Yehudi Menuhin |

Yehudi Menuhin

Ngama-30s kanye nama-40s, uma kukhulunywa ngabashayi bevayolini bakwamanye amazwe, igama elithi Menuhin lalivame ukubizwa ngegama likaHeifetz. Kwakuyimbangi yakhe efanelekayo futhi, ngokwezinga elikhulu, i-antipode mayelana nobuntu bokudala. Khona-ke u-Menuhin wabhekana nenhlekelele, mhlawumbe embi kakhulu kumculi - isifo somsebenzi wesandla sokunene. Ngokusobala, kwakuwumphumela wokuhlangana kwehlombe “okudlalwa ngokweqile” (Izingalo zikaMenuhin zimfushane ngandlela thile kunejwayelekile, okuthi, nokho, zithinte kwesokudla, hhayi isandla sobunxele). Kodwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngezinye izikhathi Menuhin neze ehlise umnsalo phezu izintambo, neze ulethe ekupheleni, amandla ithalente lakhe eliphanayo iwukuthi le violinist ayikwazi ukuzwakala ngokwanele. Nge-Menuhin uzwa okuthile okungekho omunye umuntu onakho - unikeza ibinzana ngalinye lomculo ama-nuances ahlukile; noma yikuphi ukudalwa komculo kubonakala kukhanyiswa imisebe yemvelo yayo ecebile. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ubuciko bakhe buba bufudumele futhi bube nobuntu, kuyilapho beqhubeka nokuhlala ngesikhathi esifanayo "i-menukhinian" ehlakaniphile.

U-Menuhin wazalwa futhi wakhulela emndenini ongajwayelekile owawuhlanganisa amasiko angcwele amaJuda asendulo kanye nemfundo yaseYurophu ecwengisisiwe. Abazali bavela eRussia - ubaba uMoishe Menuhin wayengowokuzalwa eGomel, umama uMarut Sher - Yalta. Baqamba izingane zabo amagama ngesiHebheru: Yehudi kusho umJuda. Udadewabo kaMenuhin omdala kwakuthiwa uKhevsib. Encane yaqanjwa ngokuthi uYalta, ngokusobala ehlonipha idolobha lapho unina azalelwa khona.

Ngokokuqala ngqa, abazali bakaMenuhin bahlangana hhayi eRussia, kodwa ePalestine, lapho uMoishe eshonelwe abazali bakhe, wakhuliswa umkhulu oqinile. Bobabili babeziqhenya ngokuba yimindeni yamaJuda asendulo.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokushona kukamkhulu wakhe, uMoishe wathuthela eNew York, lapho afunda khona izibalo kanye ne-pedagogy eNyuvesi futhi wafundisa esikoleni samaJuda. UMaruta naye weza eNew York ngo-1913. Ngemva konyaka bashada.

Ngo-April 22, 1916, kwazalwa izibulo labo, umfana abambiza ngokuthi uYehudi. Ngemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, umndeni wathuthela eSan Francisco. AbakwaMenuhin baqasha indlu kuSteiner Street, “esinye salezo zakhiwo zokhuni eziwubukhazikhazi ezinamafasitela amakhulu, amaleji, imiqulu eqoshiwe, nesihlahla sesundu esintekenteke phakathi nendawo engaphambili efana neSan Francisco njengoba izindlu ze-brownstone ziseNew. York. Kulapho, esimweni sokulondeka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo okuqhathaniswa, lapho kwaqala khona ukukhuliswa kukaYehudi Menuhin. Ngo-1920, kwazalwa udadewabo wokuqala kaYehudi, uKhevsiba, kwathi ngo-October 1921, kwazalwa owesibili, u-Yalta.

Umndeni wawuhlala wodwa, futhi iminyaka yokuqala kaYehudi yayihlala nabantu abadala. Lokhu kwathinta ukukhula kwakhe; izici zokuthi sina, ukuthambekela kokuzindla kusenesikhathi kuvele kumlingiswa. Wahlala evaliwe ukuphila kwakhe konke. Ekukhulisweni kwakhe, kwaphinde kwaba nezinto eziningi ezingavamile: kwaze kwaba yilapho eneminyaka engu-3 ubudala, wayekhuluma ikakhulukazi ngesiHeberu - lolu limi lwamukelwa emndenini; khona-ke umama, owesifazane ofunde kakhulu, wafundisa izingane zakhe ezinye izilimi ezingu-5 - isiJalimane, isiFulentshi, isiNgisi, isiNtaliyane nesiRashiya.

