Tommaso Albinoni (Tomaso Albinoni) |
Thomas Albinoni
Amaqiniso ambalwa kuphela aziwa ngokuphila kuka-T. Albinoni, umqambi wevayolini wase-Italy. Wazalelwa eVenice emndenini ocebile futhi, ngokusobala, wayekwazi ukufunda umculo ngokuthula, engakhathazeki kakhulu ngesimo sakhe sezezimali. Kusukela ngo-1711, wayeka ukusayina izingoma zakhe "Venetian dilettante" (delettanta venete) futhi uzibiza ngomculo we-violino, ngaleyo ndlela egcizelela ukushintshela kwakhe esimweni sokuba yingcweti. U-Albinoni wafunda kuphi futhi nobani akwaziwa. Kukholakala ukuthi uJ. Legrenzi. Ngemva komshado wakhe, umqambi wathuthela Verona. Ngokusobala, isikhathi esithile wayehlala eFlorence - okungenani lapho, ngo-1703, enye yama-operas akhe yenziwa (Griselda, mahhala. A. Zeno). U-Albinoni wavakashela eJalimane futhi, ngokusobala, wazibonakalisa lapho njengenkosi evelele, ngoba nguye owanikezwa udumo lokubhala nokwenza eMunich (1722) i-opera yomshado weNkosana uCharles Albert.
Akukho okunye okwaziwayo nge-Albinoni, ngaphandle kokuthi wafela eVenice.
Imisebenzi yomqambi eyehlele kithi nayo imbalwa ngenani - ikakhulukazi amakhonsathi wezinsimbi nama-sonatas. Nokho, njengoba ephila ngesikhathi sika-A. Vivaldi, JS Bach kanye no-GF Handel, u-Albinoni akazange ahlale ezinhlwini zabaqambi amagama abo aziwa izazi-mlando zomculo kuphela. Ngosuku lokuqhakaza kobuciko bezinsimbi base-Italy beBaroque, ngokumelene nesizinda somsebenzi wabaphathi bekhonsathi abavelele bekhulu lesi-XNUMX - ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. - T. Martini, F. Veracini, G. Tartini, A. Corelli, G. Torelli, A. Vivaldi nabanye - u-Albinoni uthe igama lakhe elibalulekile lobuciko, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi laqashelwa futhi laziswa inzalo.
Amakhonsathi ka-Albinoni enziwa kabanzi futhi aqoshwa kumarekhodi. Kodwa kunobufakazi bokuqashelwa komsebenzi wakhe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Ngo-1718, iqoqo lanyatheliswa e-Amsterdam, elihlanganisa amakhonsathi angu-12 abaqambi abadumile base-Italy bangaleso sikhathi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ikhonsathi ka-Albinoni ku-G major, ehamba phambili kuleli qoqo. U-Bach omkhulu, owawutadisha ngokucophelela umculo wabantu besikhathi sakhe, waqokomisa ama-sonata ka-Albinoni, ubuhle bepulasitiki bezingoma zabo, futhi wabhala ama-clavier fugues akhe amabili awo. Ubufakazi obenziwe ngesandla sika-Bach kanye ne-6 sonatas ka-Albinoni (i-p. 6) nazo zigciniwe. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Bach wafunda ezingomeni zika-Albinoni.
Siyazi ama-opus angu-9 e-Albinoni - phakathi kwawo imijikelezo ye-trio sonatas (op. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8) kanye nemijikelezo ye "symphonies" namakhonsathi (op. 2, 5, 7, 9). Ukuthuthukisa uhlobo lwekhonsathi grosso eyathuthukiswa no-Corelli kanye no-Torelli, i-Albinoni ifinyelela ukuphelela okukhethekile kobuciko kuyo - epulasitiki yokushintsha ukusuka ku-tutti kuye yedwa (okuvame ukuba nayo 3), ngengoma emnandi kakhulu, ukuhlanzeka okuhle kwesitayela. Amakhonsathi op. 7 futhi op. 9, ezinye zazo ezihlanganisa i-oboe (op. 7 nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11), zihlukaniswa ngobuhle obukhethekile bomculo wengxenye eyodwa. Avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amakhonsathi e-oboe.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namakhonsathi kaVivaldi, ububanzi bawo, izingxenye ezicula yedwa ezihlakaniphile, umehluko, amandla kanye nentshiseko, amakhonsathi ka-Albinoni agqama ngokuqina kwawo okuzithibe, ukucaciswa okuhle kwendwangu ye-orchestra, umculo womculo, ubuciko bendlela yokweqa (yingakho uBach) , okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi ukuqina okucishe kubonakale kwezithombe zobuciko, ngemuva kwalokho umuntu angaqagela ithonya le-opera.
