Osip Afanasyevich Petrov |

Osip Petrov

“Lo mculi kungenzeka abe ngomunye wabadali be-opera yaseRussia. Sibonga kuphela abaculi abafana naye, i-opera yethu ingathatha indawo ephezulu ngesizotha ukumelana nomncintiswano we-opera yase-Italy.” Yile ndlela i-VV Stasov iyindawo ka-Osip Afanasevich Petrov ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko kazwelonke. Yebo, lo mculi wayenomsebenzi oyingqopha-mlando ngempela - waba emsuka wethiyetha kazwelonke yomculo, kanye noGlinka babeka isisekelo sayo.

Embukisweni womlando ka-Ivan Susanin ngo-1836, u-Osip Petrov wenza ingxenye eyinhloko, ayilungiselela ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaMikhail Ivanovich Glinka ngokwakhe. Futhi kusukela lapho, umculi ovelele uye wabusa esiteji se-opera kazwelonke.

Indawo kaPetrov emlandweni we-opera yaseRussia yachazwa umqambi omkhulu waseRussia uMussorgsky ngale ndlela: “UPetrov uyingcweti eyathwala emahlombe akhe eHomeric cishe yonke into eyadalwa emculweni omangalisayo - ukuqala kusukela ngeminyaka yama-30s ... ifa, yeka ubuciko obungalibaleki nobujulile obufundiswa umkhulu othandekayo.

Osip Afanasevich Petrov wazalwa ngo-November 15, 1807 edolobheni Elisavetgrad. U-Ionka (njengoba ayebizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi) UPetrov wakhula engumfana wasemgwaqweni, engenayise. Umama, umthengisi wesifazane, wayethola amasenti ngokusebenza kanzima. Lapho eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, u-Ionka wangena ekwayeni yesonto, lapho kwagqama khona i-treble yakhe enhle kakhulu, eyagcina iphenduke yaba ibhesi enamandla.

Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nane, kwenzeka ushintsho esiphethweni somfana: umfowabo kanina wamyisa u-Ionka ukuze amjwayeze ibhizinisi. U-Konstantin Savvich Petrov wayesinda; umfana kwakudingeka akhokhele isinkwa sikamalume wakhe ngokusebenza kanzima, ngokuvamile ngisho nasebusuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umalume wayebheka izinto azithandayo zomculo njengento engenasidingo, etotosayo. Icala lasiza: i-bandmaster ye-regintal yahlala endlini. Edonsela ukunaka emakhonweni omculo omfana, waba umeluleki wakhe wokuqala.

U-Konstantin Savvich wenqabela lezi zigaba; wamshaya kanzima umshana wakhe ngesikhathi embamba ezilolongela leli thuluzi. Kodwa u-Ionka onenkani akazange aphele amandla.

Ngokushesha umalume wahamba iminyaka emibili ebhizinisini, eshiya umshana wakhe. U-Osip wayehlukaniswa ngomusa ongokomoya - isithiyo esicacile ekuhwebeni. U-Konstantin Savvich wakwazi ukubuya ngesikhathi, engavumeli umthengisi onenhlanhla ukuba azicekele phansi, futhi u-Osip waxoshwa kokubili "icala" nendlu.

"Ihlazo likamalume wami laqubuka ngesikhathi lapho iqembu likaZhurakhovsky livakashele e-Elisavetgrad," kubhala uML Lvov. - Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, uZhurakhovsky wezwa ngephutha ukuthi uPetrov udlala kanjani isiginci, futhi wamemela eqenjini. Enye inguqulo ithi uPetrov, ngokusekelwa kothile, wangena esiteji njengento eyengeziwe. Iso elibukhali likasomabhizinisi ongumakadebona labona ukuthi uPetrov usesiteji, owazizwa ekhululekile ngaso leso sikhathi. Ngemva kwalokho, uPetrov wabonakala ehlala eqenjini.

Ngo-1826, uPetrov wenza i-debut yakhe esiteji se-Elisavetgrad emdlalweni ka-A. Shakhovsky othi "The Cossack Poet". Wakhuluma umbhalo kuyo futhi wacula amavesi. Impumelelo yaba yinhle hhayi kuphela ngoba wadlala "i-Ionka yakhe" esiteji, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngoba uPetrov "wazalelwa esiteji."

Kuze kube ngu-1830, isigaba sesifundazwe somsebenzi wokudala wePetrov saqhubeka. Wenza e Nikolaev, Kharkov, Odessa, Kursk, Poltava nakwamanye amadolobha. Ithalente lomculi osemusha lidonse ukunakwa okwengeziwe kwabalaleli nochwepheshe.