Umama wayengumculi onekhono. Wayedlala upiyano ne-cello futhi ethanda umculo. U-Menuhin wayengakabi neminyaka engu-2 ubudala lapho abazali bakhe beqala ukumyisa emakhonsathini we-symphony orchestra. Kwakungeke kwenzeke ukumshiya ekhaya, ngoba wayengekho owayegada ingane. Omncane waziphatha kahle kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile wayelala ngokuthula, kodwa ngesikhathi imisindo yokuqala wavuka futhi unesithakazelo kakhulu kulokho okwakwenziwa ku-orchestra. Amalungu e-orchestra ayeyazi ingane futhi ethanda kakhulu isilaleli sawo esingajwayelekile.

Lapho uMenuhin eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, u-anti wakhe wamthengela ivayolini futhi umfana wathunyelwa ukuba ayofunda noSigmund Anker. Izinyathelo zokuqala zokuphatha kahle insimbi ziye zaba nzima kakhulu kuye, ngenxa yezandla ezifinyeziwe. Uthisha akakwazanga ukukhulula isandla sakhe sobunxele ekuboshweni, futhi uMenuhin wayengakuzwa ukudlidliza. Kodwa lapho lezi zithiyo esandleni sobunxele zinqotshwa futhi umfana ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezici zesakhiwo sesandla sokunene, waqala ukuthuthuka ngokushesha. Ngo-Okthoba 26, 1921, izinyanga ezingu-6 ngemva kokuqala kwamakilasi, wakwazi ukwenza ikhonsathi yabafundi eFairmont Hotel.

U-Yehudi oneminyaka engu-7 ubudala wasuswa e-Anker waya ku-accompanist we-orchestra ye-symphony, u-Louis Persinger, umculi wamasiko amakhulu kanye nomfundisi ohamba phambili. Nokho, ezifundweni zakhe noMenuhin, uPersinger wenza amaphutha amaningi, agcina ethinte ukusebenza komdlali wevayolini ngendlela ebulalayo. Ethathwe idatha emangalisayo yomfana, intuthuko yakhe esheshayo, akazange anake uhlangothi lobuchwepheshe lomdlalo. U-Menuhin akazange adlule ocwaningweni olungaguquki lobuchwepheshe. UPersinger wehluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi izici ezingokomzimba zomzimba kaYehudi, ubufushane bezingalo zakhe, zigcwele izingozi ezingathi sína ezingazange zibonakale ebuntwaneni, kodwa zaqala ukuzenza zizizwe sezikhulile.

Abazali bakaMenuhin bakhulisa izingane zabo ngesihluku esingajwayelekile. Ngo-5.30 ekuseni wonke umuntu wayevuka futhi, ngemva kokudla kwasekuseni, asebenze endlini kuze kube ihora lesi-7. Lokhu kwalandelwa izifundo zomculo zamahora amathathu – odade bahlala phansi ophiyano (bobabili baba ngabashayi bopiyano abasezingeni eliphezulu, uKhevsiba wayengumlingani oqhubekayo womfowabo), futhi uYehudi wathatha ivayolini. Emini kwalandela isidlo sasekuseni sesibili nokulala ihora lonke. Ngemva kwalokho - izifundo ezintsha zomculo amahora angu-3. Khona-ke, kusukela ngehora lesi-2 kuya ku-4 ntambama, kwanikezwa ukuphumula, futhi kusihlwa baqala amakilasi emfundo evamile. U-Yehudi wajwayelana nezincwadi zakudala futhi usebenza ngefilosofi, wafunda izincwadi zikaKant, Hegel, Spinoza. NgamaSonto umndeni wawuchitha ngaphandle kwedolobha, uhamba ngezinyawo amakhilomitha angu-6 ukuya olwandle.

Ikhono elimangalisayo lomfana lidonse ukunaka kwesazi sasendaweni uSydney Erman. Weluleka abakwaMenuhin ukuthi baye eParis ukuze banikeze izingane zabo imfundo yomculo yangempela, futhi banakekele ukwaziswa. Ekwindla ka-1926 umndeni waya eYurophu. Umhlangano ongasoze walibaleka phakathi kukaYehudi no-Enescu waba eParis.

Incwadi kaRobert Magidov "Yehudi Menuhin" icaphuna inkumbulo ye-cellist yaseFrance, uprofesa eParis Conservatory uGerard Hecking, owethula uYehudi e-Enescu:

“Ngifuna ukufunda nawe,” kusho uYehudi.

– Ngokusobala, kwakukhona iphutha, anginikezi izifundo zangasese, – wathi Enescu.

“Kodwa kufanele ngifunde nawe, ngicela ungilalele.

– Akunakwenzeka. Ngizohamba ngesitimela ngihamba kusasa ngo-6.30:XNUMX am.

Ngingeza kusenehora ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi ngidlale ngenkathi upakisha. Angakwazi?

Ekhathele u-Enescu wezwa okuthile okukhanga kakhulu kulo mfana, okuqondile, okunenjongo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo engenakuzivikela njengomntwana. Wabeka isandla sakhe ehlombe likaYehudi.

