URichard Strauss |

Richard Strauss

URichard Strauss. "Washo kanjalo uZarathustra." Isingeniso

Ngifuna ukuletha injabulo futhi ngiyayidinga mina. R. Strauss

R. Strauss - omunye wabaqambi abakhulu baseJalimane, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX-XX. Ekanye no-G. Mahler, wayengomunye wabaqhubi abahamba phambili besikhathi sakhe. Udumo lwamphelezela kusukela esemncane kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Ukuqamba okusha kwe-Strauss osemusha kwabangela ukuhlaselwa okubukhali nezingxoxo. Ngama-20-30s. Ompetha bekhulu lesi-XNUMX bezitayela zakamuva bamemezele ukuthi umsebenzi womqambi uyisidala futhi uyisidala. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu, imisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu iye yasinda amashumi eminyaka futhi igcine ubuhle bayo nenani kuze kube yilolu suku.

Umculi wofuzo, uStrauss wazalelwa futhi wakhulela endaweni yobuciko. Ubaba wakhe wayengumdlali wempondo okhaliphile futhi wasebenza eMunich Court Orchestra. Umama, ophuma emndenini ocebile, wayenesizinda esihle somculo. Umqambi wesikhathi esizayo wathola izifundo zakhe zokuqala zomculo kuye lapho eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala. Umndeni wadlala umculo omningi, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ithalente lomculo lomfana labonakala kusenesikhathi: eneminyaka engu-6 waqamba imidlalo eminingana futhi wazama ukubhala i-overture ye-orchestra. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nezifundo zomculo wasekhaya, uRichard wathatha izifundo ze-gymnasium, wafunda umlando wezobuciko nefilosofi eNyuvesi yaseMunich. Umbhidisi waseMunich uF. Mayer wamnikeza izifundo zokuvumelana, ukuhlaziya ifomu, nokucula. Ukubamba iqhaza ku-orchestra eyimfundamakhwela kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwazi kahle izinsimbi, futhi ukuhlolwa komqambi wokuqala kwenziwa ngokushesha. Izifundo zomculo eziyimpumelelo zikhombisile ukuthi asikho isidingo sokuthi insizwa ingene ku-conservatory.

Izingoma zakuqala zikaStrauss zabhalwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-romanticism emaphakathi, kodwa umshayi wepiyano ovelele u-G. Bülow, umhlaziyi u-E. Hanslik kanye. I. Brahms wabona kubo isiphiwo esikhulu salensizwa.

Ngokuncoma kuka-Bülow, uStrauss uba umlandeli wakhe - inhloko ye-orchestra yasenkantolo ye-Duke of Saxe-Meidingen. Kodwa amandla ashisayo omculi osemusha ayeminyene ezifundazweni, futhi walishiya idolobha, waya esikhundleni seKapellmeister yesithathu eMunich Court Opera. Uhambo oluya e-Italy lushiye umbono ocacile, obonakala ku-symphonic fantasy "From Italy" (1886), isiphetho esisheshayo esadala impikiswano eshubile. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3, ​​uStrauss uya e-Weimar Court Theatre futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-opera esiteji, ubhala inkondlo yakhe ye-symphonic uDon Juan (1889), eyambeka phambili endaweni evelele kwezobuciko bomhlaba. UBülow wabhala: "UDon Juan ..." ube yimpumelelo engakaze izwakale." I-orchestra ye-Strauss yakhanya okokuqala lapha ngamandla emibala kaRubens, futhi ku-hero ejabulisayo yenkondlo, abaningi baqaphela isithombe somqambi ngokwakhe. Ngo-1889-98. U-Strauss udala izinkondlo eziningi ezicacile ze-symphonic: "Til Ulenspiegel", "Wakhuluma Ngalokho Zarathustra", "Ukuphila Kweqhawe", "Ukufa Nokukhanya", "Don Quixote". Zembula ikhono elikhulu lomqambi ngezindlela eziningi: ubuhlakani obumangalisayo, umsindo ocwebezelayo weqembu lezinsimbi, isibindi solimi lomculo. Ukwakhiwa kwe "Home Symphony" (1903) kuqeda inkathi "ye-symphonic" yomsebenzi kaStrauss.

Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, umqambi uzinikela ku-opera. Ukuhlolwa kwakhe kokuqala kulolu hlobo ("Guntram" kanye "Ngaphandle Komlilo") kufaka umkhondo wethonya likaR. Wagner omkhulu, umsebenzi wakhe we-titanic uStrauss, ngamazwi akhe, "wayenenhlonipho engenamkhawulo".

Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, udumo lukaStrauss lwalusabalala emhlabeni wonke. Ukukhiqizwa kwakhe kwama-opera kaMozart noWagner kuthathwa njengesibonelo. Njengomqhubi we-symphonic uStrauss uvakashele eNgilandi, eFrance, eBelgium, eHolland, e-Italy naseSpain. Ngo-1896 ithalente lakhe laziswa eMoscow, lapho evakashele khona namakhonsathi. Ngo-1898, uStrauss wamenywa esikhundleni sokuba umqhubi we-Berlin Court Opera. Udlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomculo; uhlela ubambiswano lwabaqambi baseJalimane, uqashwe ngumongameli weGeneral German Musical Union, wethula umthethosivivinywa wokuvikelwa kwamalungelo okushicilela abaqambi kuReichstag. Lapha wahlangana no-R. Rolland no-G. Hofmannsthal, imbongi enekhono yase-Austria kanye nombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi, abesesebenze nayo iminyaka engaba ngu-30.

Ngo-1903-08. U-Strauss udala ama-opera athi Salome (okusekelwe kudrama ka-O. Wilde) kanye no-Elektra (ngokusekelwe enhlekeleleni ka-G. Hofmannsthal). Kuzo, umqambi ukhululiwe ngokuphelele ethonyeni likaWagner.

Izindaba zeBhayibheli nezasendulo ekuchazeni abameleli abavelele be-European decadence zithola umbala wokunethezeka nophazamisayo, ezibonisa usizi lokuwohloka kwempucuko yasendulo. Ulimi oluqinile lomculo lukaStrauss, ikakhulukazi ku-“Electra”, lapho umqambi, ngamazwi akhe, “efinyelele imikhawulo eyeqisayo ... yekhono lokubona izindlebe zesimanjemanje,” kwabangela ukuphikiswa kwabadlali kanye nabagxeki. Kodwa ngokushesha womabili ama-opera aqala imashi yawo yokunqoba enqamula izigaba zaseYurophu.

Ngo-1910, kwaba noshintsho emsebenzini womqambi. Phakathi nomsebenzi wombhidisi onesivunguvungu, udala edume kakhulu kuma-opera akhe, iDer Rosenkavalier. Ithonya lesiko laseViennese, ukusebenza eVienna, ubungane nabalobi baseViennese, ukuzwelana isikhathi eside ngomculo wamagama akhe uJohann Strauss - konke lokhu kwakungeke kubonakale emculweni. I-opera-waltz, egqugquzelwa uthando lwaseVienna, lapho izigigaba ezihlekisayo, izigigaba zamahlaya ezifihliwe, ubudlelwano obuthinta inhliziyo phakathi kwamaqhawe aculayo buhlangene, iRosenkavalier yaba yimpumelelo ekhazimulayo ku-premiere eDresden (1911) futhi ngokushesha yanqoba izigaba. emazweni amaningi, iba ngelinye lama-opera aziwa kakhulu nge-XX in.

Ithalente lika-Strauss lama-Epikhuru liyachuma ngobubanzi obungakaze bubonwe. Ehlatshwe umxhwele uhambo olude oluya eGreece, wabhala i-opera ethi Ariadne auf Naxos (1912). Kuyo, njengakuma-opera akamuva enziwe u-Helena wase-Egypt (1927), uDaphne (1940) kanye no-The Love of Danae (1940), umqambi osuka esikhundleni somculi wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. wakhokha izithombe zaseGrisi lasendulo, ukuvumelana okukhanyayo okwakuseduze kakhulu nomphefumulo wakhe.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yabangela igagasi le-chauvinism eJalimane. Kulesi simo, uStrauss wakwazi ukugcina ukuzimela kokwahlulela, isibindi nokucaca kokucabanga. Imizwa kaRolland yokulwa nempi yayiseduze nomqambi, futhi abangane ababezithola besemazweni alwayo abazange balushintshe uthando lwabo. Umqambi wathola insindiso, ngokuvuma kwakhe, “emsebenzini wenkuthalo.” Ngo-1915, waphothula i-Alpine Symphony enemibala egqamile, kwathi ngo-1919, i-opera yakhe entsha yadlalwa eVienna kwadlalwa enkululekweni kaHofmannsthal, ethi The Woman Without a Shadow.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uStrauss iminyaka engu-5 uba yinhloko yezindlu ezinhle kakhulu ze-opera emhlabeni - i-Vienna Opera, ungomunye wabaholi bemikhosi yaseSalzburg. Ngesikhathi sokugubha iminyaka engu-60 umqambi, imikhosi enikezelwe emsebenzini wakhe yayibanjelwe eVienna, eBerlin, eMunich, eDresden nakwamanye amadolobha.

