Umculo wohlelo |

I-German Programmusik, i-French musicque uhlelo, i-ital. umculo wohlelo lomculo

Imisebenzi yomculo enenkulumo ethile, ngokuvamile eyinkondlo. uhlelo nokwembula okuqukethwe okubhalwe kulo. Ukwenzeka kwezinhlelo zomculo kuhlotshaniswa nokuthile. izici zomculo eziwuhlukanisayo kwabanye. faka isicelo. Emkhakheni wokuveza imizwa, imizwa, nokuphila okungokomoya komuntu, umculo unezinzuzo ezibalulekile ngaphezu kwabanye. isimangalo ngawe. Ngokungaqondile, ngemizwa nemizwelo, umculo uyakwazi ukukhombisa abaningi. izigigaba zamaqiniso. Kodwa-ke, ayikwazi ukucacisa ngokunembile ukuthi yini ebangela lokhu noma lowo muzwa kumuntu, ayikwazi ukufeza inhloso, ukuqina komqondo wesibonisi. Amathuba anjalo atholakala ngolimi lwenkulumo nezincwadi. Ukulwela ukwakheka okubalulekile, okungokomqondo, abaqambi benza umculo wohlelo. ukukhiqiza; echaza op. Uhlelo, baphoqelela izindlela zolimi lokukhuluma, ubuciko. i-lit-ry act ngobunye, ngokuhlanganisa nama-muses wangempela. kusho. Ubumbano lomculo nezincwadi lubuye lwenziwe lula yiqiniso lokuthi ubuciko besikhashana, obukwazi ukukhombisa ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwesithombe. Ukubuyisana kuyahluka. icala seliqhubeke isikhathi eside. Ezikhathini zasendulo, zazingekho nhlobo izinhlangano ezizimele. izinhlobo zamacala - basebenza ndawonye, ​​ngobunye, icala lalivumelanisiwe; ngesikhathi esifanayo yayixhumene eduze nomsebenzi wabasebenzi kanye nokubola. uhlobo lwemikhuba, amasiko. Ngaleso sikhathi, icala ngalinye lalilinganiselwe ngokwezimali kangangokuthi lalingasebenzi. ubunye obuhloselwe ukuxazulula izinkinga ezisetshenzisiwe bebungakwazanga ukuba khona. Ukwabiwa okulandelayo kwezimangalo akunqunywanga nje ngokushintsha kwendlela yokuphila, kodwa futhi ngokukhula kwamathuba azo zonke zazo, ezizuzwe ngaphakathi kwe-syncretic. ubunye obuhambisana nalokhu kukhula kobuhle. imizwa yomuntu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunye bobuciko abuzange buphele, kuhlanganise nobunye bomculo negama, izinkondlo - ngokuyinhloko kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-woks. futhi wok.-dramatic. izinhlobo. Ekuqaleni. Ngekhulu le-19, ngemva kwesikhathi eside somculo nezinkondlo njengobuciko obuzimele, ukuthambekela ebunyeni bazo kwakhula nakakhulu. Lokhu akusanqunywanga ubuthakathaka babo, kodwa kunalokho ngamandla abo, ngokucindezela owabo umkhawulo. wamathuba. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokubonakaliswa kweqiniso kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kwakho, kuzo zonke izici zakhona kungafinyelelwa kuphela ngesenzo esihlangene somculo namazwi. Futhi ukuhlela kungenye yezinhlobo zobunye bomculo kanye nezindlela zolimi lokukhuluma, kanye nezincwadi, ezibonisa noma ezibonisa lezo zinhlangothi zento eyodwa yokubonisa, umculo ongakwazi ukuyidlulisa ngendlela yawo. T. o., ingxenye ebalulekile yomculo wohlelo. umkhiqizo. kuwuhlelo lomlomo oludalwe noma olukhethwe umqambi ngokwakhe, noma ngabe kuyisihloko sohlelo olufushane olubonisa into engokoqobo, umqambi ayecabanga ngayo (umdlalo othi “Morning” ka-E. Grieg kusukela emculweni kuya emdlalweni kaG. Ibsen “Peer Gynt”), ngezinye izikhathi “ebhekisa” umlaleli ekukhanyeni okuthile. umkhiqizo. (“Macbeth” R. I-Strauss - i-symphony. inkondlo “esekelwe emdlalweni kaShakespeare”), noma ingcaphuno ende evela encwadini, uhlelo oluningiliziwe oluhlanganiswe umqambi ngokwendlela eyodwa noma enye. umkhiqizo. (symf. i-suite (i-symphony yesibili) “Antar” ka-Rimsky-Korsakov esekelwe enganekwaneni yegama elifanayo lika-O. FUTHI. Senkovsky) noma ngaphandle kokuthintana ne-Ph.D.

