Ifomu le-Sonata |

ifomu le-sonata – okuthuthuke kakhulu okungeyona i-cyclic. instr. umculo. Okujwayelekile ezingxenyeni zokuqala ze-sonata-symphony. imijikelezo (yingakho igama elivame ukusetshenziswa elithi sonata allegro). Imvamisa iqukethe ukuvezwa, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuphindaphinda kanye ne-coda. Umsuka nokuthuthuka kwe-S. t. zazihlotshaniswa nokugunyazwa kwezimiso zokuvumelana-imisebenzi. ukucabanga njengezici ezihamba phambili zokubunjwa. Kancane kancane umlando. Ukwakheka kwe-S. f. yahola engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-18. Ukuqeda. i-crystallization yezingoma zayo eziqinile. Izinkambiso emisebenzini yama-Viennese yakudala - J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart kanye no-L. Beethoven. Izikhathi ezijwayelekile ze-SF, ezathuthukiswa kule nkathi, zalungiswa emculweni wangoDisemba. izitayela, futhi esikhathini se-post-Beethoven bathola ukuthuthukiswa okuhlukahlukene. Umlando wonke we-S. t. ingabhekwa njengoshintsho olulandelanayo lwezintathu zalo zomlando nesitayela. ongakhetha kukho. Amagama abo anemibandela: endala, yakudala kanye ne-post-Beethoven S. f. abavuthiwe classic S. f. Ibonakala ngobunye bezimiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo. Ngokomlando, eyokuqala yazo isandiso esakhiweni semisebenzi yethoni esikhulu ngokwesikhathi. ubudlelwano T – D; D - T. Maqondana nalokhu, uhlobo "lwemvumelwano" lweziphetho luvela, njengoba indaba eyethulwa okokuqala kukhiye oyinhloko noma ohambisanayo izwakala okwesibili kweyinhloko (D - T; R - T). Isimiso sesibili umculo oqhubekayo. ukuthuthukiswa (“i-dynamic conjugation,” ngokuka-Yu. N. Tyulin; nakuba athi le ncazelo yabangelwa kuphela ukuvezwa kwe-S. f., inganwetshwa kuyo yonke i-S. f.); lokhu kusho ukuthi umzuzu ngamunye olandelayo wamamuses. ukuthuthukiswa kukhiqizwa yi-antecedent, njengoba umphumela ulandela imbangela. Isimiso sesithathu siwukuqhathanisa okungenani ezimbili ezinendikimba engokomfanekiso. ama-sphere, isilinganiso sawo esingasukela kumehluko omncane siye kophikisayo. qhathanisa. Ukuvela kwemikhakha yesibili ye-thematic empeleni kuhlanganiswe nokwethulwa kwe-tonality entsha futhi kwenziwa ngosizo lokuguqulwa kancane kancane. Ngakho, isimiso sesithathu sihlobene eduze nalezi ezimbili ezedlule.

I-S. f. Phakathi nekhulu le-17 kanye nezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokuqala zekhulu le-18. crystallization kancane kancane S. kwenzeka f. Ukwakheka kwakhe. izimiso zalungiswa nge-fugue kanye nefomu lasendulo elinezingxenye ezimbili. Kusukela kusiqu se-fugue izici ezinjalo ze-fugue njengokushintshela kukhiye ovelele esigabeni sokuvula, ukuvela kwabanye okhiye phakathi nendawo, nokubuya kokhiye oyinhloko esiphethweni. izingxenye zefomu. Imvelo yokuthuthuka ye-interludes ye-fugue ilungiselele ukuthuthukiswa kwe-S. f. Kusukela kufomu elidala elinezingxenye ezimbili, i-S. f. wazuza njengefa ukuqamba kwakhe. izingxenye ezimbili ezinohlelo lwethoni T – (P) D, (P) D – T, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo okuvela kumfutho wokuqala - isihloko. izinhlamvu. Isici sohlobo oludala lwezingxenye ezimbili ze-cadence - ekuvumelaneni okubusayo (okuncane - kokubusa kwe-parallel enkulu) ekupheleni kwengxenye yokuqala kanye ne-tonic ekupheleni kwesibili - kusebenza njengokuqanjwa. ukusekelwa kwasendulo S. f.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-S. f. kusukela ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezindala kwakuwukuthi lapho i-tonality of the dominant engxenyeni yokuqala ye-S. f. kwavela itimu entsha. impahla esikhundleni sezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokunyakaza - dec. umgibeli uyajika. Kokubili ngesikhathi sokucwebezeliswa kwetimu futhi lapho ingekho, ingxenye yokuqala yaba nokulandelana kwezigaba ezimbili. Owokuqala wabo ngu-ch. iqembu, ebeka isihloko sokuqala. impahla ku-ch. ukuguquguquka kwezwi, okwesibili - ohlangothini kanye nezingxenye zokugcina, ezibeka isihloko esisha. okubalulekile kukhiye wesibili olawulayo noma (emisebenzini emincane) ukhiye ofanayo.

