Giuseppe Tartini (Giuseppe Tartini) |

UGiuseppe Tartini

I-Tartini. Sonata g-moll, “Devil’s Trills” →

UGiuseppe Tartini ungomunye wabakhanyisela besikole se-violin sase-Italy sekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ubuciko baso bugcine ukubaluleka kobuciko kuze kube yinamuhla. D. Oistrakh

Umqambi ovelele wase-Italy, uthisha, i-virtuoso violinist kanye ne-theorist yomculo u-G. Tartini uthathe enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kusiko lwe-violin yase-Italy engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Amasiko avela ku-A. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, F. Veracini nabanye abanduleli abakhulu nabaphila ngesikhathi ahlanganiswe kwezobuciko bakhe.

U-Tartini wazalelwa emndenini wesigaba esihloniphekile. Abazali babehlose indodana yabo ukuba ibe umfundisi. Ngakho-ke, waqala ukufunda esikoleni sesifunda sasePirano, wabe eseba eCapo d'Istria. Lapho uTartini waqala ukudlala ivayolini.

Impilo yomculi ihlukaniswe izikhathi ezi-2 eziphambene kakhulu. Umoya, ongenamoya ngokwemvelo, ufuna izingozi - unjalo eminyakeni yakhe yobusha. Ukuthanda kukaTartini kwaphoqa abazali bakhe ukuthi bayeke umqondo wokuthumela indodana yabo endleleni engokomoya. Uya ePadua ukuyofundela ubumeli. Kodwa i-Tartini iphinde ikhethe uthango kubo, iphupha ngomsebenzi wenkosi yokubiya. Ngokuhambisana nothango, uyaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya emculweni ngamabomu.

Umshado oyimfihlo nomfundi wakhe, umshana womfundisi omkhulu, washintsha ngokuphawulekayo zonke izinhlelo zikaTartini. Umshado wavusa intukuthelo yezihlobo zobukhosi zomkakhe, uTartini washushiswa uKhadinali Cornaro futhi waphoqeleka ukuba acashe. Isiphephelo sakhe kwakuyisigodlo sezindela saseMinorite e-Assisi.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaqala inkathi yesibili yokuphila kukaTartini. Isigodlo asigcinanga nje ngokuvikela i-rake encane futhi saba indawo yakhe phakathi neminyaka yokudingiswa. Kulapha lapho ukuzalwa kabusha kukaTartini kokuziphatha nangokomoya kwenzeka, futhi lapha kwaqala ukuthuthukiswa kwakhe kweqiniso njengomqambi. Esigodlweni sezindela, wafunda ithiyori yomculo nokubunjwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa komqambi nomqambi waseCzech uB. Chernogorsky; wafunda i-violin ngokuzimela, wafinyelela ekupheleleni kweqiniso ekwazini ithuluzi, okwathi, ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, yaze yadlula umdlalo weCorelli odumile.

UTartini wahlala esigodlweni sezindela iminyaka emi-2, kwathi eminye iminyaka emi-2 wadlala endlini ye-opera e-Ancona. Lapho, umculi wahlangana Veracini, owaba nethonya elikhulu emsebenzini wakhe.

Ukudingiswa kukaTartini kwaphela ngo-1716. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, ngaphandle kwekhefu elifushane, wayehlala ePadua, ehola i-orchestra yesonto e-Basilica yase-St. Antonio futhi edlala njengomculi we-violin emadolobheni ahlukahlukene ase-Italy. . Ngo-1723, uTartini wathola isimemo sokuvakashela ePrague ukuze abambe iqhaza emikhosini yomculo ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa kukaCharles VI. Lokhu kuvakasha, nokho, kwahlala kwaze kwaba ngu-1726: U-Tartini wamukela isicelo sokuthatha isikhundla somculi wekamelo e-Prague chapel ka-Count F. Kinsky.

Ebuyela ePadua (1727), umqambi wahlela isikole somculo lapho, enikela ngamandla akhe amaningi ekufundiseni. Abantu besikhathi sakhe babembiza ngokuthi “umfundisi wezizwe.” Phakathi kwabafundi baseTartini kukhona abadlali be-violin abavelele bekhulu lesi-XNUMX njengoP. Nardini, G. Pugnani, D. Ferrari, I. Naumann, P. Lausse, F. Rust nabanye.