Ehlobo lika-1830 e-Kursk, i-MS yadonsela ukunaka kukaPetrov. Lebedev, umqondisi weSt. Petersburg Opera. Izinzuzo zomculi osemusha azinakuphikwa - izwi, ukulingisa, ukubukeka okumangalisayo. Ngakho, ngaphambi kwenhloko-dolobha. “Sisendleleni,” kusho uPetrov, “sama izinsuku ezimbalwa eMoscow, sathola u-MS Shchepkin, engivele ngimazi… nginekhono elihle lokuba umculi. Yeka indlela engajabula ngayo lapho ngizwa la mazwi eciko elikhulu kangaka! Banginika amandla namandla kangangokuthi ngangingazi ukuthi ngingambonga kanjani ngomusa wakhe kumuntu ovakashile ongaziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wangiyisa e-Bolshoi Theatre, emvilophini kaMadame Sontag. Ngakujabulela ngokuphelele ukucula kwakhe; kuze kube yileso sikhathi ngangingakaze ngizwe into enjengale futhi angizange ngiqonde nokuthi iphimbo lomuntu lingafinyelela kukuphi ukuphelela.

Petersburg, uPetrov waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ithalenta lakhe. Waqala enhlokodolobha ngengxenye ye-Sarastro ku-Mozart's Magic Flute, futhi lokhu kokuqala kwavusa ukusabela okuhle. Ephephandabeni elithi “Northern Bee” umuntu angafunda: “Kulokhu, kuyi-opera ethi The Magic Flute, uMnu. Petrov, umculi osemusha, wavela okokuqala esiteji sethu, esithembisa umculi nomlingisi onekhono.

“Ngakho-ke, umculi ovela kubantu, uPetrov, weza endlini entsha ye-opera yaseRussia futhi wayicebisa ngamagugu okucula kwesintu,” kubhala uML Lvov. - Ngaleso sikhathi, imisindo ephakeme enjalo yayidingeka kumculi we-opera, okwakungenakufinyeleleka kuyo ngezwi ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile. Ubunzima bulele eqinisweni lokuthi ukwakheka kwemisindo ephezulu kwakudinga indlela entsha, ehlukile kulokho ekubunjweni kwemisindo evamile ezwini elinikeziwe. Njengokulindelekile, uPetrov akakwazanga ukuyiqonda kahle le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ezinyangeni ezimbili, futhi umgxeki wayeqinisile lapho ephawula ekuculeni kwakhe ekuqaleni “ushintsho olubukhali lwayo kumanothi aphezulu.” Kwakuyikhono lokushelela lolu shintsho kanye nokubamba imisindo ephezulu kakhulu uPetrov aqhubeka efunda noKavos eminyakeni eyalandela.

Lokhu kwalandelwa ukuhunyushwa okumangalisayo kwezingxenye ezinkulu zebhesi kuma-opera kaRossini, Megul, Bellini, Aubert, Weber, Meyerbeer nabanye abaqambi.

“Ngokuvamile, inkonzo yami yayijabule kakhulu,” kubhala uPetrov, “kodwa kwadingeka ngisebenze kakhulu, ngoba ngangidlala kokubili idrama ne-opera, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi i-opera ababeyinikeza, ngangimatasa yonke indawo ... Nakuba ngangijabule ngayo. impumelelo yami ensimini yakhe ayikhethile, kodwa kwakungavamile ukuthi aneliseke naye ngemva kokusebenza. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngangihlushwa ukwehluleka okuncane esiteji futhi ngichitha ubusuku bokungalali, futhi ngakusasa uzoza ukuzoprakthiza - kwakunamahloni kakhulu ukubuka i-Kavos. Indlela yami yokuphila yayinesizotha kakhulu. Benginabantu abambalwa engibajwayele ... Ngokwengxenye enkulu, ngangihlala ekhaya, ngicule isikali nsuku zonke, ngafunda indima futhi ngiya ethiyetha.

UPetrov waqhubeka nokuba ngumdlali osezingeni eliphezulu we-Western European operatic repertoire. Ngokwesici, wayevame ukuba nengxenye ekusebenzeni kwe-opera yase-Italy. Kanye nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe, wacula ku opera Bellini, Rossini, Donizetti, futhi lapha wathola amathuba akhe abanzi kwezobuciko, amakhono wokulingisa, umuzwa isitayela.