Akuzona zonke izihloko, akuzona zonke izincazelo zomculo ezingathathwa njengohlelo lwawo. Uhlelo lungavela kuphela kumbhali womculo. Uma engalutshelanga uhlelo, umqondo wakhe wawungelona uhlelo. Uma eqale wanikeza i-Op yakhe. Uhlelo, wabe eselushiya, ngakho wahumusha i-Op yakhe. esigabeni okungezona uhlelo. Lolu hlelo aluyona incazelo yomculo, luyahambisana nalo, luveza okuthile okushodayo emculweni, okungafinyeleleki ekufanekiseni ama-muses. kusho (kungenjalo bekuyoba okungafuneki). Kulokhu, ihluke kakhulu kunoma yikuphi ukuhlaziywa komculo ongelona uhlelo., noma iyiphi incazelo yomculo wayo, ngisho noyinkondlo kakhulu, kuhlanganisa. futhi kusukela encazelweni yombhali we-Op. futhi ekhomba izenzakalo ezithile, i-to-rye edalwe ekudaleni kwakhe. ukwazi kweminye iminyuziyamu. izithombe. Futhi ngokuphambene - uhlelo op. akukhona “ukuhunyushwa” kohlelo ngokwalo olimini lomculo, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kweminyuziyamu. izindlela zento efanayo, ekhethiwe, ibonakala ohlelweni. Izihloko ezinikezwe umlobi ngokwakhe azilona uhlelo noma, uma zingabonisi izenzakalo ezithile ezingokoqobo, kodwa imiqondo yendiza engokomzwelo, umculo oyidlulisela ngokunembe kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, izihloko ezinjengokuthi "Ukudabuka", njll.). Kwenzeka ukuthi uhlelo olunamathiselwe kumkhiqizo. ngumbhali ngokwakhe, ayikho ku-organic. ubunye nomculo, kodwa lokhu sekuvele kunqunywa ubuciko. ikhono lomqambi, ngezinye izikhathi nangendlela aluhlanganise noma alukhethe kahle ngayo uhlelo lomlomo. Lokhu akuhlangene nombuzo wengqikithi yokwenzeka kwezinhlelo.

U-Muses ngokwakhe unezindlela ezithile zokuhlanganisa. ulimi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona amaMuse. umfanekiso (bheka umdwebo womsindo) - ukubonakaliswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemisindo engokoqobo, izethulo ezihlangene ezikhiqizwa umculo. imisindo - ubude bayo, ubude bayo, i-timbre. Indlela ebalulekile yokwenza izinto zibe nzima futhi iwukuheha izici zezinhlobo "ezisetshenzisiwe" - umdanso, imashi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo, njll. Izici zezwe zomnyuziyamu zingasebenza njengokuhlanganisa. ulimi, isitayela somculo. Zonke lezi zindlela ze-concretization zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuveza umqondo ojwayelekile we-Op. (isibonelo, ukunqoba kwamandla okukhanya phezu kwabamnyama, njll.). Kodwa nokho abahlinzeki ngalokho okubalulekile, ukwakhiwa komqondo, okunikezwa uhlelo lomlomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa kabanzi emculweni. umkhiqizo. umculo ofanele. izindlela concretization, isidingo more for umbono ogcwele umculo amazwi, uhlelo.

Olunye uhlobo lwezinhlelo ukuhlela izithombe. Kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ebonisa isithombe esisodwa noma inkimbinkimbi yezithombe ezingokoqobo ezingahlangani nezidalwa. izinguquko phakathi nesikhathi sayo. Lezi yizithombe zemvelo (izindawo), izithombe ze-bunks. imikhosi, imidanso, izimpi, njll., umculo. izithombe izinto zemvelo engaphili, kanye nama-portrait muses. imidwebo.