Igalelo lomculi ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kobuciko bokudlala i-violin likhulu. Washintsha umnsalo, wawenza ubude. Ikhono lokuqhuba umnsalo kaTartini ngokwakhe, ukucula kwakhe okungavamile ku-violin kwaqala ukubhekwa njengesibonelo. Umqambi udale inani elikhulu lemisebenzi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-sonata amaningi amathathu, amakhonsathi angaba ngu-125, ama-sonata angu-175 e-violin ne-cembalo. Kwakusemisebenzini kaTartini lapho laba bamuva bethola khona olunye uhlobo nokuthuthukiswa kwesitayela.

Isithombe esicacile sokucabanga komculo womqambi sazibonakalisa esifisweni sokunikeza imibhalo engezansi ewuhlelo emisebenzini yakhe. I-sonatas ethi “Abandoned Dido” nethi “The Devil’s Trill” yazuza udumo oluthile. Umgxeki wokugcina womculo waseRussia ophawulekayo u-V. Odoevsky wacabangela ukuqala kwenkathi entsha kubuciko be-violin. Kanye nale misebenzi, umjikelezo oyisikhumbuzo othi "Ubuciko Bomnsalo" ubaluleke kakhulu. Ihlanganisa ukuhlukahluka okungu-50 endikimbeni ye-gavotte ye-Corelli, iwuhlobo lwesethi yamasu angagcini nje ngokubaluleka kwe-pedagogical, kodwa futhi nenani eliphezulu lobuciko. U-Tartini wayengomunye wabacabangi bomculo ababefuna ukwazi ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, imibono yakhe yethiyori ayizange izwakale kuphela ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene zomculo, kodwa futhi nasekubhaleni izincwadi nososayensi abakhulu bomculo bangaleso sikhathi, okuyimibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu yenkathi yakhe.

I. Vetlitsyna

U-Tartini ungumdlali we-violinist ovelele, uthisha, isazi kanye nomqambi ojulile, wokuqala, wokuqala; lesi sibalo sisasekude nokubongwa ngobuhle baso nokubaluleka kwawo emlandweni womculo. Kungenzeka ukuthi "usazotholwa" ngesikhathi sethu futhi indalo yakhe, iningi layo eliqoqa uthuli ezincwadini zeminyuziyamu yase-Italy, izovuselelwa. Manje, abafundi kuphela abadlala ama-sonatas akhe angu-2-3, futhi ohlwini lwabadlali abakhulu, imisebenzi yakhe edumile - "Devil's Trills", i-sonatas ku-A minor kanye no-G minor ngezikhathi ezithile idlula. Amakhonsathi akhe amangalisayo awaziwa, amanye awo angathatha indawo yawo efanele eduze kwamakhonsathi kaVivaldi noBach.

Ngosiko lwevayolini yase-Italy engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, uTartini wathatha indawo emaphakathi, njengokungathi uhlanganisa amathrendi esitayela esikhathi sakhe ekusebenzeni nasekuqambeni. Ubuciko bakhe buthathelwe, buhlanganiswe nesitayela se-monolithic, amasiko avela ku-Corelli, Vivaldi, Locatelli, Veracini, Geminiani kanye nabanye abanduleli abakhulu nabaphila ngesikhathi. Ihlaba umxhwele ngokuguquguquka kwayo - isosha esithambile kunazo zonke ku-"Abandoned Dido" (lelo kwakuyigama lenye ye-violin sonatas), umoya oshisayo wamamelos ku-"Devil's Trills", ukusebenza kwekhonsathi okuhle kakhulu ku-A- dur fugue, usizi olubabazekayo ku-Adagio ehamba kancane, namanje egcina isimemezelo esidabukisayo isitayela samakhosi enkathi ye-baroque yomculo.

Kukhona uthando oluningi emculweni nasekubukeni kukaTartini: “Imvelo yakhe yobuciko. imizwelo namaphupho angenakuvinjelwa, ukujikijela nokuzabalaza, ukwehla nokwenyuka okusheshayo kwezimo ezingokomzwelo, ngegama, konke uTartini akwenza, kanye no-Antonio Vivaldi, omunye wabanduleli bokuqala bokuthandana emculweni wase-Italy, kwakuyisici. I-Tartini yayihlukaniswa ukukhangwa kwezinhlelo, okuyisici sabathandanayo, uthando olukhulu lukaPetrarch, umculi onezingoma zothando lweRenaissance. “Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi uTartini, odume kakhulu phakathi kwe-violin sonatas, usethole igama eliphelele lothando elithi “Devil’s Trills”.