Ingxenye yesibili ye-S. f. idalwe ngezinguqulo ezimbili. Okokuqala zonke itimu. Izinto zokuchazwa zaphindwa, kodwa ngesilinganiso sethoni ephambene - ingxenye eyinhloko yethulwa kukhiye oyinhloko, kanti eyesibili neyokugcina - kukhiye oyinhloko. Ekuhlukeni kwesibili, ekuqaleni kwesigaba sesibili, kwavela intuthuko (enokuthuthukiswa kwethoni okusebenzayo noma okuncane), lapho i-thematic isetshenziswe khona. izinto zokuchayeka. Ukuthuthukiswa kwaphenduka kwaba ukuphindaphinda, okwaqala ngokuqondile ngengxenye eseceleni, ebekwe kukhiye oyinhloko.

I-S. f. etholakala emisebenzini eminingi ka-JS Bach nabanye abaqambi benkathi yakhe. Isetshenziswa kabanzi futhi ngokuguquguqukayo ku-sonatas ka-D. Scarlatti ye-clavier.

Kuma-sonatas athuthuke kakhulu ka-Scarlatti, izingqikithi zezingxenye eziyinhloko, zesibili nezokugcina zigeleza zisuka kwenye, izigaba ezingaphakathi kokuvezwa ziklanywe ngokucacile. Amanye ama-sonata ka-Scarlatti atholakala emngceleni ohlukanisa amasampula amadala kulawo adalwe abaqambi be-Viennese classic. izikole. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kokugcina kanye ne-S. f yasendulo. ilele ekukhanyeni kwetimu ezichazwe ngokucacile ngazinye. Ithonya elikhulu ekuveleni kwalesi sakudala. i-thematicism yanikezwa i-opera aria nezinhlobo zayo ezijwayelekile.

I-Classical S. f. Ngo S.f. Ama-Viennese classics (akudala) anezigaba ezintathu eziklanywe ngokucacile - ukuvezwa, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuphindaphinda; eyakamuva incikene ne-coda. Ukuveza kuqukethe izigatshana ezine ezihlanganiswe ngababili. Leli yilona qembu eliyinhloko nelixhumanisayo, eliseceleni nelokugcina.