Uhlobo lwesibili oluyinhloko lohlelo lomculo - ukuhlelwa kwesakhiwo. Umthombo weziza zemikhiqizo yesoftware. yalolu hlobo isebenza ngokuyinhloko njengobuciko. lit. Emculweni wohlelo lwesakhiwo. umkhiqizo. ukuthuthukiswa komculo. izithombe ngokujwayelekile noma ikakhulukazi zihambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo. Hlukanisa phakathi kokuhlelwa kwesakhiwo esijwayelekile kanye nohlelo lwesiqephu esilandelanayo. Umbhali womsebenzi ohlobene nohlobo lwesakhiwo esijwayelekile sohlelo futhi oxhunywe ngohlelo ngokukhanyisa okukodwa noma okunye. ukukhiqiza, akuhlosile ukukhombisa izehlakalo ezivezwe kuyo kukho konke ukulandelana nobunkimbinkimbi bazo, kodwa kunikeza iminyuziyamu. isici sezithombe eziyinhloko zokukhanya. umkhiqizo. kanye nesiqondiso esijwayelekile sokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo, ukuhlobana kokuqala nokugcina kwamandla abambayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umbhali womsebenzi oyingxenye yohlelo lwe-serial-plot ufuna ukubonisa izigaba ezimaphakathi ekuthuthukisweni kwemicimbi, kwesinye isikhathi lonke ukulandelana kwemicimbi. Isikhalazo kulolu hlobo lwezinhlelo sinqunywa iziza, lapho izigaba ezimaphakathi zokuthuthuka, ezingaqhubeki ngendlela eqondile, kodwa zihlotshaniswa nokwethulwa kwabalingiswa abasha, ngokushintsha kwesimo sesenzo, nemicimbi. ezingewona umphumela oqondile wesimo sangaphambilini, ziba zibalulekile. Ukukhalaza ohlelweni lwesiqephu esilandelanayo kuncike nasekusunguleni. izilungiselelo zomqambi. Abaqambi abehlukene bavame ukuhumusha iziqephu ezifanayo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Isibonelo, inhlekelele ethi "Romeo noJuliet" kaW. Shakespeare yaphefumulela u-PI Tchaikovsky ukuba enze umsebenzi. uhlobo lwesakhiwo esijwayelekile sohlelo (i-overture-fantasy "Romeo and Juliet"), G. Berlioz - ukudala umkhiqizo. uhlobo lwezinhlelo ezilandelanayo (i-symphony emangalisayo "i-Romeo noJuliet", lapho umbhali edlula khona i-symphonism ehlanzekile futhi eheha isiqalo sezwi).

Emkhakheni womculo ulimi alukwazi ukuhlukaniswa. izimpawu ze-P. m. Lokhu kuyiqiniso futhi ngohlobo lwemikhiqizo yesoftware. Emisebenzini emele uhlobo lwesithombe sohlelo, azikho izimfuneko zokuvela kokuqondile. izakhiwo. Imisebenzi, i-to-rye esethwe ngababhali bemikhiqizo yesoftware. zohlobo lwesakhiwo esijwayelekile, zenziwa ngempumelelo ngamafomu athuthukiswe kumculo ongewona wohlelo, ngokuyinhloko ifomu le-sonata allegro. Ababhali bohlelo op. uhlobo lwesakhiwo esilandelanayo kufanele ludale iminyuziyamu. ifomu, "ihambisana" kancane nesakhiwo. Kodwa bayakha ngokuhlanganisa izakhi ezihlukahlukene. izinhlobo zomculo okungezona izinhlelo, eziheha ezinye zezindlela zokuthuthuka esezivele zimelelwe kabanzi kuwo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona indlela eguquguqukayo. Ikuvumela ukuthi ubonise izinguquko ezingaphazamisi ingqikithi yento, ngokuphathelene nabanye abaningi. izici ezibalulekile, kodwa ezihlotshaniswa nokugcinwa kwezimfanelo eziningi, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona isithombe, kunoma yiluphi uhlobo olusha oluvelayo. Umgomo we-monothematism uhlobene eduze nendlela yokushintshashintsha. Kusetshenziswa lesi simiso mayelana nenguquko engokomfanekiso, esetshenziswa kabanzi nguF. U-Liszt ezinkondlweni zakhe ze-symphonic, njll. ukukhiqizwa, umqambi uthola inkululeko eyengeziwe yokulandela isakhiwo ngaphandle kwengozi yokuphazamisa umculo. impilo yonke op. Olunye uhlobo lwe-monothematism oluhlotshaniswa nokuchazwa kwezinhlamvu ze-leitmotif (bona. Keynote), ithola uhlelo lokusebenza u-Ch. hlela. emikhiqizweni yesiqephu se-serial. Njengoba iqale ku-opera, isici se-leitmotif saphinde sadluliselwa endaweni ye-instr. umculo, lapho omunye wabokuqala futhi owaphendukela kuwo kabanzi kwakunguG. Berlioz. Ingqikithi yayo ilele eqinisweni lokuthi itimu eyodwa kuyo yonke i-Op. isebenza njengesici seqhawe elifanayo. Isikhathi ngasinye uvela esimweni esisha, esibonisa indawo entsha ezungeze leli qhawe. Lesi sihloko singazishintsha ngokwaso, kodwa izinguquko kuso azishintshi incazelo yalo "yenhloso" futhi zibonisa izinguquko kuphela esimweni seqhawe elifanayo, ukuguqulwa kwemibono ngaye. Ukwamukelwa kwesici se-leitmotif kufaneleka kakhulu ezimeni zokujikeleza, ukulingana futhi kuvela kuyindlela enamandla yokuhlanganisa izingxenye eziphambene zomjikelezo, ukuveza isakhiwo esisodwa. Isiza ukufana emculweni wemibono yesakhiwo esilandelanayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezici ze-sonata allegro ne-sonata-symphony ngendlela yokunyakaza okukodwa. umjikelezo, isici esidalwe ngu-F. Ishidi lohlobo lwe-symphonic. izinkondlo. Uhlelo iwezinkanyezi nokunye. izinyathelo zesenzo zidluliswa ngosizo lwalezo ezizimele ngokuqhathaniswa. iziqephu, umehluko phakathi ohambisana nokugqama kwezingxenye ze-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo, khona-ke lezi ziqephu "zilethwa ebunyeni" ngokuphindaphinda okucindezelwe, futhi ngokuvumelana nohlelo, esisodwa noma esinye sazo siyakhethwa. Ngokombono womjikelezo, ukuphindaphinda ngokuvamile kuhambisana nesiphetho, ngokombono we-sonata allegro, iziqephu zoku-1 nezesi-2 zihambisana nokuvezwa, okwesithathu ("scherzo" emjikelezweni) kuhambisana ukuthuthukiswa. U-Liszt usebenzisa i-synthetic enjalo. amafomu avame ukuhlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwesimiso se-monothematism. Zonke lezi zindlela zavumela abaqambi ukuthi bakhe umculo. amafomu ahambisana nezici zomuntu ngamunye zesakhiwo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ephilayo futhi ephelele. Kodwa-ke, ama-synthetic amasha amafomu awakwazi ukuthathwa njengawomculo wohlelo kuphela.

