nasemhlabeni. Wayedume futhi njengomqambi, nakuba amathuba akhe kulokhu ayelinganiselwe.

Ifa lakhe lokudala lihlanganisa amakhonsathi e-violin angu-13, ama-bow quartets, ama-violin duets, ukuhlukahluka okuningi kuzindikimba ezihlukahlukene kanye nama-caprice angu-24 e-violin eyedwa. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-1838, imisebenzi kaRohde yayiphumelele emhlabeni wonke. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uPaganini wabhala i-Concerto edumile ku-D enkulu ngokohlelo lwe-First Violin Concerto kaRode. U-Ludwig Spohr wavela e-Rode ngezindlela eziningi, edala amakhonsathi akhe. URode ngokwakhe ohlotsheni lwekhonsathi walandela uViotti, umsebenzi wakhe wawuyisibonelo kuye. Amakhonsathi kaRode awaphindi nje ifomu, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo esijwayelekile, ngisho nesakhiwo sezwi lemisebenzi kaViotti, ehluke kuphela ekuhlabeleleni okukhulu. Izingoma zabo "ezilula, ezingenacala, kodwa ezigcwele umuzwa" zaphawulwa ngu-Odoevsky. Izingoma zikaRode cantilena zakhanga kangangokuthi ukuhluka kwakhe (G-dur) kufakwe ku-repertoire yabaculi abavelele bangaleso sikhathi uCatalani, Sontag, Viardot. Ekuvakasheni kukaVieuxtan okokuqala eRussia ngo-15, ohlelweni lwekhonsathi yakhe yokuqala ngoMashi XNUMX, uHoffmann wacula izingoma ezihlukene zeRode.

Imisebenzi kaRode eRussia yajabulela uthando olukhulu. Zenziwa cishe yibo bonke abadlali be-violin, ochwepheshe nabayizimfundamakhwela; bangena ezifundazweni zaseRussia. Izingobo zomlando ze-Venevitinovs zalondoloza izinhlelo zamakhonsathi asekhaya ayebanjelwe endaweni yaseLuizino yaseVielgorskys. Kulokhu kusihlwa, abadlali be-violin uTeplov (umnikazi wendawo, umakhelwane we-Vielgorskys) kanye ne-serf Antoine benza amakhonsathi kaL Maurer, P. Rode (wesishiyagalombili), R. Kreutzer (weshumi nesishiyagalolunye).

Ngama-40s ekhulwini lama-24, izingoma zikaRode zaqala ukunyamalala kancane kancane ohlwini lwekhonsathi. Amakhonsathi amathathu noma amane kuphela alondolozwe emisebenzini yokufundisa yama-violin ngesikhathi sesikole, futhi ama-caprice angu-XNUMX abhekwa namuhla njengomjikelezo wakudala wohlobo lwe-etude.

L. Raaben