Izinto azifezile emculweni waphesheya zabangela ukuthakasela okuqotho kubantu besikhathi sakhe. Kuyafaneleka ukucaphuna imigqa evela encwadini kaLazhechnikov ethi The Basurman, ebhekisela ku-opera kaMeyerbeer: “Ingabe uyamkhumbula uPetrov encwadini kaRobert the Devil? Futhi kanjani ukukhumbula! Ngike ngambona kanye kuphela ekule ndima, futhi kuze kube namuhla, uma ngicabanga ngaye, kuzwakala kungihlupha, njengezingcingo ezivela esihogweni: “Yebo, mphathi.” Futhi lokhu kubukeka, kusukela ekuthandeni umphefumulo wakho ongenawo amandla okuzikhulula, futhi lobu buso besafroni, buhlanekezelwe ukufutheka kwezinkanuko. Futhi leli hlathi lezinwele, okuvela kulo, kubonakala sengathi, isidleke sezinyoka sesilungele ukukhasa ... "

Futhi nakhu okushiwo ngu-AN Serov: "Yazisa umphefumulo uPetrov enza ngawo i-arioso yakhe esenzweni sokuqala, endaweni yesehlakalo noRobert. Umuzwa omuhle wothando lukababa ungqubuzana nomlingiswa wokuzalwa kwe-infernal, ngakho-ke, ukunikeza imvelo kulokhu kuthululwa kwenhliziyo, ngaphandle kokushiya indima, kuyindaba enzima. Petrov ukunqoba ngokuphelele lobu bunzima lapha futhi kuyo yonke indima yakhe.

U-Serov waphawula ikakhulukazi emdlalweni womdlali waseRussia owahlukanisa kahle uPetrov kwabanye abadlali abavelele bale ndima - ikhono lokuthola ubuntu emphefumulweni we-villain futhi ugcizelele amandla abhubhisayo obubi nawo. USerov wathi uPetrov odlala indawo kaBertram udlule uFerzing, noTamburini, noFormez, noLevasseur.

Umqambi u-Glinka ulandele eduze impumelelo yobuciko bomculi. Wahlatshwa umxhwele yizwi likaPetrov elicebile ngama-nuances omsindo, elihlanganisa amandla e-bass aminyene nokuhamba kwe-baritone ekhanyayo. “Leli zwi lalifana nomsindo ophansi wensimbi enkulu esakazwa ngesiliva,” kubhala uLvov. Ngamanothi aphezulu, yayicwebezela njengombani esibhakabhakeni esimnyama ebusuku. Ekhumbula amathuba okudala kaPetrov, uGlinka wabhala uSusanin wakhe.

Umhla zingama-27 kuLwezi, 1836 wusuku olubalulekile lokudlala okokuqala kwe-opera kaGlinka ethi A Life for the Tsar. Lelo kwakuyihora elingcono kakhulu likaPetrov - wembula ngobuhlakani ubunjalo bomshisekeli waseRussia.

Nazi izibuyekezo ezimbili nje ezivela kubagxeki abashisekayo:

"Endimeni kaSusanin, uPetrov wakhuphuka wafinyelela ukuphakama okuphelele kwethalenta lakhe elikhulu. Wakha uhlobo oludala, futhi wonke umsindo, wonke amazwi kaPetrov endimeni kaSusanin azodlulela enzalweni ekude.

"Umuzwa omangalisayo, ojulile, oqotho, okwazi ukufinyelela ezindleleni ezimangalisayo, ubulula neqiniso, intshiseko - yilokhu okwabeka ngokushesha uPetrov noVorobyova endaweni yokuqala phakathi kwabadlali bethu futhi kwenza umphakathi waseRussia uhambe ngezixuku ukuyodlala" Life for the Inkosi "".

Sekukonke, uPetrov ucule ingxenye kaSusanin izikhathi ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nantathu! Le ndima yavula isiteji esisha, esibaluleke kakhulu ku-biography yakhe. Indlela yavulwa abaqambi abakhulu - uGlinka, uDargomyzhsky, uMussorgsky. Njengababhali ngokwabo, zombili izindima ezibuhlungu nezihlekisayo zazingaphansi kwakhe ngokulinganayo. Iziqongo zayo, ezilandela uSusanin, iFarlaf eRuslan naseLyudmila, iMelnik eRusalka, iLeporello eThe Stone Guest, iVarlaam eBoris Godunov.