Kukhona umculo wohlelo. cit., lapho njengohlelo lubandakanya imikhiqizo. ukudweba, ukubaza, ngisho nezakhiwo. Lezo, ngokwesibonelo, izinkondlo zika-Liszt ezine-symphonic ethi “The Battle of the Huns” ezisuselwe kufresco ka-V. Kaulbach kanye nethi “From the Cradle to the Grave” ezisekelwe emdwebeni ka-M. Zichy, owakhe umdlalo othi “The Chapel of William Tshela”; "I-Betrothal" (kumdwebo ka-Raphael), "The Thinker" (okusekelwe esifanekisweni sikaMichelangelo) kusukela ku-fp. imijikelezo “Iminyaka Yokuzulazula”, njll. Nokho, amathuba esihloko, ukuhlanganiswa komqondo kwalezi zimangalo akuphelele. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi imidwebo nezithombe zinikezwa igama eliqinile, elingabhekwa njengohlobo lohlelo lwabo. Ngakho-ke, emisebenzini yomculo ebhalwe ngesisekelo semisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebonisa, ubuciko, empeleni, ayihlanganisi umculo nomdwebo kuphela, umculo nezithombe eziqoshiwe, kodwa umculo, imidwebo negama, umculo, izithombe nezwi. Futhi imisebenzi yohlelo kuzo yenziwa nguCh. ar. hhayi umdwebo owenziwe, izimangalo, kodwa uhlelo lomlomo. Lokhu kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlukahluka komculo njenge-art-va yesikhashana kanye nokudweba nokuqopha njengobuciko obumile, "bendawo". Ngokuqondene nezithombe zezakhiwo, ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuhlanganisa umculo ngokuya ngesihloko kanye nemiqondo; ababhali bomculo. imisebenzi ehlotshaniswa nezikhumbuzo zezakhiwo, njengomthetho, azizange ziphefumulelwe ngokwazo njengomlando, izenzakalo ezenzeka kuzo noma eduze kwazo, izinganekwane ezakhiwe ngabo (umdlalo "Vyshegrad" kusukela emjikelezweni we-symphonic we B. Smetana “Izwe Lami Lomama”, umdlalo wopiyano oshiwo ngenhla othi “The Chapel of William Tell” ka-Liszt, umbhali angazange aqale ngephutha nge-epigraph ethi “One for all, all for one”).

