Alban Berg |

Alban Berg

Soul, uba muhle kanjani, ujule ngemva kweziphepho zeqhwa. P. Altenberg

U-A. Berg ungomunye womculo wakudala wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. - kwakungeyesikole okuthiwa i-Novovensk, esasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elizungeze i-A. Schoenberg, eyayihlanganisa no-A. Webern, G. Eisler nabanye. U-Berg, njengo-Schoenberg, uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuqondisa kwe-Austro-German expressionism (ngaphezu kwalokho, emagatsheni awo amakhulu kakhulu) ngenxa yokusesha kwakhe izinga elidlulele lokuvezwa kolimi lomculo. Ama-opera kaBerg ayebizwa ngokuthi “amadrama amemezayo” ngenxa yalesi sizathu.

U-Berg wayengomunye wabasekeli besimo sesikhathi sakhe - isimo esibucayi somphakathi wonxiwankulu phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye neminyaka eyandulela ukuqala kobufascism eYurophu. Umsebenzi wakhe ubonakala ngesimo sengqondo sokugxeka umphakathi, ukugxeka ukugxeka kwama-bourgeois mores, njengamafilimu kaCh. Chaplin, ukuzwela okukhulu "komuntu omncane". Umuzwa wokungabi nathemba, ukukhathazeka, usizi luvamile ekubaleni ngokomzwelo kwemisebenzi yakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, uBerg ungumculi womculo ophefumulelwe owagcina ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Inkolo yokuzizwa yothando, ejwayelekile yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye elidlule. Amagagasi omculo we-lyrical akhuphuka futhi awe, ukuphefumula okubanzi kwe-orchestra enkulu, ukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwezinsimbi zomculo, ukungezwani kwezwi, ukucula, okugcwele ama-nuances amaningi azwakalayo, enza ukucaciswa komsindo womculo wakhe, futhi lokhu kugcwele kwezingoma kuyaphikisana. ukungabi nathemba, okumangazayo kanye nenhlekelele.

UBerg wazalelwa emndenini lapho babethanda khona izincwadi, bethanda ukudlala upiyano, becula. Umfowabo kaCharlie omdala wayecula, futhi lokhu kwanikeza u-Alban osemncane ithuba lokuqamba izingoma eziningi ehambisana nopiyano. Efuna ukuthola imfundo yobungcweti ekuqanjweni komculo, uBerg waqala ukufunda ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaSchoenberg, owayenedumela lokuba uthisha onobuhlakani. Wafunda kumamodeli we-classical, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ethola ikhono lokusebenzisa amasu amasha ezinhlobo ezintsha zokukhuluma. Eqinisweni, ukuqeqeshwa kwathatha kusukela ngo-1904 kuya ku-1910, kamuva lokhu kuxhumana kwakhula kwaba ubungane obuseduze kakhulu bokudala bokuphila.

Phakathi kwezingoma zokuqala ezizimele zikaBerg ngesitayela kukhona iPiano Sonata, enombala ohunyushwayo odabukisayo (1908). Nokho, imidlalo yokuqala yezingoma ayizange ivuse uzwelo lwabalaleli; U-Berg, njengo-Schoenberg kanye no-Webern, wakha igebe phakathi kwezifiso zabo ze-leftist kanye nokuthandwa kwakudala komphakathi.

Ngo-1915-18. UBerg wakhonza ebuthweni lezempi. Lapho ebuya, wabamba iqhaza emsebenzini weNhlangano Yezimboni Ezizimele, wabhala izihloko, wayethandwa njengomfundisi (wasondela, ikakhulukazi, isazi sefilosofi esidumile saseJalimane uT. Adorno).

Umsebenzi owenza umqambi waziwa emhlabeni wonke kwakuyi-opera ethi Wozzeck (1921), eyaqala ukuboniswa (ngemuva kokuprakthiza izikhathi ezingu-137) ngo-1925 eBerlin. Ngo-1927 i-opera yadlalwa eLeningrad, futhi umlobi weza ku-Premiere. Ezweni lakubo, ukusebenza kukaWozzeck kwavinjelwa ngokushesha - umkhathi odangele owadalwa ukukhula kwe-fascism yaseJalimane wawushuba kabuhlungu. Ngesikhathi esebenza nge-opera ethi “Lulu” (esekelwe emdlalweni kaF. Wedekind othi “The Spirit of the Earth” nethi “Pandora’s Box”), wabona ukuthi akusabalulekile ukuyidlala esiteji, umsebenzi wahlala ungakaqedi. Ezwa kahle inzondo yomhlaba ozungezile, uBerg wabhala "ingoma yakhe yedada" ngonyaka wokufa kwakhe - Ikhonsathi yeViolin "In Memory of an Angel".