Ubuciko bukaStrauss buyamangalisa. Udala imijikelezo yezwi esekelwe ezinkondlweni zika-IV Goethe, W. Shakespeare, C. Brentano, G. Heine, "i-ballet ejabulisayo yase-Viennese" "Shlagober" ("Ukhilimu ohlutshiwe", 1921), "i-comedy burgher with symphonic interludes" opera ” I-Intermezzo (1924), ihlaya lomculo elinesigqi elivela ku-Viennese life Arabella (1933), i-opera yamahlaya ethi The Silent Woman (esekelwe esakhiweni sika-B. Johnson, ngokubambisana no-S. Zweig).

Ngokufika kukaHitler emandleni, amaNazi aqale afuna ukunxenxa abantu abavelele bamasiko aseJalimane enkonzweni yawo. Ngaphandle kokucela imvume yomqambi, u-Goebbels wammisa njengenhloko ye-Imperial Music Chamber. U-Strauss, engayiboni imiphumela egcwele yalesi sinyathelo, wamukela lesi sikhundla, enethemba lokuphikisa ububi futhi abambe iqhaza ekulondolozweni kwesiko lamaJalimane. Kodwa amaNazi, ngaphandle komkhosi nomqambi onegunya kunawo wonke, abeka imithetho yawo siqu: enqabela uhambo oluya eSalzburg, lapho abafuduki baseJalimane beza khona, bashushisa umsunguli wenkululeko u-Strauss S. Zweig ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe "engeyona i-Aryan", futhi mayelana ne lokhu bavala ukusebenza kwe-opera ethi The Silent Woman. Umqambi akakwazanga ukubamba intukuthelo yakhe encwadini ayibhalela umngane. Incwadi yavulwa amaGestapo futhi ngenxa yalokho, uStrauss wacelwa ukuba esule. Nokho, ebuka imisebenzi amaNazi ngokunengeka, Strauss akakwazanga ukuyeka lokusungula. Akasakwazi ukubambisana no-Zweig, ufuna umculi omusha wenkululeko, adala naye ama-operas Day of Peace (1936), Daphne, kanye no-Danae's Love. I-opera yokugcina kaStrauss, iCapriccio (1941), iphinde ithokozela amandla ayo angapheli nokukhanya kogqozi.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, lapho izwe limbozwe incithakalo, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zaseMunich, Dresden, Vienna zadilika ngaphansi kokuqhuma kwamabhomu, uStrauss usaqhubeka nokusebenza. Wabhala ucezu oludabukisayo lwezintambo ezithi "Metamorphoses" (1943), ezothando, enye yazo ayinikezela ku-80th anniversary kaG. Hauptmann, ama-orchestral suites. Ngemva kokuphela kwempi, uStrauss wahlala eSwitzerland iminyaka eminingana, futhi ngosuku olwandulela usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-85 wabuyela eGarmisch.

Ifa le-Strauss lokudala libanzi futhi liyahlukahluka: ama-opera, ama-ballet, izinkondlo ze-symphonic, umculo wemidlalo yeshashalazi, amakhwaya, ezothando. Umqambi ugqugquzelwe izinhlobonhlobo zemithombo yemibhalo: laba ngu-F. Nietzsche no-JB Moliere, M. Cervantes kanye no-O. Wilde. B. Johnson no-G. Hofmannsthal, JW Goethe kanye no-N. Lenau.

Ukwakhiwa kwesitayela sikaStrauss kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya le-romanticism yomculo waseJalimane kaR. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms, R. Wagner. Imvelaphi ekhanyayo yomculo wakhe yaqala ukubonakala enkondlweni ye-symphonic "Don Juan", eyavula yonke igalari yemisebenzi yohlelo. Kuzo, u-Strauss wathuthukisa izimiso ze-symphonism yohlelo ka-G. Berlioz no-F. Liszt, esho igama elisha kule ndawo.