Ukuhlela kwaba ukunqoba okukhulu kwamamuse. icala. Uholele ekuthuthukisweni kohlu lwezithombe ezingokoqobo, ezibonakala eminyuziyamu. prod., ukucinga amagama amasha. kusho, amafomu amasha, abe nesandla ekunothisweni nasekuhlukaniseni amafomu nezinhlobo. Indlela yomqambi emculweni we-classic ngokuvamile inqunywa ukuxhumana kwakhe nempilo, isimanjemanje, kanye nokunaka izinkinga zezihloko; kwezinye izimo, yona ngokwayo ifaka isandla ekusondelaneni komqambi neqiniso kanye nokuqonda kwayo okujulile. Nokho, ngezinye izindlela uP. ingaphansi komculo ongelona uhlelo. Uhlelo lunciphisa umbono womculo, luphambukise ukunaka embonweni ojwayelekile ovezwa kulo. Ukuvezwa kwemibono yesakhiwo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nomculo. izici ezivamile noma ngaphansi. Ngakho-ke isimo sengqondo esingaqondakali sabaqambi abaningi abakhulu maqondana nezinhlelo, bobabili abaheha futhi babaxosha (amazwi ka-PI Tchaikovsky, G. Mahler, R. Strauss, njll.). P. m. akuyona into ethile: uhlobo lomculo oluphakeme kakhulu, njengoba nomculo ongewona wohlelo ungenjalo. Lezi yizinhlobo ezilinganayo, ezisemthethweni ngokulinganayo. Umehluko phakathi kwabo awuvimbeli ukuxhumana kwabo; zombili izizukulwane nazo zihlotshaniswa ne-wok. umculo. Ngakho-ke, i-opera ne-oratorio kwakuyisiqalo se-symphonism yohlelo. I-opera overture yayiyisibonelo se-symphony yohlelo. izinkondlo; kwezobuciko be-operatic, kukhona futhi izimfuneko ze-leitmotivism kanye ne-monothematism, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-P.m. Ngokulandelayo, i-instr. umculo uthonywa yi-wok. umculo kanye P.m. Kutholwe ku-P.m. entsha izoveza. amathuba abe yimpahla yomculo ongelona uhlelo futhi. Amathrendi ajwayelekile enkathi athinta ukuthuthukiswa komculo wakudala nomculo ongewona wohlelo.

Ubunye bomculo nohlelo kuhlelo lwe-Op. ayiphelele, ayincibiliki. Kuyenzeka ukuthi uhlelo alulethwa kumlaleli lapho enza i-op., ekhanyayo. umkhiqizo, lapho umbhali womculo ebhekisela kumlaleli, kuvela ukuthi akajwayelekile kuye. Uma umqambi ekhetha ukuhlanganisa umqondo wakhe ngendlela evamile, umonakalo omncane ekubonweni uyobangelwa “ukuhlukaniswa” okunjalo komculo womsebenzi ohlelweni lwawo. "Ukuhlukana" okunjalo akuthandeki ngaso sonke isikhathi uma kuziwa ekubulaweni kwesimanje. isebenza. Kodwa-ke, kungase kuvele kungokwemvelo uma kuziwa ekusebenzeni kokukhiqiza. inkathi yangaphambili, njengoba imibono yohlelo ingase ilahlekelwe ukuhlobana nokubaluleka kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulezi zimo, umculo we-prod. ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane ulahlekelwe izici zokuhleleka, phenduka ube ezingahleleki. Ngakho, umugqa phakathi kwe-P. m. nomculo ongewona wohlelo, ngokujwayelekile, ucacile ngokuphelele, emlandweni. isici sinemibandela.