“Uwinile, ngane,” kuhleka uHecking.

– Woza ngo-5.30 ku-Clichy street, 26. Ngizobe ngilapho, – kusho u-Enescu.

Lapho u-Yehudi eqeda ukudlala ngehora lesi-6 ngakusasa ekuseni, u-Enescu wavuma ukuqala ukusebenza naye ngemva kokuphela kohambo lwekhonsathi, ezinyangeni ezi-2. Watshela uyise owayemangele ukuthi izifundo zizoba mahhala.

"Yehudi uzongilethela injabulo enkulu njengoba ngimzuzisa."

Umdlali we-violini osemusha kwase kunesikhathi eside ephupha ngokufunda no-Enescu, njengoba wake wezwa umculi we-violini waseRomania, ngaleso sikhathi lapho esezingeni eliphezulu lodumo lwakhe, ekhonsathini eSan Francisco. Ubudlelwano uMenuhin abuhlakulela no-Enescu angeke baze babizwe ngokuthi ubudlelwano bukathisha nomfundi. U-Enescu waba kuye ubaba wesibili, uthisha olalelayo, umngane. Kukangaki eminyakeni eyalandela, lapho u-Menuhin eba yiciko elivuthiwe, u-Enescu wacula naye emakhonsathini, ehambisana nopiyano, noma edlala i-Bach Concerto ephindwe kabili. Yebo, futhi uMenuhin wayemthanda uthisha wakhe ngayo yonke intshiseko yemvelo ehloniphekile nemsulwa. Ehlukanisiwe ne-Enescu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, uMenuhin wandiza ngokushesha waya eBucharest ngesikhathi sokuqala. Wavakashela i-Enescu eyayifa eParis; umpetha omdala wamnika amavayolini akhe ayigugu.

U-Enescu wafundisa uYehudi ukuthi angadlala kanjani insimbi kuphela, wamvulela umphefumulo womculo. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, ithalenta lomfana lachuma, lacetshiswa ngokomoya. Futhi kwaba sobala ngokoqobo ngonyaka wokuxhumana kwabo. U-Enescu wathatha umfundi wakhe waya eRomania, lapho indlovukazi yabanikeza khona izethameli. Lapho ebuyela eParis, uYehudi wenza amakhonsathi amabili neLamouret Orchestra eqhutshwa uPaul Parey; ngo-1927 waya eNew York, lapho enza khona isasasa ngekhonsathi yakhe yokuqala eCarnegie Hall.

UWinthrop Sergent uwuchaza kanje lo mdlalo: “Abathandi bomculo abaningi baseNew York basakhumbula indlela, ngo-1927, uYehudi Menuhin oneminyaka eyishumi nanye, owayeyisidudla, owayezethemba ngokwesabekayo egqoke ibhulukwe elifushane, amasokisi nehembe elivuleke entanyeni. wangena esiteji se-Carnegie Hall, wema phambi kwe-New York Symphony Orchestra futhi wadlala i-Beethoven's Violin Concerto ngendlela ephelele ephikisana nanoma iyiphi incazelo ephusile. Amalungu e-orchestra akhala ngenjabulo, futhi abagxeki abazange bakufihle ukudideka kwabo.

Okulandelayo kuza udumo lomhlaba. “EBerlin, lapho ayecula khona amakhonsathi evayolini ka-Bach, uBeethoven noBrahms ngaphansi kwenduku kaBruno Walter, amaphoyisa awazange akwazi ukuvimba isixuku emgwaqweni, kuyilapho izethameli zimuphakamisela phezulu imizuzu engu-45 emi. UFritz Busch, umbhidisi we-Dresden Opera, ukhansele okunye ukusebenza ukuze aqhube ikhonsathi kaMenuhin ngohlelo olufanayo. ERome, ehholo lekhonsathi lika-Augusteo, isixuku sagqekeza amafasitela angamashumi amabili sizama ukungena ngaphakathi; eVienna, omunye umgxeki, owacishe wakhungatheka ngenxa yenjabulo, wayengamklomelisa kuphela ngesibongo esithi “okumangalisayo”. Ngo-1931 wathola umklomelo wokuqala emncintiswaneni Paris Conservatoire.

