Olivier Messiaen (Olivier Messiaen) |

Olivier Messiaen

… isakramente, Imisebe yokukhanya ebusuku Ukubonakaliswa kwenjabulo Izinyoni Zokuthula... O. Messiaen

Umqambi ongumFulentshi u-O. Messiaen ngokufanelekile uthatha enye yezindawo ezihlonishwayo emlandweni wesiko lomculo wekhulu le-11. Wazalelwa emndenini ohlakaniphile. Uyise uyisazi sezilimi saseFlemish, kanti umama wakhe uyimbongi edumile yaseNingizimu French uCecile Sauvage. Lapho eneminyaka engu-1930, uMessiaen walishiya idolobha lakubo waya kofunda eParis Conservatory - edlala i-organ (M. Dupre), ehlanganisa (P. Dukas), umlando womculo (M. Emmanuel). Ngemva kokuphothula e-Conservatory (1936), u-Mesiaen wathatha indawo yomculi weSonto LaseParis likaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele. Ngo 39-1942. wafundisa e-Ecole Normale de Musique, kwase kuthi eSchola cantorum, kusukela ngo-1966 ubefundisa eParis Conservatory (ukuvumelana, ukuhlaziywa komculo, ubuhle bomculo, ingqondo yomculo, kusukela ngo-1936 uprofesa wokuqamba). Ngo-1940, u-Messiaen, kanye no-I. Baudrier, A. Jolivet kanye no-D. Lesure, bakha iqembu le-Young France, elalwela ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko esizwe, ukuze uthole imizwa eqondile kanye nomculo ogcwele inkanuko. "I-France Encane" inqabile izindlela ze-neoclassicism, i-dodecaphony, ne-folklorism. Ngokugqashuka kwempi, uMessiaen waya phambili njengesosha, ngo-41-1941. wayesekamu le-POW laseJalimane eSilesia; lapho i-“Quartet for the End of Time” yaqanjwa i-violin, i-cello, i-clarinet nepiyano (XNUMX) futhi ukusebenza kwayo kokuqala kwenzeka lapho.

Enkathini yangemva kwempi, u-Mesiaen uzuza ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengomqambi, edlala njenge-ogani nanjengomdlali wopiyano (ngokuvamile ekanye nomshayi wopiyano u-Yvonne Loriot, umfundi wakhe kanye nomlingani wakhe wokuphila), ubhala imisebenzi eminingi ngethiyori yomculo. Phakathi kwabafundi bakaMesiaen kukhona uP. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, J. Xenakis.

