Isaac Stern |

Isaac Stern

UStern ungumculi-umculi ovelele. I-violin kuye iyindlela yokuxhumana nabantu. Ukutholakala okuphelele kwazo zonke izinsiza zethuluzi kuyithuba elijabulisayo lokudlulisa imibono ecashile engokwengqondo, imicabango, imizwa nemizwa - yonke into impilo yomuntu engokomoya enothile ngayo.

U-Isaac Stern wazalwa ngoJulayi 21, 1920 e-Ukraine, edolobheni laseKremenets-on-Volyn. Esewusana, wagcina esenabazali bakhe e-United States. “Ngangineminyaka engaba ngu-XNUMX lapho umfana wakwamakhelwane, umngane wami, eseqalile ukudlala ivayolini. Kwangikhuthaza nami. Manje lo muntu usebenza ohlelweni lomshwalense, futhi mina ngingumdlali wevayolini, ”kukhumbula uStern.

U-Isaac waqala wafunda ukudlala upiyano ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukanina, wabe esefunda ivayolini eSan Francisco Conservatory ekilasini likathisha odumile uN. Blinder. Le nsizwa yakhula ngokujwayelekile, kancane kancane, ayizange ifane nengane ehlakaniphile, nakuba yaqala ukudlala ne-orchestra ineminyaka engu-11, idlala ikhonsathi ye-Bach kabili nothisha wayo.

Kamuva, waphendula umbuzo wokuthi yiziphi izici ezibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe kokudala:

“Okokuqala ngibeke uthisha wami uNaum Blinder. Akazange angitshele ukuthi kufanele ngidlale kanjani, wangitshela kuphela ukuthi ngingadlali kanjani, ngakho-ke wangiphoqa ukuthi ngibheke ngokuzimela izindlela ezifanele zokukhuluma kanye namasu. Yiqiniso, abanye abaningi babekholelwa kimi futhi bangisekela. Nganikeza ikhonsathi yami yokuqala ezimele ngineminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu e-San Francisco futhi ngingafani neze nengane ehlakaniphile. Bekukuhle. Ngidlale i-Ernst Concerto - enzima ngendlela emangalisayo, ngakho-ke angikaze ngiyidlale kusukela lapho.

E-San Francisco, uStern kwakukhulunywa ngaye njengenkanyezi entsha ekhulayo emkhathini we-violin. Udumo edolobheni lwamvulela indlela yokuya eNew York, futhi ngo-October 11, 1937, uStern waqala ukubonakala ehholo laseTown Hall. Nokho, le khonsathi ayizange ibe mnandi.

“I-New York yami yokuqala ngo-1937 yayingemnandi, icishe ibe yinhlekelele. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngidlale kahle, kodwa abagxeki bebengenabungane. Ngamafuphi, ngagxumela ebhasini eliphakathi kwamadolobha ngahamba amahora amahlanu ngisuka eManhattan ngiya esitobhini sokugcina, ngaphandle kokwehla, ngizindla ngenkinga yokuthi ngiqhubeke noma nginqabe. Ngemva konyaka, waphinde wabonakala lapho esiteji futhi akazange adlale kahle, kodwa ukugxekwa kwangamukela ngesasasa.

Ngokumelene nesizinda samakhosi ahlakaniphile aseMelika, uStern wayelahlekelwa ngaleso sikhathi futhi engakwazi ukuncintisana noHeifetz, uMenuhin namanye "amakhosi e-violin". U-Isaac ubuyela eSan Francisco, lapho eqhubeka khona nokusebenza ngeseluleko sikaLouis Persinger, owayenguthisha kaMenuhin. Impi iphazamisa izifundo zakhe. Uthatha uhambo oluningi oluya ezisekelweni zamasosha ase-US ePacific futhi unikeza amakhonsathi namasosha.

"Imidlalo eminingi yamakhonsathi eyaqhubeka phakathi neminyaka yeMpi Yezwe Yesibili," kubhala u-V Rudenko, "yasiza umculi ofuna ukuba azitholele, azitholele" izwi lakhe ", indlela yokubonisa okuqotho, okuqondile ngokomzwelo. Lo msindo wawuyikhonsathi yakhe yesibili yaseNew York eCarnegie Hall (1943), ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukukhuluma ngoStern njengomunye wabadlali beviolin abavelele emhlabeni.

UStern uvinjezelwe yi-impresario, uthuthukisa umsebenzi wekhonsathi omkhulu, enikeza amakhonsathi angama-90 ngonyaka.