Ukuphila kukaTartini kuhlukaniswe izikhathi ezimbili eziphikisana kakhulu. Eyokuqala iminyaka yobusha ngaphambi kokuzihlukanisa esigodlweni sezindela sase-Assisi, okwesibili impilo yonke. Umoya, odlalayo, oshisayo, ongenangqondo ngokwemvelo, ufuna izingozi, ezinamandla, ezinobuqili, ezinesibindi - unjalo enkathini yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe. Okwesibili, ngemva kokuhlala iminyaka emibili e-Assisi, lo ungumuntu omusha: ozibambile, ohoxisiwe, ngezinye izikhathi odangele, ehlala egxile kokuthile, oqaphelayo, othanda ukwazi, osebenza kanzima, osevele ethule ekuphileni kwakhe siqu, kodwa nakakhulu. ukucinga ngokungakhathali emkhakheni wezobuciko, lapho ukushaya kwemvelo yakhe eshisayo ngokwemvelo kuqhubeka ukushaya.

UGiuseppe Tartini wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 12, 1692 ePirano, idolobhana elise-Istria, indawo esemngceleni weYugoslavia yanamuhla. AmaSlav amaningi ahlala e-Istria, “kwaqubuka ukuvukela kwabampofu - abalimi abancane, abadobi, izingcweti zezandla, ikakhulukazi abavela ezigabeni eziphansi zamaSlavic - ngokumelene nokucindezelwa kwamaNgisi namaNtaliyane. Izinkanuko zazivutha. Ukusondela kweVenice kwethule isiko lendawo emibonweni yeRenaissance, kwathi kamuva kuleyo nqubekelaphambili yobuciko, inqaba okwahlala iRiphabhulikhi emelene nobupapa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Asikho isizathu sokuhlukanisa i-Tartini phakathi kwamaSlav, noma kunjalo, ngokusho kwedatha ethile evela kubacwaningi bakwamanye amazwe, ezikhathini zasendulo isibongo sakhe sasinesiphetho saseYugoslavia kuphela - iTartich.

Ubaba kaGiuseppe - u-Giovanni Antonio, umthengisi, u-Florentine ngokuzalwa, wayengowe-"nobile", okungukuthi, isigaba "esihloniphekile". Umama - u-nee Catarina Giangrandi wase-Pirano, ngokusobala, wayevela endaweni efanayo. Abazali bakhe babehlose ukuthi indodana yakhe ibe nomsebenzi ongokomoya. Wayezoba indela yamaFrancisca esigodlweni sezindela saseMinorite, futhi waqale wafunda esikoleni sesifunda sasePirano, wabe eseba seCapo d'Istria, lapho umculo wawufundiswa khona ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa wafunda ngendlela ephansi kakhulu. Lapha uGiuseppe osemusha waqala ukudlala ivayolini. Wayengubani ngempela uthisha wakhe akwaziwa. Ngeke kube umculi omkhulu. Futhi kamuva, uTartini kwakungadingeki afunde kuthisha oqinile wevayolini. Ikhono lakhe lanqotshwa nguye yedwa. I-Tartini yayisemqondweni weqiniso wegama elithi ukuzifundisa (i-autodidact).

Ukuzicabangela, intshiseko yomfana kwaphoqa abazali ukuba balahle umqondo wokuqondisa uGiuseppe endleleni engokomoya. Kwanqunywa ukuthi aye ePadua ayofundela ubumeli. EPadua kwakuyiNyuvesi edumile, lapho uTartini angena khona ngo-1710.

Waphatha izifundo zakhe “nge-slipshod” futhi wakhetha ukuphila impilo enesivunguvungu, engenangqondo, egcwele zonke izinhlobo zezigemegeme. Uncamele ukubiya kunomthetho. Ukutholakala kwalobu buciko kwakunqunyelwe yonke insizwa yemvelaphi "ehloniphekile", kodwa iTartini yaba umsebenzi. Wabamba iqhaza kuma-duels amaningi futhi wazuza ikhono elinjalo lokubiyela kangangokuthi wayesephupha ngomsebenzi we-swordsman, lapho kungazelelwe isimo esisodwa sishintsha izinhlelo zakhe. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphezu kokubiyela, waqhubeka nokufunda umculo waze wanikeza izifundo zomculo, esebenza ngemali encane ayeyithunyelelwe abazali bakhe.

Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kwakukhona u-Elizabeth Premazzone, umshana ka-Archbishop wasePadua onamandla onke, uGiorgio Cornaro. Insizwa eshisekayo yathandana nomfundi wayo omncane bashada ngasese. Lapho umshado waziwa, awuzange ujabule izihlobo zobukhosi zomkakhe. UKhadinali Cornaro wayethukuthele kakhulu. Futhi uTartini washushiswa nguye.

Ezenze i-pilgrim ukuze angabonwa, uTartini wabaleka ePadua walibangisa eRoma. Nokho, ngemva kokuzulazula isikhathi esithile, wama esigodlweni sezindela samaMinor e-Assisi. I-monastery yayivikela i-rake encane, kodwa yashintsha kakhulu impilo yakhe. Isikhathi sasihamba ngokulandelana okulinganiselwe, okugcwele inkonzo yesonto noma umculo. Ngakho ngenxa yesimo esingahleliwe, uTartini waba umculi.

E-Assisi, ngenhlanhla yakhe, wayehlala uPadre Boemo, i-ogani edumile, umqambi wesonto kanye ne-theorist, umCzech ngobuzwe, ngaphambi kokuba athathwe njengendela, eyayinegama likaBohuslav waseMontenegro. EPadua wayengumqondisi wekwaya eCathedral yaseSant'Antonio. Kamuva, ePrague, u-K.-V. glitch. Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa komculi omangalisayo, uTartini waqala ukukhula ngokushesha, eqonda ubuciko be-counterpoint. Nokho, akazange abe nesithakazelo kusayensi yomculo kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-violin, futhi ngokushesha wakwazi ukudlala phakathi nezinkonzo ephelezelwa uPadre Boemo. Kungenzeka ukuthi nguyena lo thisha owakhulisa eTartini isifiso sokucwaninga endimeni yomculo.

Ukuhlala isikhathi eside esigodlweni sezindela kushiye uphawu kumlingiswa weTartini. Waba inkolo, wathambekela enkolelweni eyimfihlakalo. Nokho, imibono yakhe ayizange iwuphazamise umsebenzi wakhe; Imisebenzi kaTartini ifakazela ukuthi ngaphakathi wahlala engumuntu wezwe oshisekayo, ozenzakalela.

UTartini wayehlala e-Assisi iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili. Waphindela ePadua ngenxa yesimo esingahleliwe, u-A. Giller akhuluma ngaso: “Lapho eke wadlala ivayolini ekwayeni ngesikhathi seholide, umoya onamandla waphakamisa ikhethini phambi kweqembu lomculo wezinsimbi. ukuze abantu ababesebandleni bambone. Omunye uPadua, owayephakathi kwezivakashi, wambona futhi, ebuyela ekhaya, wakhaphela ukuthi iTartini yayikuphi. Lezi zindaba zafundwa ngokushesha ngumkakhe, kanye nokhadinali. Ulaka lwabo lwadamba ngalesi sikhathi.

U-Tartini wabuyela ePadua futhi ngokushesha waziwa njengomculi onekhono. Ngo-1716, wamenywa ukuba ahlanganyele e-Academy of Music, umgubho onesizotha eVenice esigodlweni sikaDonna Pisano Mocenigo wokuhlonipha iNkosana yaseSaxony. Ngaphandle kweTartini, bekulindelwe ukusebenza kwe-violinist edumile uFrancesco Veracini.

UVeracini wajabulela udumo emhlabeni wonke. AmaNtaliyane abiza indlela yakhe yokudlala ngokuthi “entsha ngokuphelele” ngenxa yobuqili bokucatshangelwa kwemizwa. Bekukusha ngempela uma kuqhathaniswa nesitayela sokudlala esibabazekayo esasikhona ngesikhathi sikaCorelli. U-Veracini wayengumanduleli wokuzwela "preromantic". U-Tartini kwadingeka abhekane nomphikisi oyingozi kangaka.

Ezwa ukudlala kukaVeracini, uTartini washaqeka. Enqaba ukukhuluma, wathumela umkakhe kumfowabo ePirano, futhi yena ngokwakhe wayishiya iVenice wayohlala endlini yezindela e-Ancona. Eseceleni, kude nesiphithiphithi nezilingo, wanquma ukuzuza ukuphumelela kweVeracini ngezifundo ezijulile. Wahlala e-Ancona iminyaka emi-4. Kulapha lapho kwakhiwa khona umshayi-vayolini ojulile, okhaliphile, amaNtaliyane ambiza ngokuthi “II maestro del la Nazioni” (“World Maestro”), egcizelela ukungenakuqhathaniswa kwakhe. U-Tartini wabuyela ePadua ngo-1721.