AP m. ithuthukiswe ngokuyisisekelo kuwo wonke umlando ka-prof. ice isk-va. Eyokuqala yemibiko etholwe abacwaningi mayelana namamuse esofthiwe. Kiss. kubhekiselwa ku-586 BC. - kulo nyaka emidlalweni yePythian eDelphi (uDkt. Greece), i-avletist u-Sakao wenza umdlalo ka-Timosthenes obonisa impi ka-Apollo nodrako. Imisebenzi eminingi yohlelo yadalwa ngezikhathi zakamuva. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-clavier sonatas ethi “Izindaba ZeBhayibheli” yomqambi weLeipzig u-J. Kunau, ama-harpsichord amancane ka-F. Couperin kanye no-J. F. Rameau, u-clavier “Capriccio Ekuhambeni Komzalwane Othandekayo” ka-I. C. Bach. Uhlelo luphinde lwethulwe emisebenzini yama-Viennese yakudala. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yabo: i-triad yama-symphonies ohlelo ka-J. U-Haydn, umlingisi ongu-December. izikhathi zosuku (No 6, “Morning”; No 7, “Noon”; No 8, “Evening”), i-Symphony yakhe yokuvalelisa; I-“Pastoral Symphony” (No 6) ka-Beethoven, zonke izingxenye zazo ezinikezwe imibhalo engezansi yohlelo futhi kumphumela kunenothi elibalulekile lokuqonda uhlobo lohlelo lombhali we-Op. - "Ukuvezwa kwemizwa okuningi kunesithombe", umdlalo wakhe othi "The Battle of Vittoria", ekuqaleni owawuhloselwe umshini. Insimbi ye-ice panharmonicon, kodwa yabe yenziwa nge-orc. edition, futhi ikakhulukazi ukunqoba kwakhe ku-ballet ethi "The Creations of Prometheus", eya enhlekeleleni ethi "Coriolanus" kaCollin, i-overture ethi "Leonora" No. 1-3, ukudlula kwenhlekelele ethi "Egmont" kaGoethe. Ibhalwe njengezethulo zamadrama. noma idrama yomculo. ukukhiqizwa, ngokushesha bathola ukuzimela. Kamuva uhlelo Op. zazivame ukudalwa njengezethulo ku-K.-L. kukhanyisiwe. prod., ukulahlekelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nokho, izongena. umsebenzi. Ukuqhakaza kweqiniso kukaP. m. wafika ngesikhathi somculo. ukuthandana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabameleli be-classicist ngisho ne-aesthetics yokukhanyisa, abaculi bothando baqonda imininingwane ye-decomp. faka isicelo. Babona ukuthi ngamunye wabo ubonisa ukuphila ngendlela yakhe, esebenzisa izindlela ezingavamile kuphela futhi ebonisa into efanayo, isenzakalo esivela ohlangothini oluthile olufinyeleleka kuso, ngenxa yalokho, ngamunye wabo unomkhawulo ngandlela-thile futhi unikeza isithombe esingaphelele. okwangempela. Yilokhu okuholele abaculi bothando emcabangweni wokuhlanganisa ubuciko ukuze babonise umhlaba ophelele, ovela emazweni amaningi. Umculo. abathandi bezothando bamemezela isiqubulo sokuvuselelwa komculo ngokuxhumanisa izinkondlo, esahunyushelwa kweziningi. i-ice prod. Uhlelo lwe-Op. thatha indawo ebalulekile emsebenzini kaF. I-Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (ingoma isuka emculweni iye kwekaShakespeare ethi “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, iguqula “i-Hebrides”, noma “Umhume Ka-Fingal”, “Ukuthula Kolwandle Nokubhukuda Okujabulisayo”, “Beautiful Melusina”, “Ruy Blas”, njll.), R . U-Schumann (udlulela ku-Byron's Manfred, kuya ezigcawini ezivela ku-Goethe's Faust, pl. fp. imidlalo nemijikelezo yemidlalo, njll.). Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uP. m. uthenga ku-G. Berlioz ("Fantastic Symphony", Symphony "Harold in Italy", idrama. i-symphony ethi “Romeo and Juliet”, “Funeral and Triumphal Symphony”, amazwibela athi “Waverley”, “Secret Judges”, “King Lear”, “Rob Roy”, njll.) kanye no-F. Liszt (symphony “Faust” kanye ne-symphony ku-“Divine Comedy” ka-Dante, i-symphony engu-13. izinkondlo, pl. fp. imidlalo kanye nemijikelezo yemidlalo). Kamuva, umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-P. m. silethe B. Ukhilimu (sym. izinkondlo "Richard III", "Camp Wallenstein", "Gakon Jarl", umjikelezo "My Motherland" 6 izinkondlo), A. I-Dvořák (sym. izinkondlo ezithi “Waterman”, “Golden Spinning Wheel”, “Forest Juve”, njll., ama-overtures – Hussite, “Othello”, njll.) kanye no-R. Strauss (symp. izinkondlo "Don Juan", "Ukufa Nokukhanyiselwa", "Macbeth", "Til Ulenspiegel", "Ngakho Wakhuluma Zarathustra", kumnandi. ukuhlukahluka endikimbeni ye-knightly "Don Quixote", "Home Symphony", njll.). Uhlelo lwe-Op. futhi eyenziwe ngu-K. I-Debussy (orc. Isandulelo esithi “Afternoon of a Faun”, i-symphony. imijikelezo “Nocturnes”, “Sea”, njll.), M. Reger (izinkondlo ezi-4 ze-symphony ngokuka-Böcklin), u-A. Onegger (symph. inkondlo "Ingoma yeNigamon", symphony.

