Isikolo |

ital. partitura, lit. - ukuhlukanisa, ukusatshalaliswa, kusuka ku-lat. ingxenye - hlukanisa, yabela; I-German Partitur, ingxenye yesiFulentshi, eng. Umphumela

Umbhalo womculo womsebenzi womculo we-polyphonic (izinsimbi, ikwaya noma izinsimbi zomculo), lapho izisebenzi ezihlukene zabelwe ingxenye yensimbi ngayinye noma izwi. Izingxenye zihlelwa enye ngaphansi kwesinye ngokulandelana ngendlela yokuthi amabhithi afanayo esilinganiso ame mpo efanayo futhi kungaba lula ngokubukeka ukumboza ongwaqa abaphuma ekuhlanganisweni kwamazwi. Phakathi nokuvela kokubunjwa, ukubukeka kwayo kwashintsha kakhulu, okwakuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuqamba.

Umgomo wokuhlelwa kwamaphuzu - ukuhleleka okuqondile kwemigqa - kwasetshenziswa ku-org. tablature naku-org. P. (eyethulwe abaculi abahambisana nokudlalwa kwekhwaya, ukurekhodwa kwamazwi abaluleke kakhulu engoma; imigqa ehlukene yabelwa i-treble ne-bass, amazwi aphakathi nendawo noma eqoshwe ngendlela ye-tablature, noma ngayinye yabhalwa kwelinye elihlukile. umugqa).

F. Verdelo. I-motet. Umculo weshidi. (Encwadini ethi Lampadia.)

Ngokusho kwakhe. isazi semibono uLampadius (“Compendium mu-sicis” – “A Brief Guide to Music”, 1537), P. dates back approx. ngo-1500, lapho i-“Tabulae compositoriae” (ekhanyisayo – “amatafula omqambi”) iqala ukusetshenziswa. I-motet kaF. Verdelot ecashunwe nguLampadius iyisibonelo sokuqala somkhuba omusha wokuqanjwa komculo oye wehlela kithi; lena imigqa emi-4 ephrintiwe P. enemigqa ngemva kwamabreve amabili. Amazwi ahlelwe ngokulandelana kwe-tessitura yawo, isimiso esimiswe ngokuqinile ku-wok. P. Incwadi yokuqala eyasinda ebhalwe ngesandla P. – “Fantasia di Giaches” (B-ka Vatican, ork. Chigi VIII, 206) ibhekisela ku-1560. Ukuvela ekhulwini le-16. amaphuzu aqoshiwe polygonal. kanye nama-multi-choir woks. op. okuhambisana nokuchuma kwe-polyphony yokulingisa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuzwana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqoshwa ngaleso sikhathi kwamagoli amaningi. umculo emazwini omnyango (izingxenye) noma encwadini yamakwaya (lapho amazwi amabili okuthungwa kwamazwi angu-4 aqoshwa ekhasini ngalinye) P. wayemele ukunethezeka okukhulu, ngoba wawubonakala futhi wenza kube lula ukubonwa kwezixhumanisi ezivundlile nezime mpo. ye-polyphonic. ephelele. Embhalweni wamaphuzu, instr. umculo wasetshenziswa DOS. izimiso zokuqopha wok. i-polyphonic prod. Ukwakheka kwezinsimbi ku-P enjalo akuzange kulungiswe; okhiye negama le-tessitura (cantus, altus, tenor, bassus) elinikezwayo ukuze linqume.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 nele-17. P. wavuka ngebhesi evamile. Ukubukeka kwayo kuhlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwesitayela se-homophonic, ikakhulukazi, ngesidingo sokwenza kube lula kubadlali be-organ kanye ne-clavichembalo ukuzijwayeza ukuhambisana ne-chordal yezingoma. amavoti. Ku-P. nge-bass evamile, izingxenye ze-bass ne-melodic zarekhodwa. amazwi (izingxenye zezinsimbi ezine-tessitura efanayo zisemgqeni ofanayo). i-harmonic ehambisana nezinsimbi zekhibhodi yalungiswa ngokuhambisana neziginesha. Ngokufika kwengxenye yesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 lama-symphonies asendulo namakhonsathi, ibhesi evamile iphelelwa amandla; ukuvumelana kwaqala ukulungiswa ngokunembile ku-P.