Impilo eyalandela kaTartini wayichitha ikakhulukazi ePadua, lapho ayesebenza khona njengomculi we-violin eyedwa futhi ehambisana nesonto lethempeli laseSant'Antonio. Leli sonto lalinabaculi abangu-16 nabadlali bezinsimbi abangu-24 futhi lalibhekwa njengelinye lahamba phambili e-Italy.

Kukanye kuphela lapho uTartini achitha khona iminyaka emithathu ngaphandle kwasePadua. Ngo-1723 wamenywa ePrague ekugcotshweni kukaCharles VI. Lapho, wezwakala umthandi womculo omkhulu, u-philanthropist u-Count Kinsky, futhi wamncenga ukuba ahlale enkonzweni yakhe. U-Tartini wasebenza endlini yesonto yaseKinsky kwaze kwaba ngu-1726, ngakho ukukhumbula ikhaya kwamphoqa ukuba abuyele. Akazange aphinde amshiye ePadua, nakuba ayelokhu ebizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe endaweni yakhe abathandi bomculo abaseqophelweni eliphezulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Count Middleton wayemnikeza u-£3000 ngonyaka, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyisamba esihle kakhulu, kodwa uTartini wayewenqaba njalo zonke lezi zinhlinzeko.

Ngemva kokuzinza ePadua, uTartini wavula lapha ngo-1728 iSikole Esiphakeme Sokudlala I-Violin. Abadlali be-violin abavelele baseFrance, eNgilandi, eJalimane, e-Italy bathutheleka kuyo, bemagange ukufunda ne-maestro ebabazekayo. UNardini, uPasqualino Vini, u-Albergi, uDomenico Ferrari, uCarminati, umshayi wevayolini odumile uSirmen Lombardini, amaFulentshi uPazhen noLagusset nabanye abaningi bafunda naye.

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, uTartini wayengumuntu onesizotha kakhulu. UDe Brosse uyabhala: “UTartini unesizotha, uyathandeka, akakhukhumele futhi akafuni; ukhuluma njengengelosi futhi ngaphandle kokubandlulula ngokufaneleka komculo wesiFulentshi nesiNtaliyane. Ngijabule kakhulu ngokulingisa kwakhe kanye nengxoxo yakhe.”

Incwadi yakhe (ngomhla zingama-31 kuNdasa, 1731) ayibhalela umculi ongusosayensi odumile uPadre Martini isigciniwe, lapho kucaca khona ukuthi wayebaluleke kangakanani ekuhlolweni kombhalo wakhe ngephimbo elihlangene, uma uyibheka njengehaba. Le ncwadi ifakazela isizotha esidlulele sikaTartini: “Angivumi ukwethulwa phambi kososayensi nabantu abahlakaniphe ngokwedlulele njengomuntu onobuzenzisi, ogcwele izinto ezitholakele kanye nentuthuko endleleni yomculo wesimanje. UNkulunkulu ngisindise kulokhu, ngizama kuphela ukufunda kwabanye!

“UTartini wayenomusa kakhulu, esiza kakhulu abampofu, esebenza mahhala nezingane ezineziphiwo zabampofu. Empilweni yomndeni, wayengajabule kakhulu, ngenxa yesimilo esibi esingabekezeleleki somkakhe. Ababazi umndeni wakwaTartini bathi unguXanthippe wangempela, futhi wayenomusa njengoSocrates. Lezi zimo zokuphila komndeni zaba nomthelela nakakhulu ekutheni wangena ngokuphelele kwezobuciko. Kuze kube yilapho esemdala kakhulu, wadlala eBasilica yaseSant'Antonio. Bathi i-maestro, kakade isikhulile kakhulu, yayihamba njalo ngeSonto esontweni lasePadua ukuze idlale i-Adagio evela ku-sonata yakhe ethi "The Emperor".

U-Tartini waphila iminyaka engu-78 futhi wabulawa yi-scurbut noma umdlavuza ngo-1770 ezandleni zomfundi wakhe amthandayo, uPietro Nardini.