Umqambi unikeze izibonelo eziphakeme zokuqanjwa komqondo wezinkondlo onemininingwane onobuciko obucatshangelwe ngobungcweti kanye nefomu lomculo lomuntu ngamunye ngokujulile. “Umculo wohlelo ukhuphukela ezingeni lobuciko lapho umqambi wawo ngokuyinhloko engumculi onogqozi nekhono.” Ama-opera kaStrauss aphakathi kwemisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu futhi eyenziwa njalo yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Umdlalo weshashalazi ogqamile, ukuzijabulisa (futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokudideka okuthile) kozungu, ukuwina izingxenye zezwi, okumibalabala, amaphuzu e-orchestra e-virtuoso - konke lokhu kudonsela abadlali nabalaleli kubo. Ngemva kokufunda ngokujulile izimpumelelo eziphakeme kakhulu emkhakheni we-opera (ikakhulukazi i-Wagner), uStrauss wadala izibonelo zangempela zazo zombili ezidabukisayo (i-Salome, i-Electra) ne-comic opera (i-Der Rosenkavalier, i-Arabella). Egwema indlela ecatshangwayo endimeni yedrama ye-operatic kanye nokuba nomcabango omkhulu wokuqamba, umqambi udala ama-opera lapho amahlaya namazwi, okuhlekisayo kanye nedrama kuhlangene ngendlela exakile kodwa ehlangene. Kwesinye isikhathi u-Strauss, njengokungathi uyancokola, uhlanganisa ngempumelelo izendlalelo zesikhathi ezihlukene, edala ukudideka okumangalisayo nomculo (“Ariadne auf Naxos”).

Ifa lemibhalo likaStrauss libalulekile. Umpetha we-orchestra omkhulu kunabo bonke, wabuyekeza futhi wengeza ethi, I-Berlioz Treatise on Instrumentation. Incwadi yakhe ye-autobiographical ethi "Reflections and Reminiscences" iyathakazelisa, kukhona ukuxhumana okubanzi nabazali bakhe, uR. Rolland, G. Bülov, G. Hofmannsthal, S. Zweig.

Ukusebenza kukaStrauss njengomqhubi we-opera kanye ne-symphony kuthatha iminyaka engama-65. Wadlala emahholo ekhonsathi eYurophu naseMelika, wadlala imidlalo ye-opera ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi e-Austria naseJalimane. Ngokwesilinganiso sethalente lakhe, waqhathaniswa nezinkanyiso ezinjalo zobuciko bomqhubi onjengoF. Weingartner noF. Motl.

Ehlola u-Strauss njengomuntu ohlakaniphile, umngane wakhe u-R. Rolland wabhala: “Intando yakhe iwubuqhawe, iyanqoba, inothando futhi inamandla amakhulu. Yilokhu okuhlelwe nguRichard Strauss, yilokhu ahlukile njengamanje. Izwa amandla abusa phezu kwabantu. Yilezi zici zobuqhawe ezimenza abe ngumlandeli wengxenye ethile yemicabango kaBeethoven noWagner. Yilezi zici ezimenza abe ngomunye wezimbongi - mhlawumbe enkulu kunazo zonke eJalimane yesimanje ... "

V. Ilyeva

• Imisebenzi ye-opera kaRichard Strauss →
• Imisebenzi ye-Symphonic kaRichard Strauss →
• Uhlu lwemisebenzi kaRichard Strauss →

URichard Strauss ungumqambi wekhono elivelele kanye nokukhiqiza okukhulu kokudala. Wabhala umculo kuzo zonke izinhlobo (ngaphandle komculo wesonto). Umsunguli onesibindi, umsunguli wamasu amaningi amasha nezindlela zolimi lomculo, uStrauss wayengumsunguli wezinhlobo zokuqala zezinsimbi nezeshashalazi. Umqambi uhlanganise izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-symphonism ye-classical-romantic ohlelweni olulodwa lwenkondlo ye-symphonic. Wakwazi ngokulinganayo ubuciko bokukhuluma kanye nekhono lokumelela.