Ukudlalwa kwekhonsathi okujulile kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1936, lapho uMenuhin ekhansela ngokuzumayo wonke amakhonsathi futhi ethatha umhlalaphansi unyaka nesigamu nomndeni wakhe wonke - abazali nodadewabo evillage eyathengwa ngaleso sikhathi eduze kwaseLos Gatos, eCalifornia. Wayeneminyaka engu-19 ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakuyinkathi lapho insizwa isiba umuntu omdala, futhi lenkathi yaphawuleka ngenhlekelele ejulile yangaphakathi eyaphoqa uMenuhin ukuba enze isinqumo esixakile kangaka. Uchaza ukuzihlukanisa kwakhe ngesidingo sokuzihlola nokwazi umnyombo wobuciko abenza kubo. Kuze kube manje, ngokombono wakhe, wayedlala nje intuitively, njengengane, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngemithetho yokusebenza. Manje wanquma, ukuyibeka aphoristically, ukwazi violin futhi ukwazi yena, umzimba wakhe emdlalweni. Uyavuma ukuthi bonke othisha ababemfundisa esemncane bamnikeze ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko okuhle kakhulu, kodwa abazange bahlanganyele naye isifundo esingaguquki ngempela sobuchwepheshe be-violin: "Ngisho nangengozi yokulahlekelwa yiwo wonke amaqanda egolide esikhathini esizayo. , kwakudingeka ngifunde ukuthi ihansi lawehlisa kanjani.”

Yiqiniso, isimo semishini yakhe saphoqelela uMenuhin ukuba athathe ingozi enjalo, ngoba "njengalokho" ngenxa yelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, akekho umculi osesikhundleni sakhe owayezohlanganyela ekutadisheni ubuchwepheshe be-violin, enqaba ukunikeza amakhonsathi. Ngokusobala ngaleso sikhathi wayeseqala ukuzwa izimpawu ezithile ezazimethusa.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi u-Menuhin usondela ekuxazululeni izinkinga ze-violin ngendlela, mhlawumbe, akekho omunye umculi oye wenza ngaphambi kwakhe. Ngaphandle kokuma kuphela esifundweni semisebenzi ye-methodological kanye namamanyuwali, ucwila kupsychology, i-anatomy, physiology kanye ... ngisho nakwisayensi yezomsoco. Uzama ukusungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwezigigaba kanye nokuqonda umthelela ekudlalweni kwevayolini kwezici eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zezengqondo nezomzimba kanye nezebhayoloji.

Nokho, ukwahlulela ngemiphumela yobuciko, uMenuhin, ngesikhathi sokuzihlukanisa, akazange nje ahlanganyele ekuhlaziyeni okunengqondo kwemithetho yokudlala i-violin. Ngokusobala, ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqubo yokuvuthwa ngokomoya yaqhubeka kuye, engokwemvelo ngesikhathi lapho insizwa iphenduka indoda. Kunoma yikuphi, umdwebi wabuyela ekucubunguleni okucetshiswe ngokuhlakanipha kwenhliziyo, okusukela manje kuqhubeke kube uphawu lobuciko bakhe. Manje usefuna ukuqonda emculweni izingqimba zawo ezijulile ezingokomoya; ukhangwa u-Bach no-Beethoven, kodwa hhayi iqhawe-umphakathi, kodwa ifilosofi, ewela osizini futhi evuka osizini ngenxa yezimpi ezintsha zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha kumuntu nesintu.

Mhlawumbe, kubuntu, isimo sengqondo kanye nobuciko beMenuhin kunezici ezivame ukuba yizici zabantu baseMpumalanga. Ukuhlakanipha kwakhe ngezindlela eziningi kufana nokuhlakanipha kwaseMpumalanga, nokuthambekela kwakho ekuzijuleni ngokomoya kanye nolwazi lwezwe ngokucabangela ingqikithi yokuziphatha yezenzakalo. Ukuba khona kwezici ezinjalo eMenuhin akumangalisi, uma sikhumbula isimo lapho akhulela khona, amasiko atshalwa emndenini. Futhi kamuva iMpumalanga yamkhanga yona ngokwayo. Ngemva kokuvakashela eNdiya, waba nesithakazelo esikhulu ezimfundisweni ze-yogis.

Ukusuka ekuhlukaneni okuzenzela yena, uMenuhin wabuyela emculweni maphakathi no-1938. Kulo nyaka kwaphawulwa omunye umcimbi - umshado. UYehudi wahlangana noNola Nicholas eLondon kwelinye lamakhonsathi akhe. Okuhlekisayo ukuthi umshado kamfowethu nodadewabo bobabili kwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa: UKhevsiba washada noLindsay, umngane oseduze womndeni wakwaMenuhin, kwathi u-Yalta washada noWilliam Styx.

Kusukela kulo mshado, uYehudi wayenabantwana ababili: intombazane eyazalwa ngo-1939 nomfana ngo-1940. Intombazane yaqanjwa ngokuthi uZamira - kusukela egameni lesiRashiya elisho "ukuthula" negama lesiHeberu lenyoni eculayo; umfana wathola igama elithi Krov, elalihlotshaniswa negama lesiRashiya elithi "igazi" kanye negama lesiHeberu elisho "ukuzabalaza". Leli gama lanikezwa ngaphansi kombono wokugqashuka kwempi phakathi kweJalimane neNgilandi.