Umthelela omkhulu ekubunjweni kukaStern njengengcweti kwaba ukuxhumana kwakhe nomculi ovelele waseSpain uCasals. Ngo-1950, umdlali wevayolini waqala ukufika emkhosini wePablo Casals edolobheni lasePrades eningizimu yeFrance. Umhlangano noCasals uphendule yonke imibono yomculi osemusha. Kamuva, wavuma ukuthi akekho noyedwa kubadlali be-violin owaba nethonya elinjalo kuye.

"I-Casals iqinisekise okuningi kwalokho engangikuzwa ngokungacacile futhi engangihlala ngikufisa," kusho uStern. — Isiqubulo sami esiyinhloko ivayolini yomculo, hhayi umculo wevayolini. Ukufeza lesi siqubulo, kuyadingeka ukunqoba izithiyo zokuhumusha. Futhi kumaCasals awekho. Isibonelo sakhe sifakazela ukuthi, ngisho nokudlula imingcele emisiwe yokunambitha, akudingekile ukucwila enkululekweni yokukhuluma. Konke lokho uCasals anginikeza kona kwakungokuvamile, hhayi okuqondile. Awukwazi ukulingisa umculi osezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ungafunda kuyena indlela yokubhekana nokucula.”

Kamuva, uPrada Stern wabamba iqhaza emikhosini emi-4.

Usuku oluphambili lokusebenza kukaStern luhlehlela emuva ngawo-1950s. Khona-ke abalaleli abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene nasemazwenikazi bajwayelana nobuciko bakhe. Ngakho, ngo-1953, umdlali wevayolini wenza uhambo olwahlanganisa cishe umhlaba wonke: eScotland, eHonolulu, eJapane, ePhilippines, eHong Kong, eCalcutta, eBombay, kwa-Israel, e-Italy, eSwitzerland, eNgilandi. Uhambo lwaqedwa zingama-20 kuZibandlela 1953 eLondon ngokudlalwa neRoyal Orchestra.

“Njengawo wonke umdlali wekhonsathi, ekuhambeni kwakhe okungapheli ne-Stern, izindaba ezihlekisayo noma izigigaba zenzeka izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa,” kubhala u-LN Raaben. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokudlala e-Miami Beach ngo-1958, wathola umthandi ongafunwa owayekhona ekhonsathini. Bekuyikhilikithi enomsindo ephazamise ukudlala kwekhonsathi yeBrahms. Ngemva kokudlala ibinzana lokuqala, umdlali wevayolini waphendukela ezilalelini wathi: “Lapho ngisayina inkontileka, ngangicabanga ukuthi yimina kuphela ocula yedwa kule khonsathi, kodwa, ngokusobala, nganginembangi.” Ngala mazwi, uStern wakhomba izihlahla zesundu ezintathu ezibunjwe ngezimbiza esiteji. Masinyane kwaqhamuka izikhonzi ezintathu zalalelisisa amasundu. Lutho! Ingakhuthazwa wumculo, ikhilikithi yathula. Kodwa ngokushesha lapho umculi eqala kabusha umdlalo, i-duet nekhilikithi yaqala kabusha ngokushesha. Kwadingeka ngikhiphe “umabi” ongamenywanga. Izandla zakhishwa, futhi uStern wayiqeda ngokuthula ikhonsathi, njengoba kwakuhlale kuduma ihlombe.

Ngo-1955, uStern washada nowayeyisisebenzi se-UN. Indodakazi yabo yazalwa ngonyaka olandelayo. UVera Stern uvame ukuphelezela umyeni wakhe ohambweni lwakhe.

Ababuyekezi abazange banikeze u-Stern izimfanelo eziningi: “ubuciko obucashile, imizwelo ehlanganiswe nokubambela okuhle kokunambitheka okucolisisiwe, ubuciko obumangalisayo bomnsalo. Ukulingana, ukukhanya, "okungapheli" komnsalo, inqwaba yemisindo engenamkhawulo, izingoma ezinhle kakhulu zamadoda, futhi ekugcineni, ingcebo engenakubalwa yemivimbo emangalisayo, kusukela ku-detache ebanzi kuya ku-staccato emangalisayo, iyamangalisa ekudlaleni kwakhe. Ukushaya ikhono likaStern ekuhlukaniseni ithoni yensimbi. Uyazi ukuthi angawuthola kanjani umsindo oyingqayizivele hhayi kuphela wezinkathi ezahlukene nababhali, futhi ngaphakathi komsebenzi ofanayo, umsindo wevayolini yakhe "uvela kabusha" ngaphandle kokuqashelwa.