I-aesthetics kaMesiaen ithuthukisa isimiso esiyisisekelo seqembu elithi "I-Young France", eyayibiza ukubuyiselwa emculweni ngokushesha kokuveza imizwa. Phakathi kwemithombo yesitayela yomsebenzi wakhe, umqambi ngokwakhe ubiza amagama, ngaphezu kwamakhosi aseFrance (C. Debussy), ingoma kaGregory, izingoma zesiRashiya, umculo wesiko lasempumalanga (ikakhulukazi, eNdiya), ingoma yezinyoni. Izingoma zikaMesiya zigcwele ukukhanya, ukubenyezela okungaqondakali, zicwazimula ngokukhazimula kwemibala egqamile yomsindo, umehluko wengoma elula kodwa ecolisisiwe eculweni lezwi kanye nokugqama okukhazimulayo “kwendawo yonke,” ukuqhuma kwamandla ashisayo, amazwi azolile ezinyoni, ngisho namakwaya ezinyoni. kanye nokuthula okujabulisayo komphefumulo. Ezweni likaMesiya ayikho indawo ye-prosaism yansuku zonke, ukungezwani kanye nezingxabano zamadrama abantu; ngisho nezithombe ezinokhahlo, ezesabekayo zezimpi ezinkulu kakhulu ezake zathathwa emculweni we-End Time Quartet. Enqaba uhlangothi oluphansi, lwansuku zonke lweqiniso, u-Mesiaen ufuna ukuqinisekisa izindinganiso zendabuko zobuhle nokuvumelana, isiko elingokomoya eliphakeme eliphikisana nakho, hhayi "ngokuzibuyisela" ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesitayela, kodwa ngokukhululekile esebenzisa iphimbo lesimanje futhi elifanele. izindlela zolimi lomculo. U-Mesiaen ucabanga ngezithombe "zaphakade" ze-Orthodoxy yamaKatolika kanye ne-cosmologism enombala we-pantheistically. Ephikisana nenjongo engaqondakali yomculo njengokuthi “isenzo sokholo”, uMessiaen unikeza izingoma zakhe iziqu zezenkolo: “Umbono ka-Amen” wamapiyano amabili (1943), “Izinkonzo Ezincane Ezintathu Ebukhoneni Baphezulu” (1944), “Imibono Engamashumi amabili yoMntwana UJesu” yopiyano (1944), “IMisa NgePhentekoste” (1950), oratorio “Ukuguqulwa Isimo SeNkosi Yethu UJesu Kristu” (1969), “Itiye Lokuvuswa Kwabafileyo” (1964, ngonyaka wama-20 ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II). Ngisho nezinyoni ngokucula kwazo - iphimbo lendalo - zihunyushwa nguMesiya ngendlela engaqondakali, "ziyizinceku zezinhlaka ezingezona ezibonakalayo"; injalo incazelo yeculo lezinyoni engomeni ethi “Ukuvuka Kwezinyoni” yopiyano ne-orchestra (1953); "Izinyoni Ezingavamile" zopiyano, i-percussion kanye ne-orchestra yegumbi (1956); "I-Catalogue of Birds" yopiyano (1956-58), "I-Blackbird" yomtshingo nepiyano (1951). Isitayela “senyoni” esinesigqi esiyinkimbinkimbi siyatholakala nakwezinye izingoma.

UMesiya futhi uvame ukuba nezakhi zophawu lwezinombolo. Ngakho-ke, "uZiqu-zintathu" ungena "Izinkonzo Ezintathu Ezincane" - izingxenye ezi-3 zomjikelezo, ingxenye ngayinye emithathu, izingxenye ezintathu ze-timbre-instrumental izikhathi ezintathu, ikhwaya yabesifazane i-unison ngezinye izikhathi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezi-3.

Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lomfanekiso kaMesiya womculo, isimilo sesiFulentshi somculo wakhe, inkulumo evame “ebukhali, eshisayo,” ukubala kobuchwepheshe okusangulukile komqambi wesimanje osungula uhlaka lomculo oluzimele lomsebenzi wakhe - konke lokhu kungena ekuphikiseni okuthile. nge-orthodoxy yezihloko zezingoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihloko zenkolo zitholakala kuphela kweminye yemisebenzi kaMesiya (yena ngokwakhe uzithola kuye ukushintshana komculo “ohlanzekile, wezwe nowenkolo”). Ezinye izici zomhlaba wakhe ongokomfanekiso zithathwe engomeni efana ne-symphony ethi “Turangalila” yopiyano namagagasi kaMartenot ne-orchestra (“Ingoma Yothando, Ihubo Lenjabulo Yesikhathi, Ukunyakaza, Isigqi, Ukuphila Nokufa”, 1946-48 ); "Chronochromia" for orchestra (1960); "From the Gorge to the Stars" yepiyano, uphondo kanye ne-orchestra (1974); "I-Haiku Eyisikhombisa" yepiyano ne-orchestra (1962); I-Four Rhythmic Etudes (1949) kanye Nezandulela Eziyisishiyagalombili (1929) zepiyano; Itimu nokuhlukahluka kwe-Violin nePiano (1932); umjikelezo wezwi elithi “Yaravi” (1945, ngomlando wasePeruvia, i-yaravi ingoma yothando ephela kuphela ngokufa kwezithandwa); "Umkhosi Wamanzi Amahle" (1937) kanye "ne-monodies emibili kuma-quartertones" (1938) yamagagasi e-Martenot; "Amakhwaya amabili ngoJoan of Arc" (1941); I-Kanteyojaya, isifundo esinesigqi sepiyano (1948); “Timbres-duration” (umculo okhonjiwe, 1952), i-opera ethi “Saint Francis of Assisi” (1984).