Ukuhlela kuthole ukuthuthukiswa okucebile ngesiRashiya. umculo. Okwe-Russian nat. izikole zomculo zikhanga isoftware enqunyiwe yobuhle. izimo zengqondo zabameleli bayo abaholayo, isifiso sabo sentando yeningi, ukuqondakala okuvamile kwemisebenzi yabo, kanye “nenhloso” yomsebenzi wabo. Kusukela emibhalweni, osn. ezindikimbeni zengoma futhi, ngakho-ke, equkethe izakhi zokuhlanganiswa komculo namagama, njengoba umlaleli, lapho ewabona, uhlobanisa imibhalo yokuxhumana nomculo. izingoma ("Kamarinskaya" by Glinka), Russian. Ngokushesha abaqambi bafika ekuqanjweni kwangempela komculo. Inani lezinhlelo ezivelele ze-op. udale amalungu e-"Mighty Handful" - MA Balakirev (inkondlo ye-symphonic "Tamara"), i-MP Mussorgsky ("Izithombe Embukisweni" wepiyano), NA Rimsky-Korsakov (umdwebo we-symphonic "Sadko ", Symphony "Antar"). Inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yesoftware eka-PI Tchaikovsky (i-symphony yokuqala "Amaphupho Asebusika", i-symphony "Manfred", i-fantasy overture "Romeo noJuliet", inkondlo ye-symphonic "Francesca da Rimini", njll.). Imikhiqizo ye-software enamandla i-AK Glazunov (inkondlo ye-symphonic "Stenka Razin"), i-AK Lyadov (imidwebo ye-symphonic "Baba Yaga", "I-Magic Lake" nethi "Kikimora"), Vas. S. Kalinnikov (umdwebo we-symphonic "Cedar and Palm Tree"), u-SV Rachmaninov (i-symphonic fantasy "Cliff", inkondlo ye-symphonic "Isle of the Dead"), u-AN Scriabin (i-symphonic "Inkondlo ye-Ecstasy", "Inkondlo Yomlilo" ( "Prometheus"), pl. fp. imidlalo).

Ukuhlela kuphinde kuvezwe kabanzi emsebenzini wezikhova. abaqambi, kuhl. I-SS Prokofiev ("Scythian Suite" ye-orchestra, umdwebo we-symphonic "Autumn", umdwebo we-symphonic "Amaphupho", izingcezu zepiyano), N. Ya. Myaskovsky (izinkondlo ze-symphonic "Silence" kanye "Alastor", ama-symphonies No 10, 12, 16, njll.), DD Shostakovich (ama-symphonies No 2, 3 ("May Day"), 11 ("1905"), 12 ("1917" ”), njll.). Uhlelo lwe-Op. nazo zidalwe ngabamele izizukulwane ezincane zezikhova. abaqambi.

Ukuhlela akubonakali nje kuphela kochwepheshe, kodwa futhi noNar. isimangalo somculo. Phakathi kwabantu, iminyuziyamu. Cultures to-rykh zihlanganisa athuthukile instr. ukwenza umculo, akuhambisani kuphela nokusebenza nokuhlukahluka kwezingoma zezingoma, kodwa futhi nokudalwa kwezingoma ezizimele ngaphandle kobuciko bezingoma, b.ch. isofthiwe. Ngakho, uhlelo op. yenza ingxenye ebalulekile yeKazakh. (Kui) kanye noKirg. (kyu) instr. iyadlala. Ngayinye yalezi zingcezu, eyenziwa yi-soloist-instrumentalist (phakathi kwamaKazakhs - phila) kwelinye lamabhantshi. amathuluzi (i-dombra, i-kobyz noma i-sybyzga phakathi kwama-Kazakhs, i-komuz, njll. phakathi kwama-Kyrgyz), inegama lohlelo; pl. yale midlalo isiphenduke yendabuko, njengezingoma ezidluliswa ngezilimi ezahlukene. okuhlukile ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Umnikelo obalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwesenzo sohlelo lwenziwa ngabaqambi ngokwabo abasebenza kule ndawo - F. Liszt, G. Berlioz nabanye. I-musicology ayizange nje ithuthuke ekuqondeni ukwenzeka kwe-P.m., kodwa kunalokho yasuka kuyo. Kuyaphawuleka, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ababhali bezindatshana ezikhuluma nge-P.m., babekwe endaweni enkulu kunazo zonke eNtshonalanga Yurophu. ama-encyclopedia omculo futhi kufanele enze konke okuhlangenwe nakho kokutadisha inkinga, anikeze izincazelo ezingacacile kakhulu ezenzweni zezinhlelo (bona Isichazamazwi sikaGrov somculo nabaculi, v. 6, L.-NY, 1954; Riemann Musiklexikon, Sachteil, Mainz, 1967) , ngezinye izikhathi uze wenqabe c.-l. izincazelo (Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik, Bd 10, Kassel ua, 1962).