Umqambi uC. Cui wabhala ngokudlalwa kwengxenye kaFarlaf: “Ngingathini ngoMnu. Petrov? Indlela yokuveza yonke inkokhiso yokumangala ethalenteni lakhe elingavamile? Indlela yokudlulisa bonke ubuqili nokujwayelekile komdlalo; ukwethembeka kokukhuluma emithunzini emincane kakhulu: ukucula okuhlakaniphe kakhulu? Ake sithi ezindimeni eziningi ezinethalente nezangempela ezenziwe nguPetrov, indima kaFarlaf ingenye yezinhle kakhulu.

kanye no-VV Stasov bakubheka ngokufanelekile ukusebenza kukaPetrov endimeni kaFarlaf njengesibonelo okufanele bonke abadlali bale ndima balingane.

NgoMeyi 4, 1856, uPetrov waqala ukudlala indima kaMelnik eRusalka kaDargomyzhsky. Ukugxekwa kwakubheka umdlalo wakhe ngale ndlela: “Singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi ngokudala le ndima, ngokungangabazeki uMnu. Petrov uthole ilungelo elikhethekile lesihloko somculi. Isimo sobuso bakhe, ukuphindaphinda okunekhono, ukuphimisela okucacile ngendlela engavamile ... ubuciko bakhe bokulingisa bufika ezingeni lokuphelela kangangokuthi esenzweni sesithathu, ekubukekeni kwakhe nje, ngaphandle kokuzwa nelilodwa igama okwamanje, ngokubonakala kobuso bakhe, ngokudlikiza. ukunyakaza kwezandla zakhe, kuyacaca ukuthi uMiller onebhadi useyahlanya. "

Eminyakeni eyishumi nambili kamuva, umuntu angafunda ukubuyekezwa okulandelayo: "Indima kaMelnik ingenye yezinhlobo ezintathu ezingenakuqhathaniswa ezakhiwe nguPetrov kuma-opera amathathu aseRussia, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ubuciko bakhe bobuciko abuzange bufinyelele imingcele ephakeme kakhulu eMelnik. Kuzo zonke izikhundla ezihlukahlukene zikaMelnik, lapho embula khona ukuhaha, ukukhonza iNkosana, injabulo yokubona imali, ukuphelelwa ithemba, ukusangana, uPetrov ukhulu ngokulinganayo.

Kulokhu kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi umculi omkhulu wayebuye abe yingcweti eyingqayizivele yokusebenza kwezwi lekamelo. Abantu besikhathi esidlule basishiyele ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi uPetrov wachaza ngokumangazayo izinkulumo zothando zikaGlinka, uDargomyzhsky, uMussorgsky. Kanye nabadali abahlakaniphile bomculo, u-Osip Afanasevich angabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi umsunguli wobuciko bezwi laseRussia kokubili esiteji se-opera nasesiteji sekhonsathi.

Ukuphakama kokugcina nokungajwayelekile kweciko kuqale ngeminyaka yawo-70s, lapho uPetrov edala inqwaba yobuciko bephimbo nesiteji; phakathi kwabo kukhona Leporello ( "Isivakashi Stone"), Ivan the Terrible ( "Intombazane yasePskov"), Varlaam ( "Boris Godunov") nabanye.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, uPetrov akazange ahlukane nesiteji. Emazwini angokomfanekiso kaMussorgsky, “esokhukhweni lokufa, wadlula izindima zakhe.”

Umculi washona ngo-March 12, 1878.

References: Glinka M., Amanothi, "i-Russian Antiquity", 1870, vol. 1-2, MI Glinka. Literary heritage, vol. 1, M.-L., 1952; Stasov VV, OA Petrov, encwadini: Izibalo zesimanje zaseRussia, vol. 2, St. Petersburg, 1877, k. 79-92, okufanayo, encwadini yakhe ethi: Articles about music, vol. 2, M., 1976; Lvov M., O. Petrov, M.-L., 1946; U-Lastochkina E., u-Osip Petrov, M.-L., 1950; I-Gozenpud A., yaseshashalazini yomculo eRussia. Ukusuka emsuka kuya ku-Glinka. I-Essay, L., 1959; eyakhe, i-Russian Opera Theatre yekhulu le-1, (i-vol. 1836) - 1856-2, (vol. 1857) - 1872-3, (vol. 1873) - 1889-1969, L., 73-1; I-Livanova TN, ukugxekwa kwe-Opera eRussia, vol. 1, no. 2-2, vol. 3, no. 4-1966, M., 73-1 (Ukukhishwa kwe-XNUMX ngokuhlanganyela ne-VV Protopopov).