Eminyakeni engu-50 yokuphila kwakhe, uBerg wenza imisebenzi embalwa uma kuqhathaniswa. Ezaziwa kakhulu kulawa kwakuyi-opera ethi Wozzeck ne-Violin Concerto; i-opera ethi "Lulu" nayo yenziwa kakhulu; "Lyrical Suite for Quartet" (1926); I-Sonata yopiyano; Ikhonsathi yeChamber yepiyano, ivayolini nezinsimbi zomoya eziyi-13 (1925), ikhonsathi ethi “Wine” (esiteshini nguC. Baudelaire, ehunyushwe ngu-S. George – 1929).

Emsebenzini wakhe, uBerg wadala izinhlobo ezintsha ze-opera kanye nemisebenzi yezinsimbi. I-opera ethi "Wozzeck" yabhalwa ngokususelwa kudrama ethi "Woizeck" ka-H. Buchner. "Kwakungekho sibonelo sokuqanjwa ezincwadini ze-opera zomhlaba, iqhawe elalingumuntu omncane, ocindezelekile osebenza ezimweni zansuku zonke, edonswe ngokukhululeka okumangalisayo" (M. Tarakanov). I-batman u-Wozzeck, ukaputeni wakhe ogijima phezu kwakhe, wenza ukuhlolwa kwe-charlatan ngudokotela ohlanya, ushintsha isidalwa esibizayo kuphela - uMarie. Encishwe ithemba lokugcina ekuphileni kwakhe okungenalutho, uWozzeck ubulala uMarie, ngemva kwalokho yena ngokwakhe efela exhaphozini. Ukuvezwa kwetulo elinjalo kwakuyisenzo sokulahla okubukhali komphakathi. Inhlanganisela yezinto ezicasulayo, ezemvelo, izingoma ezikhuthazayo, ukwenziwa kabusha okudabukisayo ku-opera kwakudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zephimbo lephimbo - izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphindaphinda, inqubo ephakathi phakathi kokucula nenkulumo (Sprechstimme), ukugqashuka kwephimbo eliwuphawu emculweni. ; i-hypertrophy yezici zomculo zezinhlobo zansuku zonke - izingoma, amamashi, ama-waltzes, ama-polkas, njll., kuyilapho kugcinwa ukugcwala okubanzi kwe-orchestra. B. Asafiev wabhala mayelana nokuvumelana kwesixazululo somculo ku-Wozzeck nomqondo we-ideological: “... Angazi nganoma iyiphi enye i-opera yesimanje le, ngaphezu kuka-Wozzeck, engaqinisa inhloso yomphakathi yomculo njengolimi oluqondile lwemizwa, ikakhulukazi ngesakhiwo esimangalisayo njengedrama i-Buechner, kanye nokusakazwa okuhlakaniphile nokuqonda kwesakhiwo ngomculo, njengoba uBerg ekwazile ukwenza.

I-Violin Concerto yaba yisiteji esisha emlandweni walolu hlobo - yanikezwa uhlamvu oludabukisayo lwe-requiem. Ikhonsathi yabhalwa ngaphansi kombono wokufa kwentombazane eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili, ngakho yathola ukunikezelwa "In Memory of an Angel". Izigaba zekhonsathi zibonisa izithombe zokuphila okufushane komuntu osemusha nokufa okusheshayo. Isandulela sidlulisa umuzwa wokuba ntekenteke, ubuthakathaka kanye nokuhlukana okuthile; I-Scherzo, efanekisela injabulo yokuphila, yakhiwe phezu kwama-waltzes, abanikazi bendawo, iqukethe ingoma yomdabu yaseCarinthian; I-cadenza ihlanganisa ukuwohloka kokuphila, kuholela emvuthwandaba ogqamile wokuveza umsebenzi; Ukwehluka kwamakhora kuholela ku-catharsis ehlanzayo, efanekiselwa ingcaphuno ye-chorale ka-JS Bach (kusuka ku-spirit cantata No. 60 Es ist genug).

Umsebenzi kaBerg ube nomthelela omkhulu kubaqambi bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. futhi, ikakhulukazi, kumaSoviet - D. Shostakovich, K. Karaev, F. Karaev, A. Schnittke nabanye.

V. Kholopova

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