Melodika I-Strauss ihlukahlukene futhi i-variegated, i-diatonic ecacile ivame ukushintshwa yi-chromatic. Emiculweni yama-opera kaStrauss, kanye nesiJalimane, isi-Austrian (i-Viennese - kumahlaya anezingoma) kuvela umbala wesizwe; i-exoticism enemibandela ibusa kweminye imisebenzi (“Salome”, “Electra”).

Izindlela ezihlukaniswe kahle isigqi. Izinzwa, ukufutheka kwezihloko eziningi kuhlotshaniswa nezinguquko ezivamile kumamitha, ukwakhiwa kwe-asymmetric. Ukudlidliza kwe-sonorities engazinzile kufinyelelwa nge-polyphony yezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezinesigqi nezingoma, i-polyrhythmicity yendwangu (ikakhulukazi ku-Intermezzo, Cavalier des Roses).

In the Ngokuvumelana umqambi ulandele kusuka ku-Wagner, ethuthukisa ukugeleza kwayo, ukungaqiniseki, ukuhamba futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlakanipha, okungenakuhlukaniswa nokukhanya okuvezayo kwezinsimbi zezinsimbi. Ukuvumelana kukaStrauss kugcwele ukubambezeleka, imisindo eyisizayo nedlulayo. Emgogodleni wayo, ukucabanga kukaStrauss okuvumelanayo kuyithoni. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengethuluzi elikhethekile elichazayo, uStrauss wethula ama-chromatisms, ukumbondelana kwe-polytonal. Ukuqina komsindo kwakuvame ukuvela njengethuluzi elihlekisayo.

UStrauss uzuze ikhono elikhulu kulo mkhakha i-orchestration, usebenzisa izinsimbi zomculo njengemibala egqamile. Phakathi neminyaka yokudalwa kwe-Elektra, uStrauss wayesengumsekeli wamandla nobuhlakani be-orchestra ekhulisiwe. Kamuva, ukucaca okuphezulu nokonga kwezindleko kuba okufanelekile komqambi. UStrauss ungomunye wabokuqala abasebenzisa izinsimbi zezinsimbi ezingavamile (i-alto flute, i-clarinet encane, i-heckelphone, i-saxophone, i-oboe d'amore, i-rattle, umshini womoya ovela ku-orchestra yaseshashalazini).

Umsebenzi kaStrauss ungenye yezimangaliso ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni jikelele womculo wekhulu le-19 nelama-20. Ixhumene ngokujulile namasiko e-classical kanye neyothando. Njengabameleli be-romanticism yangekhulu le-19, uStrauss walwela ukuhlanganisa imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi yefilosofi, ukukhulisa inkulumo nobunkimbinkimbi bengqondo yezithombe zezingoma, nokudala izithombe zomculo ezihlekisayo nezithusayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wadlulisela ngokuphefumulelwa intshiseko ephezulu, umfutho wobuqhawe.

Ebonisa uhlangothi oluqinile lwenkathi yakhe yobuciko - umoya wokugxeka kanye nesifiso sezinto ezintsha, uStrauss wabhekana nemiphumela emibi yangaleso sikhathi, ukuphikisana kwayo ngezinga elifanayo. U-Strauss wakwamukela kokubili i-Wagnerianism kanye ne-Nietzscheism, futhi wayengamelene nobuhle nobuwula. Esikhathini sokuqala somsebenzi wakhe wokudala, umqambi wayethanda ukuzwa, washaqisa umphakathi olondolozayo, futhi wabeka ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuhlakanipha kobuciko, isiko elicwengekile lomsebenzi wokudala. Kubo bonke ubunkimbinkimbi bemiqondo yobuciko bemisebenzi kaStrauss, bavame ukuntula idrama yangaphakathi, ukubaluleka kokungqubuzana.

UStrauss wadlula emicabangweni yezothando sekwephuzile futhi wezwa ubulula obukhulu bobuciko bangaphambi kwezothando, ikakhulukazi uMozart, ayebuthanda, futhi ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe waphinde wazizwa ekhangwa izingoma ezijulile ezihlabayo, ezingenakho ukubukisa kwangaphandle kanye nokweqisa kobuhle. .

OT Leontieva

• Imisebenzi ye-opera kaRichard Strauss →
• Imisebenzi ye-Symphonic kaRichard Strauss →
• Uhlu lwemisebenzi kaRichard Strauss →