Impi yaphazamisa kakhulu ukuphila kukaMenuhin. Njengoyise wezingane ezimbili, wayengabuthelwa empini, kodwa unembeza wakhe njengengcweti wawungamvumeli ukuba aqhubeke ebuka imicimbi yezempi. Phakathi nempi, uMenuhin wenza amakhonsathi angaba ngu-500 “kuwo wonke amakamu ezempi kusukela eziQhingini zase-Aleutian kuya eCaribbean, nangaphesheya koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic,” kubhala uWinthrop Sergent. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wadlala umculo onzima kakhulu kunoma yiziphi izethameli - uBach, uBeethoven, uMendelssohn, nobuciko bakhe obuvuthayo banqoba ngisho namasosha avamile. Bamthumelela izincwadi ezithinta inhliziyo ezigcwele ukubonga. Unyaka we-1943 waphawulwa umcimbi omkhulu kaYehudi - wahlangana noBela Bartok eNew York. Ngesicelo sikaMenuhin, uBartók wabhala i-Sonata ye-violin eyedwa ngaphandle kokuhambisana, eyenziwa okokuqala ngumdwebi ngoNovemba 1944. Kodwa ngokuyisisekelo le minyaka inikezwe amakhonsathi emayunithi ezempi, ezibhedlela.

Ekupheleni kuka-1943, engayinaki ingozi yokuhamba enqamula ulwandle, waya eNgilandi futhi wenza umsebenzi omkhulu wekhonsathi lapha. Ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwamabutho ahlangene, walandela ngokoqobo ezithendeni zamasosha, umculi wokuqala womhlaba owayedlala eParis ekhululiwe, eBrussels, e-Antwerp.

Ikhonsathi yakhe e-Antwerp yenzeka ngesikhathi amaphethelo edolobha asesezandleni zamaJalimane.

Impi isizophela. Ebuyela ezweni lakubo, uMenuhin futhi, njengoba ngo-1936, ngokuzumayo wenqaba ukunikeza amakhonsathi futhi athathe ikhefu, enikela, njengoba enza ngaleso sikhathi, ekubuyekezeni inqubo. Ngokusobala, izimpawu zokukhathazeka ziyanda. Nokho, ukuphumula akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside - amasonto ambalwa kuphela. I-Menuhin ikwazi ukusungula ngokushesha futhi ngokuphelele izisetshenziswa eziphezulu. Futhi, umdlalo wakhe ushaya ngokuphelela okuphelele, amandla, ugqozi, umlilo.

Iminyaka ka-1943-1945 yabonakala igcwele ukungezwani empilweni yomuntu siqu kaMenuhin. Ukuhamba njalo kwabuphazamisa kancane kancane ubuhlobo bakhe nomkakhe. UNola noYehudi babehluke kakhulu ngemvelo. Wayengaqondi futhi akazange amxolele ngothando lwakhe lwezobuciko, okwakubonakala sengathi awushiyi isikhathi somndeni. Kwaphela isikhathi eside bezama ukusindisa umshado wabo, kodwa ngo-1945 baphoqeleka ukuba bahlukanise.

Umfutho wokugcina wedivosi ngokusobala kwakuwumhlangano kaMenuhin nomdlali webhola waseNgilandi uDiana Gould ngoSepthemba 1944 eLondon. Uthando olushisayo lwavutha nhlangothi zombili. UDiana wayenezimfanelo ezingokomoya ezazimkhanga ngokukhethekile uYehudi. Ngo-October 19, 1947, bashada. Kulo mshado kwazalwa izingane ezimbili - uGerald ngoJulayi 1948 noJeremiah - eminyakeni emithathu kamuva.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwehlobo lika-1945, uMenuhin wavakashela amazwe Ahlangene, ahlanganisa iFrance, iHolland, iCzechoslovakia, neRussia. ENgilandi, wahlangana noBenjamin Britten futhi wadlala naye ekhonsathini eyodwa. Ukhangwe wumsindo omnandi wopiyano ngaphansi kweminwe kaBritten abemphelekezela. EBucharest, waphinde wahlangana no-Enescu, futhi lomhlangano wabonisa kubo bobabili indlela ababesondelene ngayo ngokomoya komunye nomunye. Ngo-November 1945, uMenuhin wafika eSoviet Union.

Izwe lalisanda kuqala ukusimama ezinxushunxushwini ezimbi zempi; amadolobha acekelwa phansi, ukudla kwakhishwa emakhadini. Kodwa nokho impilo yobuciko yayisathuthuka. UMenuhin wahlatshwa umxhwele ukusabela okujabulisayo kwamaMuscovites ekhonsathini yakhe. “Manje ngicabanga ukuthi kuyinzuzo kangakanani ukuthi iciko lixhumane nezihlwele engazithola eMoscow - ezizwelayo, ezilalelisisayo, ezivusela umculi umuzwa wokushiseka okukhulu kanye nesifiso sokubuyela ezweni lapho umculo wangena ekuphileni ngokugcwele futhi organically. kanye nempilo yabantu… “.