Izibuyekezo eziningana ziye zagcinwa mayelana umdlalo Tartini, ngaphezu kwalokho, equkethe ezinye ukuphikisana. Ngo-1723 wezwakala endlini yesonto lika-Count Kinsky ngumshayi wemitshingo odumile waseJalimane uQuantz. Nakhu akubhala: “Ngesikhathi ngihlala ePrague, ngezwa nomshayi wevayolini ongumNtaliyane odumile uTartini, owayesenkonzweni lapho. Ngempela wayengomunye wabadlali be-violin abakhulu kakhulu. Wakhipha umsindo omnandi kakhulu ensimbini yakhe. iminwe yakhe nomnsalo wakhe kwakungaphansi kwakhe ngokufanayo. Wenza ubunzima obukhulu ngokuzikhandla. I-trill, ngisho ne-double eyodwa, wayeshaya ngayo yonke iminwe ngokulinganayo futhi edlala ngokuzimisela ezindaweni eziphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukudlala kwakhe kwakungathinteki futhi ukunambitheka kwakhe kwakungekuhle futhi kuvame ukungqubuzana nendlela enhle yokucula.

Lokhu kubuyekezwa kungachazwa yiqiniso lokuthi ngemva kokuba u-Ancona Tartini, ngokusobala, esenesihe sezinkinga zobuchwepheshe, wasebenza isikhathi eside ukuze athuthukise imishini yakhe yokusebenza.

Kunoma yikuphi, okunye ukubuyekezwa kusho okuhlukile. UGrosley, isibonelo, wabhala ukuthi umdlalo kaTartini wawungenakho ukukhalipha, wayengakwazi ukubekezelela. Lapho abadlali be-violin baseNtaliyane befika bezombonisa indlela yabo yobuciko, walalela ngokubandayo futhi wathi: “Ikhazimulayo, iyaphila, inamandla kakhulu, kodwa,” enezela, ephakamisela isandla sakhe enhliziyweni yakhe, “ayizange ingitshele lutho.”

Umbono ophakeme kakhulu ngokudlala kukaTartini wavezwa uViotti, futhi ababhali be-violin Methodology of the Paris Conservatory (1802) uBayot, uRode, uKreutzer waphawula ukuvumelana, ububele, nomusa phakathi kwezimfanelo ezihlukile zokudlala kwakhe.

Kumagugu okudala eTartini, ingxenye encane kuphela eyathola udumo. Ngokusho kude nedatha ephelele, wabhala amakhonsathi e-violin angu-140 ahambisana ne-quartet noma i-string quintet, i-concerto grosso engu-20, i-sonatas engu-150, i-trios engu-50; Kushicilelwe ama-sonatas angama-60, izingoma ezingaba ngu-200 zihlala ezinqolobaneni zesonto lika-St. Antonio ePadua.

Phakathi kwe-sonatas kukhona abadumile "Devil's Trills". Kunensumansumane emayelana naye, okuthiwa wayixoxelwa nguTartini uqobo. “Ngobunye ubusuku (kwakungu-1713) ngaphupha ngithengisa umphefumulo wami kudeveli nokuthi wayesenkonzweni yami. Konke kwenziwa ngokunxusa kwami ​​- inceku yami entsha yayilindele zonke izifiso zami. Ngake ngafikelwa umcabango wokuthi ngimnike ivayolini yami ngibone ukuthi angayidlala yini into emnandi. Kodwa ngamangala yini lapho ngizwa i-sonata engavamile futhi ekhangayo futhi idlala kahle kakhulu nangekhono kangangokuthi ngisho nomcabango onesibindi kakhulu wawungakwazi ukucabanga into efana nayo. Ngangithatheke kakhulu, ngijabule futhi ngithathekile kwaze kwangikhipha umoya. Ngavuka kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kakhulu futhi ngabamba ivayolini ukuze ngigcine okungenani eminye yemisindo engiyizwile, kodwa kwaba yize. I-sonata engayiqamba, ngayibiza ngokuthi “i-Devil’s Sonata”, iwumsebenzi wami omuhle kakhulu, kodwa umehluko kulowo owangilethela injabulo mukhulu kangangokuthi uma ngingakwazi ukuzincisha injabulo enginikezwa yi-violin, Ngokushesha ngabe ngiphule insimbi yami futhi ngiwushiye unomphela umculo.