Njengomcabango womculo, u-Mesiaen wayethembele ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wakhe, kodwa futhi nasemsebenzini wabanye abaqambi (kuhlanganise namaRussia, ikakhulukazi, u-I. Stravinsky), ngengoma kaGregorian, umlando waseRussia, kanye nemibono ye-theorist yamaNdiya Ikhulu le-1944. Sharngadevs. Encwadini ethi "The Technique of My Musical Language" (XNUMX), uchaze inkolelo-mbono yezindlela zemodal zokuguqulwa okulinganiselwe kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwesigqi, olubalulekile emculweni wesimanje. Umculo kaMesiaen wenza kokubili ukuxhumana kwezikhathi (kuze kufike eNkathini Ephakathi) kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamasiko aseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga.

Y. Kholopov

Ukwakhiwa:

okwekhwaya - Izinkonzo ezintathu ezincane zobukhona bukaNkulunkulu (i-Trois petites liturgy de la presence divine, yekwaya ye-female unison, upiyano oyedwa, amagagasi kaMartenot, izintambo, i-orc., ne-percussion, 1944), ama-reshans amahlanu (Cinq rechants, 1949), Trinity IMisa Losuku (La Messe de la Pentecote, 1950), oratorio The Transfiguration of Our Lord (La transfiguration du Notre Seigneur, for choir, orchestra and solo instruments, 1969); ye-orchestra – Iminikelo ekhohliwe (Les offrandes oubliees, 1930), Anthem (1932), Ascension (L'Ascension, 4 symphonic plays, 1934), Chronochromia (1960); yezinsimbi zomculo ne-orchestra - Turangalila Symphony (fp., Waves of Martenot, 1948), Awakening of the Birds (La reveil des oiseaux, fp., 1953), Izinyoni Ezingavamile (Les oiseaux exotiques, fp., Percussion and chamber orchestra, 1956), Seven Haiku ( Sept Hap-kap, fp., 1963); eyebhendi yethusi nokushaywayo – nginetiye lokuvuswa kwabafileyo (Et expecto recoveryem mortuorum, 1965, ethunywe uhulumeni waseFrance ngesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-20 yokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II); ama-ensembles wezinsimbi zegumbi - Itimu enokuhlukahluka (ye-skr. kanye ne-fp., 1932), I-Quartet yokuphela kwesikhathi (Quatuor pour la fin du temps, ye-skr., clarinet, vlch., fp., 1941), Blackbird (Le merle noir, ngomtshingo i fp., 1950); okwepiyano – umjikelezo wemibono engamashumi amabili ngomntwana onguJesu (Vingt ihlonipha u-surl'enfant Jesus, 19444), izifundo ezinesigqi (Quatre etudes de rythme, 1949-50), Ikhathalogi yezinyoni (Catalogue d'oiseaux, 7 notebook, 1956-59) ); ngamapiyano ama-2 – Imibono ka-Amen (Visions de l'Amen, 1943); okwesitho - ISidlo SaseZulwini (Le banquet celeste, 1928), ama-organ suites, kuhl. Usuku lukaKhisimusi (La nativite du Seigneur, 1935), I-Organ Album (Livre d'Orgue, 1951); okwezwi nopiyano - Izingoma zomhlaba nesibhakabhaka (Chants de terre et de ciel, 1938), Haravi (1945), njll.

Izincwadi kanye nemibhalo: izifundo ezingu-20 ku-solfeges yesimanje, P., 1933; Izifundo Ezingamashumi amabili EHarmony, P., 1939; Isu lolimi lwami lomculo, c. 1-2, P., 1944; Treatise on Rhythm, v. 1-2, P., 1948.

Imisebenzi yemibhalo: Brussels Conference, P., 1960.