Wenza eHholo laseTchaikovsky ngobusuku obubodwa amakhonsathi ama-3 - ama-violin amabili ka-I.-S. Bach noDavid Oistrakh, amakhonsathi kaBrahms noBeethoven; ezinsukwini ezimbili ezisele - i-Sonatas ka-Bach ye-violin eyedwa, uchungechunge lwama-miniatures. U-Lev Oborin uphendule ngesibuyekezo, wabhala ukuthi u-Menuhin ungumdlali weviolini wohlelo olukhulu lwekhonsathi. “Umkhakha oyinhloko wokuqanjwa kwalo mdlali we-violini omangalisayo yimisebenzi yezinhlobo ezinkulu. Usondelene kancane nesitayela sama-salon miniatures noma imisebenzi ye-virtuoso kuphela. Isici sika-Menuhin singamakhanvasi amakhulu, kodwa futhi wenze inani elincane lama-miniatures ngendlela engenasici.

Ukubuyekezwa kuka-Oborin kunembile ekuchazeni u-Menuhin futhi uphawula kahle izimfanelo zakhe ze-violin - indlela enkulu yeminwe nomsindo ohlaba umxhwele ngamandla nobuhle. Yebo, ngaleso sikhathi umsindo wakhe wawunamandla ngokukhethekile. Mhlawumbe le mfanelo yakhe yayihlanganisa ngokunembile indlela yokudlala ngesandla sonke, "kusukela ehlombe", okwanikeza umsindo ukunotha okukhethekile nobuningi, kodwa ngengalo efinyeziwe, ngokusobala, kwabangela ukuba kudlule amandla. Wayelingiswa kuyi-sonatas kaBach, futhi mayelana nekhonsathi kaBeethoven, umuntu wayengawuzwa umculo onjalo enkumbulo yesizukulwane sethu. U-Menuhin ukwazile ukugcizelela uhlangothi lwesimilo kuyo futhi wayihumusha njengesikhumbuzo se-classicism emsulwa, esezingeni eliphakeme.

Ngo-December 1945, uMenuhin wajwayelana nombhidisi odumile waseJalimane uWilhelm Furtwängler, owayesebenza eJalimane ngaphansi kombuso wamaNazi. Kubonakala sengathi leli qiniso bekufanele limxoshe uYehudi, okungenzekanga. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezitatimendeni zakhe eziningi, uMenuhin uza ekuvikeleni uFurtwängler. Esihlokweni esinikezwe ngokukhethekile umbhidisi, uchaza ukuthi, ngesikhathi ehlala eJalimane lobuNazi, uFurtwängler wazama kanjani ukudambisa usizi lwabaculi abangamaJuda futhi wasindisa abaningi ekuziphindiseleni. Ukuzivikela kukaFurtwängler kubangela ukuhlasela okubukhali kuMenuhin. Ufika enkabeni yenkulumo-mpikiswano ngalo mbuzo - ingabe abaculi ababekhonza amaNazi bangathethelelwa? Icala, elaqulwa ngo-1947, lamkhulula uFurtwängler.

Ngokushesha ummeleli wezempi waseMelika eBerlin wanquma ukuhlela uchungechunge lwamakhonsathi e-philharmonic ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe ngokuhlanganyela kwabaculi abavelele baseMelika. Owokuqala kwakunguMenuhin. Unikeze amakhonsathi ama-3 eBerlin - ama-2 amaMelika namaBritish kanye ne-1 - avulekele umphakathi waseJalimane. Ukukhuluma phambi kwamaJalimane - okungukuthi, izitha zakamuva - kubangela ukulahlwa okubukhali kukaMenuhin phakathi kwamaJuda aseMelika naseYurophu. Ukubekezelela kwakhe kubonakala kuwukukhaphela. Ukuthi ubutha obubhekiswe kuye babubukhulu kangakanani kungahlulelwa ngokuthi akazange avunyelwe ukungena kwa-Israyeli iminyaka eminingana.

Amakhonsathi kaMenuhin aba uhlobo lwenkinga kazwelonke kwa-Israyeli, njengodaba lukaDreyfus. Lapho ekugcineni efika lapho ngo-1950, isixuku enkundleni yezindiza yaseTel Aviv sambingelela ngokuthula okushubile, futhi ikamelo lakhe lasehhotela laligadwe amaphoyisa ahlomile ayehamba naye ukuzungeza idolobha. Kuphela ukusebenza kukaMenuhin, umculo wakhe, obiza okuhle nokulwa nobubi, waphula le nzondo. Ngemva kohambo lwesibili e-Israel ngo-1951-1952, omunye wabagxeki wabhala: “Umdlalo womdwebi onjengoMenuhin ungenza ngisho nomuntu ongakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu akholwe kuNkulunkulu.”