Ukuhleleka kwezinsimbi zokuqopha kupiyano ye-classical yakuqala kancane kancane kwaba ngaphansi kwenhlangano ye-orchestra yaba amaqembu, kodwa ukuhlelwa kwamaqembu ngokwawo kwakuhluke ngokuphawulekayo kwesimanje: ngokuvamile izintambo eziphakeme zazitholakala phezulu, imimoya yokhuni kanye nemimoya yethusi ngaphansi kwazo. , namabhesi ezintambo ngaphansi.

Ngisho nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 abaqhubi babevame ukusebenzisa isiqondiso; kuphela ngokufika kwama-conductor esikhathini samanje. incazelo yegama (bheka Ukwenza)

Ukuhlelwa kwezinsimbi kumphumela we-orchestra enkulu ye-symphony

Amagama Russian Amagama Italian

I-Woodwind

Umtshingo omncane UFlauto piccolo AmaFlutes UFlauti Oboe Oboe cor anglais corno isiNgisi UClarinet UClarinetti Ibhesi i-clarinet UClarinette basso Fagotti bassoons Contrafagot Contrafagotto

Imimoya yethusi

Corni izimpondo Trombe amapayipi Trombones Tuba Tuba

Izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo

I-Timpani Timpani Triangolo unxantathu I-Tamburino isigubhu Isigubhu somgibe I-Tamburo impi ye-Piatti amapuleti Isigubhu esikhulu Gran cassa Xylophone Xylophone Bells Campanelli

Celesta Harp Arpa

Izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo

I-1-e i-violin 1 I-Violini 2-e i-violins 2 I-Violini Viola i-Violoncelli cellos Contrabass Contrabassi

P. uba kudingekile ekusebenzeni kwe-orchestra. kanye ne-wok-orc. umculo.

Inhlangano eyamukelwa manje kaP. yaqala ukumila phakathi. Ikhulu le-19 Izingxenye zamathuluzi zihlelwa ngokwe-orc. amaqembu, ngaphakathi kweqembu ngalinye izinsimbi zibhalwa ku-tessitura ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi (ngaphandle kwamacilongo, izingxenye zazo, ngokwesiko elidala, zibhalwe ngaphansi kwezingxenye zezimpondo, bheka ithebula elingenhla).

Izinhlobonhlobo eziphezulu ku-tessitura (bona i-Orchestra) zirekhodwa ngaphezu kwengxenye eyinhloko. insimbi (kuphela ingxenye yomtshingo omncane ngezinye izikhathi ebhalwe phansi), ephansi - ngaphansi kwayo. Izingxenye zehabhu, upiyano, i-ogani, abacula ngabodwana kanye nekhwaya zirekhodwa phezu kweqembu lezintambo:

U-Rimsky-Korsakov. I-Capriccio yaseSpain. Ingxenye I. Alborada.

Okunye okuhlukile emithethweni emisiwe kwenziwa nguG. Berlioz, R. Wagner, N. Ya. Myaskovsky nabanye. kanye ne-polyphonic. ulimi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 P. waqala ukwenza ukufunda kube nzima. Ngakho, kwaphakama isidingo sokwenza kube lula uP., ukuyikhulula kokhiye abathile (NA Rimsky-Korsakov nabanye abaqambi besikole saseSt. SS Prokofiev, A. Honegger). Ngama-50-70s. Ikhulu lama-20 P. lalihlanganisa izindlela eziningi ezinemibandela zokubhala ezihambisana nokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zesu lokuqamba (i-aleatoric, i-sonorim). Bona amaphuzu okufunda.

References: I-Nuremberg M., Ihluzo zomculo, L., 1953, p. 192-199; UMatalaev L., Yenza lula amaphuzu, "SM", 1964, No 10; Malter L., Amathebula on instrumentation, M., 1966, p. 55, 59, 67, 89.

IA Barsova