E-Russia, ukutadisha inkinga yezinhlelo kwaqala ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweRussia. izikole zomculo we-classic, abameleli abashiye izitatimende ezibalulekile ngalolu daba. Ukunakwa kwenkinga yezinhlelo kwaqiniswa ikakhulukazi ku-Sov. isikhathi. Ngawo-1950 emakhasini omagazini. "Umculo wamaSoviet" negesi. "I-Soviet Art" yayikhethekile. ingxoxo ngomculo. isofthiwe. Le ngxoxo iphinde yembula umehluko ekuqondweni kwesenzo sika-P. m. ) kanye nabalaleli, mayelana nokuhleleka "kokwazi" kanye "nokungazi", mayelana nokuhleleka kumculo ongewona wohlelo, njll. Ingqikithi yazo zonke lezi zitatimende ifinyelela ekuboneni ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi u-P. m. ngaphandle kohlelo oluxhunywe ku-Op. ngomqambi ngokwakhe. Umbono onjalo ngokungagwemeki uholela ekuhlonzweni kohlelo nokuqukethwe, ekumenyezelweni kwawo wonke umculo njengohlelo, ekuthetheleleni izinhlelo “zokuqagela” ezingakamenyezelwa, okungukuthi ukutolika okungenangqondo kwemibono yomqambi, lapho abaqambi ngokwabo bebelokhu bephikisana ngaso sonke isikhathi. baphikiswa. Ngama-50-60s. Kuvele imisebenzi embalwa ebambe iqhaza eliqondile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkinga zokuhleleka, ikakhulukazi endaweni yokunqunywa kwezinhlobo zolimi lokuhlela. Kodwa-ke, ukuqonda okuhlangene kwesenzo sokuhleleka akukakasungulwa.

References: Tchaikovsky PI, Izincwadi eziya ku-HP von Meck kaFebhuwari 17 / Mashi 1, 1878 kanye noDisemba 5/17, 1878, encwadini: Tchaikovsky PI, Ukuxhumana noNF von Meck, vol. 1, M.-L., 1934, okufanayo, Poln. khola. usho., vol. VII, M., 1961 p. 124-128, 513-514; wakhe, O umculo wohlelo, M.-L., 1952; Kuthi Ts. A., ezothando zesiRashiya. Indatshana yokuthuthuka kwayo, iSt. Petersburg, 1896, p. 5; Laroche, Okuthile ngomculo wohlelo, Umhlaba Wezobuciko, 1900, vol. 3, p. 87-98; eyakhe, Isandulelo Somhumushi sencwadi ka-Hanslik ethi “On the Musically Beautiful”, Iqoqiwe. izihloko ezibucayi zomculo, vol. 1, M., 1913, p. 334-61; wakhe, Omunye wabaphikisi bakaHanslick, ibid., p. 362-85; U-Stasov VV, Art ngekhulu le-1901, encwadini: ikhulu lesi-3, iSt. Petersburg, ngo-1952, okufanayo, encwadini yakhe: Izbr. usho., vol. 1, M., 1917; Yastrebtsev VV, Izinkumbulo zami ze-NA Rimsky-Korsakov, vol. 1959, P., 95, L., 1951, p. 5; Shostakovich D., Kuhlelo lwangempela nolucatshangelwayo, “SM”, 1953, No 1959; I-Bobrovsky VP, ifomu le-Sonata kumculo we-Russian classical program, M., 7 (abstract of diss.); Sabinina M., Uyini umculo wohlelo?, MF, 1962, No 1963; U-Aranovsky M., Uyini umculo wohlelo?, M., 1968; Tyulin Yu. N., Mayelana nokuhleleka emisebenzini kaChopin, L., 1963, M., 1965; Khokhlov Yu., Mayelana nezinhlelo zomculo, M., 11; I-Auerbach L., Icabangela izinkinga zokuhlela, "SM", XNUMX, No XNUMX. Bheka futhi lit. ngaphansi kwezihlokwana ethi Musical Aesthetics, Umculo, Sound Painting, Monothematism, Symphonic Poem.

Yu. N. Khokhlov