UStern ungumdlali wezingoma, kodwa ukudlala kwakhe bekungejwayelekile emdlalweni. Wahlabeka umxhwele ngekhono elihlukahlukene lokusungula, elihle ngendlela efanayo ngobuhle obucashile bencazelo kaMozart, ngolimi oludabukisayo oluthi “Gothic” of Bach kanye nokushayisana okumangalisayo kweBrahms.

“Ngiyawuthanda umculo wamazwe ahlukene,” esho, “okwakudala, ngoba muhle futhi uvamile, ababhali besimanje, ngoba basho okuthile kimi nasesikhathini sethu, ngiyayithanda le misebenzi ebizwa ngokuthi “i-hackneyed”, njenge. Amakhonsathi kaMendelssohn noTchaikovsky.

V. Rudenko uyabhala:

"Ikhono elimangalisayo lokuguqulwa kokudala lenza kube nokwenzeka ku-Stern umdwebi ukuthi angagcini nje "ukuveza" isitayela, kodwa ukucabanga ngendlela engokomfanekiso kuyo, hhayi "ukukhombisa" imizwa, kodwa ukuveza okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela okugcwele igazi emculweni. Lena imfihlo yesimanjemanje somculi, osesitayela sakhe sokudlala ubuciko bokwenza kanye nobuciko besipiliyoni sobuciko kubonakala sengathi kuhlangene. Umuzwa ophilayo wokucaciswa kwezinsimbi, imvelo yevayolini nomoya wokuthuthuka kwenkondlo yamahhala okuvela kulesi sisekelo kuvumela umculi ukuthi azinikele ngokuphelele ekubalekeni kwenganekwane. Ihlala iheha, iheha izethameli, ivuse leyo njabulo ekhethekile, ukubandakanyeka kobuciko bomphakathi kanye nomdwebi, obusa emakhonsathini ka-I. Stern.

Ngisho nangaphandle, igeyimu ye-Stern ibivumelana ngendlela ehlukile: akukho ukunyakaza okuzumayo, ingekho i-angularity, futhi akukho zinguquko “ze-twitchy”. Umuntu angababaza isandla sokudla somdlali wevayolini. “Ukubamba” komnsalo kuzolile futhi kuyazethemba, ngendlela engavamile yokubamba umnsalo. Isekelwe ekunyakazeni okusebenzayo kwengalo kanye nokusetshenziswa komnotho kwehlombe.

UFikhtengolts uyabhala: “Izithombe zomculo encazelweni yakhe zibonisa impumuzo ecishe iphathekayo, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi nokushintshashintsha kwezothando, ukuceba okungaqondakali kwemibala, “ukudlala” kwephimbo. Kungase kubonakale sengathi isici esinjalo sisusa i-Stern kude nesimanje futhi kusukela kulokho "okukhethekile" okuyisici sayo futhi esasingekho esikhathini esidlule. “Ukuvuleleka” kwemizwelo, ukushesha kokudluliselwa kwayo, ukungabibikho kwendida nokungabaza bekuyisici sesizukulwane esidlule samaviyolin othando, osasilethela umoya wekhulu lesi-XNUMX kithi. Nokho, akunjalo: “Ubuciko bukaStern bunomqondo ovelele wesimanje. Kuye, umculo uwulimi oluphilayo lwezinkanuko, olungavimbeli lokho kufana ekubuseni kulobu buciko, uHeine abhala ngakho - ukufana okukhona "phakathi kwentshiseko nokuphelela kobuciko."

Ngo-1956, uStern wafika okokuqala e-USSR. Khona-ke umculi wavakashela izwe lethu izikhathi eziningana. U-K. Ogievsky wakhuluma ngokucacile ngohambo lwe-maestro eRussia ngo-1992:

“U-Isaac Stern muhle kakhulu! Sekudlule ingxenye yesine yekhulu kusukela ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina ezweni lakithi. Manje i-maestro ingaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa, futhi i-violin ezandleni zakhe ezithakazelayo isacula isencane, iphulula indlebe ngokuzwakalayo komsindo. Amaphethini ashukumisayo emisebenzi yakhe ayamangaza ngobuhle nobukhulu bawo, umehluko wama-nuances kanye nemilingo "yokundiza" komsindo, okungena ngokukhululekile ngisho nasemagumbini "ezithulu" zamahholo ekhonsathi.