U-Albinoni wabhala ama-opera angu-50 (okungaphezu komqambi we-opera u-Handel), asebenza kuwo kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Uma sibheka izihloko (“Cenobia” – 1694, “Tigran” – 1697, “Radamisto” – 1698, “Rodrigo” – 1702, “Griselda” – 1703, “Abandoned Dido” – 1725, njll.), kanye nango amagama ama-librettists (F. Silvani, N. Minato, A. Aureli, A. Zeno, P. Metastasio) ukuthuthukiswa kwe-opera emsebenzini ka-Albinoni kwahamba ngendlela kusukela ku-opera ye-baroque kuya ku-opera yakudala seria futhi, ngokufanelekile, kulabo abalingiswa be-opera abaphucuziwe, kuthinta, ubucwebe obumangalisayo, ukucaca, okwakuwumongo womqondo we-opera seria.
Emculweni wamakhonsathi wezinsimbi ze-Albinoni, ukuba khona kwezithombe ze-operatic kuzwakala ngokucacile. Ikhuliswe ngethoni yayo yesigqi esinwebekayo, i-allegri enkulu yokunyakaza kokuqala ihambisana namaqhawe avula isenzo sokusebenza. Ngokuthakazelisayo, isihloko se-orchestral motif ye-tutti yokuvula, isici se-Albinoni, kamuva saqala ukuphindwa ngabaqambi abaningi base-Italy. Iziphetho ezinkulu zamakhonsathi, ngokwesimo nohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, zinanela i-denouement ejabulisayo yesenzo se-opera (ikhasi 7 E 3). Izingxenye ezincane zamakhonsathi, ezinhle ngobuhle bawo bezingoma, zihambisana ne-lamento opera arias futhi zilingana nobuciko bezosha ezihlabayo zezingoma zika-A. Scarlatti no-Handel. Njengoba kwaziwa, ukuxhumana phakathi kwekhonsathi yezinsimbi kanye ne-opera emlandweni womculo engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX bekusondelene futhi kunenjongo. Umgomo oyinhloko wekhonsathi - ukushintshaniswa kwe-tutti ne-solo - kwabangelwa ukwakhiwa kwe-opera arias (ingxenye yezwi iyi-ritornello yezinsimbi). Futhi esikhathini esizayo, ukucebisa okuhlangene kwe-opera kanye nekhonsathi yezinsimbi kwaba nomthelela omuhle ekuthuthukisweni kwazo zombili izinhlobo, ukuqina njengoba kwakhiwa umjikelezo we-sonata-symphony.
Idramaturgy yamakhonsathi ka-Albinoni iphelele kakhulu: izingxenye ezi-3 (Allegro – Andante – Allegro) ezinomsindo ophakeme phakathi nendawo. Emijikelezweni yezingxenye ezine ze-sonatas zakhe (Ithuna - i-Allegro - i-Andante - i-Allegro), ingxenye yesi-3 isebenza njengesikhungo somculo. Indwangu encane, epulasitiki, enomsindo yamakhonsathi ensimbi ka-Albinoni ephimbweni ngalinye iheha isilaleli sesimanje ngalobo buhle obuphelele, obuqinile, obungenabo noma ibuphi ubuhle obuyihaba, obuhlala kuwuphawu lobuciko obuphakeme.
Y. Evdokimova