UMenuhin wachitha uFebhuwari noMashi 1952 eNdiya, lapho ahlangana khona noJawaharlar Nehru kanye no-Eleanor Roosevelt. Izwe lammangaza. Waba nesithakazelo kufilosofi yakhe, ukutadisha inkolelo-mbono ye-yogis.

Engxenyeni yesibili yama-50s, isifo esiye saqongelela isikhathi eside saqala ukuzibonakalisa ngokuphawulekayo. Nokho, uMenuhin uphikelela ezama ukunqoba lesi sifo. Futhi uyawina. Yebo, ingalo yakhe yangakwesokudla ayilungile neze. Ngaphambi kwethu kunesibonelo sokunqoba kwentando phezu kwesifo, hhayi ukululama kweqiniso ngokomzimba. Futhi nokho i-Menuhin iyi-Menuhin! Ugqozi lwakhe oluphezulu lobuciko lwenza njalo futhi manje ukhohlwe ngesandla sokunene, mayelana namasu - mayelana nakho konke okusemhlabeni. Futhi-ke, uGalina Barinova uqinisile lapho, ngemva kohambo lukaMenuhin ngo-1952 e-USSR, ebhala: “Kubonakala sengathi ukwehla nokwenyuka okuphefumulelwe kukaMenuhin akunakuhlukaniswa nokubukeka kwakhe okungokomoya, ngoba yingcweti kuphela enomphefumulo ocashile nomsulwa ongakwazi. zingene ekujuleni komsebenzi kaBeethoven kanye neMozart”.

U-Menuhin ufike ezweni lakithi nodadewabo u-Khevsiba, osenesikhathi eside esebenza naye ekhonsathini. Banikeza ukuhlwa kwe-sonata; U-Yehudi uphinde wadlala kumakhonsathi e-symphony. E-Moscow, wakha ubungane nomshayi-violist odumile waseSoviet uRudolf Barshai, inhloko ye-Moscow Chamber Orchestra. U-Menuhin no-Barshai, ephelezelwa yile qoqo, bacula i-Mozart's Symphony Concerto ye-violin ne-viola. Lolu hlelo luphinde lwahlanganisa ne-Bach Concerto kanye ne-Divertimento in D enkulu ka-Mozart: “U-Menuhin uzidlulele; ukwenza umculo osezingeni eliphezulu bekugcwele okutholakele okuyingqayizivele.

Amandla kaMenuhin ayamangalisa: wenza uhambo olude, uhlela imikhosi yomculo yaminyaka yonke eNgilandi naseSwitzerland, uqhuba, uhlose ukuthatha i-pedagogy.

I-athikili ka-Winthrop inikeza incazelo enemininingwane yokubukeka kuka-Menuhin.

“U-Chunky, onezinwele ezibomvu, onamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumomotheka kobufana nentokozo ebusweni bakhe, unikeza umbono womuntu onenhliziyo elula futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kokuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukhuluma isiNgisi esihle, amagama akhethwe ngokucophelela, ngendlela iningi labantu baseMelika elibheka ngayo iBrithani. Akalokothi athukuthele noma asebenzise inhlamba. Isimo sakhe sengqondo ngezwe elimzungezile sibonakala siyinhlanganisela yenhlonipho enakekelayo kanye nemikhuba emihle. Abesifazane abahle ubabiza ngokuthi “abesifazane abahle,” futhi ukhuluma nabo ngokuzithiba kwendoda ekhuliswe kahle ikhuluma emhlanganweni. Ukuzihlukanisa kukaMenuhin okungenakuphikwa kwezinye zezici ze-banal zempilo kuye kwaholela abangani abaningi ukuba bamfanise noBuddha: ngempela, ukugxila kwakhe ngemibuzo ebalulekile yaphakade ekulinyazweni kwayo yonke into yesikhashana nedlulayo kumbeka kusengaphambili ekukhohlweni okungavamile ezindabeni zezwe eziyize. Ekwazi kahle lokhu, umkakhe akazange amangale lapho esanda kubuza ngesizotha ukuthi uGreta Garbo wayengubani.

Impilo yomuntu siqu kaMenuhin nomkakhe wesibili ibonakala ithuthuke ngenjabulo enkulu. Uvame ukuhamba naye ohambweni, futhi ekuqaleni kokuphila kwabo ndawonye, ​​akazange aye ndawo ngaphandle kwakhe. Khumbula ukuthi waze wazala ingane yakhe yokuqala emgwaqeni - emkhosini e-Edinburgh.