Isu lakhe alinasici. Isibonelo, imifanekiso “enobuhlalu” ku-Concerto ka-Mozart (G-dur) noma iziqephu ezinkulu ze-Concerto Stern ka-Beethoven zenza ngobumsulwa obungenasici kanye nobuhlakani be-filigree, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kokunyakaza kwezandla zakhe kungaba nomona kuphela. Isandla sokunene esingenakuqhathaniswa se-maestro, ukuguquguquka kwayo okukhethekile kuvumela ukugcina ubuqotho bomugqa womsindo lapho ushintsha umnsalo nokushintsha izintambo, kusanembile futhi kuyaqiniseka. Ngikhumbula ukuthi ukungabonakali okumangalisayo "kwezinguquko" zikaStern, okwavusa injabulo yochwepheshe kakade phakathi nokuvakasha kwakhe okwedlule, kwenza othisha bangagcini nje kuphela ezikoleni zomculo nasemakolishi, kodwa futhi baseMoscow Conservatory, baphinde banaka lesi sici esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke. indlela ye-violin.

Kodwa okumangalisa kakhulu futhi, kubonakala, okungakholeki isimo se-Stern's vibrato. Njengoba wazi, ukudlidliza kwe-violin kuyindaba ebucayi, okusikhumbuza isinongo esiyisimangaliso esingezwe umculi "ezitsheni zomculo" ngendlela ayithandayo. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi abadlali bevayolini, njengabaculi bezwi, bavame ukuzwa izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa kwikhwalithi ye-vibrato yabo eminyakeni eseduze nokuphela komsebenzi wabo wekhonsathi. Iba nokulawulwa kabi, i-amplitude yayo ikhuphuka ngokuzenzakalelayo, imvamisa iyancipha. Isandla sobunxele se-violinist, njengezintambo zezwi zabaculi, siqala ukulahlekelwa ukuqina futhi siyeke ukulalela ubuhle "I" bomculi. Ukudlidliza kubonakala kulinganiselwe, kuphelelwa amandla akho, futhi isilaleli sizwa ukuzwakala komsindo. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi ukuvevezela okuhle kunikezwa uNkulunkulu, kuvela ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uMninimandla onke uyakujabulela ukubuyisela izipho zakhe. Ngenhlanhla, konke lokhu akuhlangene nomdlalo womculi odumile oyisivakashi: Isipho sikaNkulunkulu sihlala kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala sengathi umsindo we-Stern uyaqhakaza. Ukulalela lo mdlalo, ukhumbula inganekwane yesiphuzo esihle, ukunambitheka okumnandi kakhulu, iphunga elimnandi kakhulu futhi ukunambitheka kumnandi kangangokuthi ufuna ukuphuza kakhulu, futhi ukoma kuqinisa kuphela.

Labo abazwile uStern eminyakeni edlule (umbhali wale migqa waba nenhlanhla yokuya kuwo wonke amakhonsathi akhe aseMoscow) angoni ngaphambi kweqiniso lapho bekhuluma ngokuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwethalenta likaStern. Umdlalo wakhe, ovuswe ngesihle ngentelezi yobuntu nobuqotho obungenakuqhathaniswa, umsindo wakhe, njengokungathi ulukwe ngenxa yokwesaba okungokomoya, wenza ngokululisayo.

Futhi umlaleli uthola inkokhelo emangalisayo yamandla angokomoya, imijovo yokuphulukisa yezicukuthwane zangempela, uhlangabezana nesenzakalo sokuhlanganyela enqubweni yokudala, injabulo yokuba.

Lo mculi uselingise emafilimini kabili. Ngokokuqala ngqa wadlala indima yesipoki efilimini kaJohn Garfeld ethi "Humoresque", okwesibili - indima ka-Eugene Ysaye efilimini ethi "Namuhla siyacula" (1952) mayelana ne-American impresario Yurok.

I-Stern ihlukaniswa kalula nokusebenzelana nabantu, umusa nokusabela. Umlandeli omkhulu we-baseball, ulandela izindaba zezemidlalo ngomona njengoba enza ezakamuva emculweni. Engakwazi ukubuka umdlalo weqembu alithandayo, ucela ukubika ngokushesha umphumela, ngisho nasemakhonsathini.

“Angikhohlwa into eyodwa: akekho umdlali ophakeme kunomculo,” kusho umpetha. - Ihlala iqukethe amathuba amaningi kunabaculi abaphiwe kakhulu. Yingakho kwenzeka ukuthi ama-virtuoso amahlanu angahumusha ikhasi elifanayo lomculo ngezindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele - futhi bonke baphenduka balingana ngobuciko. Kunezikhathi lapho uzwa khona injabulo ebonakalayo ukuthi wenze okuthile: kuwukuthakasela kakhulu umculo. Ukuze avivinye, umenzi kufanele alondoloze amandla akhe, angawasebenzisi ngokweqile emisebenzini engapheli.