Ngingathanda ukukholelwa kule nganekwane, uma kungenjalo ngosuku - 1713 (!). Ukubhala indaba evuthiwe e-Ancona, eneminyaka engu-21?! Kusafanele kucatshangwe ukuthi idethi ididekile, noma yonke indaba ingeyenombolo yama-anecdotes. I-autograph ye-sonata ilahlekile. Yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo-1793 nguJean-Baptiste Cartier eqoqweni elithi The Art of the Violin, nesifinyezo senganekwane kanye nenothi elivela kumshicileli: “Lesi siqeshana asivamile kakhulu, ngikweleta uBayo. Ukutuswa kwakamuva ngendalo emihle ye-Tartini kwamqinisekisa ukuthi anginike lesi sonata.

Ngokwesitayela, izingoma zikaTartini, njengokungathi, ziyisixhumanisi phakathi kwezinhlobo zomculo zangaphambi kwe-classical (noma kunalokho "zangaphambi kwe-classical") kanye nezakudala. Waphila esikhathini sezinguquko, ekuhlanganeni kwezinkathi ezimbili, futhi wabonakala evala ukuvela kobuciko bevayolini base-Italy obandulela inkathi ye-classicism. Ezinye zezingoma zakhe zinemibhalo engezansi yohlelo, futhi ukungabi khona kwama-autograph kwethula inani elifanelekile lokudideka encazelweni yawo. Ngakho, uMoser ukholelwa ukuthi "I-Dido Elahliwe" i-sonata Op. I-1 No. 10, lapho u-Zellner, umhleli wokuqala, ehlanganisa u-Largo ovela ku-sonata ku-E minor (Op. 1 No. 5), eyidlulisela ku-G encane. Umcwaningi ongumFulentshi uCharles Bouvet uthi uTartini ngokwakhe, efuna ukugcizelela ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-sonatas ku-E encane, ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Dido Elahliwe", no-G omkhulu, wanikeza igama elithi "Inconsolable Dido", ebeka i-Largo efanayo kokubili.

Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-50, ukuhlukahluka okungu-XNUMX endikimbeni kaCorelli, ebizwa uTartini "Ubuciko Bomnsalo", bekudume kakhulu. Lo msebenzi wawunenjongo eyinhloko yokufundisa, nakuba kuhlelo lukaFritz Kreisler, okhiphe ukuhlukahluka okuningana, baba ikhonsathi.

U-Tartini wabhala izincwadi eziningana zethiyori. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-Treatise on Jewelry, lapho azama khona ukuqonda ukubaluleka kobuciko besici se-melismas sobuciko bakhe besikhathi samanje; "Phatha Ngomculo", equkethe ucwaningo emkhakheni wokuzwakala kwevayolini. Wanikela iminyaka yakhe yokugcina emsebenzini onevolumu eyisithupha wokutadisha uhlobo lomsindo womculo. Umsebenzi washiyelwa uprofesa wasePadua uColombo ukuze ahlelwe futhi ashicilelwe, kodwa wanyamalala. Kuze kube manje, ayikatholakali ndawo.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokufundisa yaseTartini, idokhumenti eyodwa ibaluleke kakhulu - incwadi-isifundo kumfundi wakhe wangaphambili uMagdalena Sirmen-Lombardini, lapho enikeza khona iziyalezo eziningi ezibalulekile zendlela yokusebenza kwe-violin.

U-Tartini wethule ukuthuthukiswa okuthile ekuklanyweni komnsalo we-violin. Indlalifa yangempela yamasiko obuciko be-violin yase-Italy, wanamathisela ukubaluleka okukhethekile ku-cantilena - "ukucula" ku-violin. Kungenxa yesifiso sokucebisa i-cantilena ukuthi ukunwetshwa kukaTartini komnsalo kuxhunyiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuze kube lula ukubamba, wenza ama-longitudinal grooves emhlabeni (okuthiwa "i-fluting"). Kamuva, ukushaywa umtshingo kwathathelwa indawo ukuvunguza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isitayela "esinesibindi" esakhula ngesikhathi sikaTartini sasidinga ukuthuthukiswa kwemivimbo emincane, elula yomlingiswa onomusa, womdanso. Ngokusebenza kwabo, u-Tartini uncome umnsalo ofushanisiwe.

Umculi-umculi, umcabango onolwazi, uthisha omkhulu - umdali wesikole se-violinists esasakaza udumo lwakhe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu ngaleso sikhathi - kwakunguTartini. Ubunjalo bemvelo yakhe ngokuzenzakalelayo bukhumbuza ngezibalo zeRenaissance, lapho ayeyindlalifa yeqiniso.

L. Raaben, 1967