Kodwa emuva encazelweni kaWinthrop: “Njengabaculi abaningi bamakhonsathi, uMenuhin, nakanjani, uphila ukuphila okumatasa. Unkosikazi wakhe oyiNgisi umbiza ngokuthi “umsabalalisi womculo we-violin”. Unendlu yakhe - futhi emangalisa kakhulu - ehlala emagqumeni eduze kwedolobha laseLos Gatos, amakhilomitha ayikhulu eningizimu yeSan Francisco, kodwa akavamile ukuchitha isonto elilodwa noma amabili ngonyaka kuyo. Indawo yakhe evamile yikhabethe lesikebhe esihamba olwandle noma indawo yemoto yakwaPullman, ahlala kuyo phakathi nohambo lwakhe lwekhonsathi cishe olungaphazamiseki. Lapho umkakhe engekho, ungena egunjini lakwaPullman enomuzwa wohlobo oluthile lokungakhululeki: cishe kubonakala kungafaneleki kuye ukuba ahlale esihlalweni esihloselwe abagibeli abambalwa yedwa. Kodwa igumbi elihlukile likulungele ukwenza izivivinyo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba ezinqunywe yizimfundiso zasempumalanga ze-yoga, lapho aqala khona ukunamathela eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Ngokubona kwakhe, lezi zivivinyo zihlobene ngokuqondile nempilo yakhe, ngokusobala enhle kakhulu, kanye nesimo sakhe somqondo, ngokusobala esizolile. Uhlelo lwalezi zivivinyo luhlanganisa ukuma ekhanda lakho imizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu noma eyishumi nambili nsuku zonke, i-feat, ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezihambisana nokuxhumana okungavamile kwemisipha, esitimeleni esinyakazayo noma ku-steamboat phakathi nesiphepho, esidinga ukukhuthazela okungaphezu komuntu.

Umthwalo kaMenuhin uyamangalisa ngobulula bawo futhi, uma kubhekwa ubude bohambo lwakhe oluningi, ekuswelekeni kwawo. Iqukethe amapotimende amabili ahlakazekile afakwe izingubo zangaphansi, izingubo zokwenziwa kanye nomsebenzi, umthamo ongaguquguquki wesazi sefilosofi saseShayina uLao Tzu "The Teachings of the Tao" kanye nekesi elikhulu le-violin elinama-stradivarius amabili abiza izinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu zamaRandi; ulokhu ewasula ngamathawula kaPullman. Uma esanda kuphuma ekhaya, angase abe nobhasikidi wenkukhu ethosiwe nezithelo emthwalweni wakhe; konke ngothando esongwe ngephepha le-wax unina, ohlala nomyeni wakhe, uyise kaYehudi, naye eduze kwaseLos Gatos. U-Menuhin akazithandi izimoto zokudlela futhi lapho isitimela sima isikhathi esithe xaxa noma esincane kunoma yiliphi idolobha, uyahamba ayofuna izindawo zokudla zokudla, lapho edla khona izaqathi nesilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi ngobuningi. Uma kukhona noma yini emhlabeni ethakazelisa uMenuhin ngaphezu kokudlala i-violin nemibono ephakeme, khona-ke lena imibuzo yokudla okunomsoco: eqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi impilo kufanele iphathwe njengento ephilayo, uyakwazi ukuxhuma lezi zakhi ezintathu ndawonye engqondweni yakhe. .

Ekupheleni kokulingiswa, u-Winthrop ugxile ekusizeni abampofu ka-Menuhin. Eveza ukuthi imali ayitholayo ngamakhonsathi idlula u-$100 ngonyaka, ubhala ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yale mali uyisabalalisa, futhi lokhu kungaphezu kwamakhonsathi okusiza umphakathi eRed Cross, amaJuda akwa-Israyeli, ezisulu zamakamu okuhlushwa aseJalimane, ukusiza. umsebenzi wokwakha kabusha eNgilandi, eFrance, eBelgium naseHolland.

“Imali etholakala ekhonsathini ujwayele ukuyidlulisela esikhwameni sempesheni ye-orchestra acula nayo. Ukuzimisela kwakhe ukukhonza ngobuciko bakhe cishe nganoma iyiphi injongo yokupha kwamenza wabonga abantu ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba - kanye nebhokisi eligcwele lama-oda, kuze kufike futhi kuhlanganise neLegion of Honor kanye nesiphambano saseLorraine.

Isithombe sika-Menuhin somuntu nesokudala sicacile. Angabizwa ngomunye wabantu abakhulu kunabo bonke phakathi kwabaculi bomhlaba wonxiwankulu. Le humanism inquma ukubaluleka kwayo okuyingqayizivele esikweni lomculo lomhlaba lekhulu lethu leminyaka.

L. Raaben, 1967