Ingxenye eyinhloko ukwethulwa kwetimu yokuqala kukhiye oyinhloko, okudala umfutho wokuqala, okusho ukuthi. idigri enquma ubunjalo nesiqondiso sentuthuko eyengeziwe; amafomu ajwayelekile yinkathi noma umusho wayo wokuqala. Ingxenye exhumayo iyisigaba esishintshayo esishintsha sibe ukhiye ovelele, ofanayo noma omunye ozishintshayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, engxenyeni yokuxhuma, ukulungiswa kancane kancane kwezwi lengqikithi yesibili kwenziwa. Engxenyeni yokuxhuma, kungase kuvele itimu emaphakathi ezimele, kodwa engaqediwe; ingxenye ngokuvamile iphetha ngokuholela engxenyeni eseceleni. Njengoba ingxenye eseceleni ihlanganisa imisebenzi yentuthuko nokwethulwa kwesihloko esisha, njengomthetho, azinzinzi kangako mayelana nokwakheka nemifanekiso. Ngasekupheleni, kwenzeka ukuguquka ekuthuthukisweni kwayo, ukuguquguquka okungokomfanekiso, okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuphumelela kwezwi lengxenye eyinhloko noma exhumayo. Ingxenye eseceleni njengesigatshana sokuvezwa ingase ingafaki itimu eyodwa, kodwa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ifomu labo liyi-preim. isikhathi (esivame ukunwetshwa). Kusukela ekuphendukeni kokhiye omusha kanye netimu entsha. I-sphere idala ukungalingani okwaziwayo, i-DOS. umsebenzi wesitolimende sokugcina ukuhola ukuthuthukiswa kuhlobene. ibhalansi, yehlise ijubane futhi uqedele ngesitobhi sesikhashana. Phetha. ingxenye ingase ihlanganise ukwethulwa kwetimu entsha, kodwa ingase futhi isekelwe ekuphendukeni okuvamile kokugcina kwe-cadence. Kubhalwe kukhiye wengxenye eseceleni, okuyiyona ndlela elungiswayo. Isilinganiso esingokomfanekiso sokuyinhloko. izakhi zokuvezwa - izinhlangothi eziyinhloko nezinhlangothi zingahluka, kodwa ubuciko obuphoqelelayo. kuholela ohlotsheni oluthile lomehluko phakathi kwalawa “maphuzu” okuchayeka amabili. Isilinganiso esivame kakhulu sokusebenza okusebenzayo (iphathi eyinhloko) kanye nelyric. ukugxila (iphathi ehlangothini). Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zimbulunga ezingokomfanekiso kwanda kakhulu futhi kwathola ukubonakaliswa kwayo okugxilile ekhulwini le-19, isibonelo. ku-symph. umsebenzi PI Tchaikovsky. Ukuvezwa ku-classical S. f. ekuqaleni kwaphindwa ngokuphelele futhi ngaphandle kwezinguquko, okwakuboniswa izimpawu ||::||. U-Beethoven kuphela, oqala nge-Appassionata sonata (op. 53, 1804), kwezinye izimo wenqaba ukuphinda ukuveza ngenxa yokuqhubeka kwentuthuko kanye nedramaturgy. ukungezwani okuphelele.

Ukuveza kulandelwa isigaba esikhulu sesibili se-S. f. - ukuthuthukiswa. Ithuthukisa i-thematic. impahla eyethulwa ekudalulweni - noma yiziphi izihloko zayo, noma iyiphi ingqikithi. inzuzo. Ukuthuthukiswa kungase kuhlanganise nesihloko esisha, esibizwa ngokuthi isiqephu ekuthuthukisweni. Kwezinye izimo (ch. arr. ekugcineni kwemijikelezo ye-sonata), isiqephu esinjalo sithuthukisiwe futhi singathatha indawo yentuthuko. Ifomu lonke kulezi zimo libizwa ngokuthi i-sonata enesiqephu esikhundleni sentuthuko. Indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni idlalwa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-tonal, eqondiswa kude nokhiye oyinhloko. Ububanzi bokuthuthukiswa kokuthuthukiswa kanye nobude bayo bungahluka kakhulu. Uma ukuthuthukiswa kuka-Haydn no-Mozart ngokuvamile kungazange kudlule ukuvezwa ngobude, khona-ke u-Beethoven engxenyeni yokuqala ye-Heroic Symphony (1803) wadala intuthuko enkulu kakhulu kunombukiso, lapho kwenziwa khona idrama eshubile kakhulu. ukuthuthukiswa okuholela esikhungweni esinamandla. uvuthondaba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-sonata kuqukethe izingxenye ezintathu zobude obungalingani - ukwakhiwa okufushane kwesingeniso, i-osn. isigaba (intuthuko yangempela) kanye nesilandiso - ukwakhiwa, ukulungiselela ukubuyiswa kokhiye oyinhloko ekubhalweni kabusha. Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko ku-predicate - ukudluliswa kwesimo sokulindela okukhulu, ngokuvamile okudalwa ngezindlela zokuvumelana, ikakhulukazi, iphuzu lesitho esibusayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, inguquko esuka ekuthuthukisweni iye ekukhiqizeni kabusha yenziwa ngaphandle kokuma ekusetshenzisweni kwefomu.

I-reprise ingxenye yesithathu enkulu ye-S. f. - kunciphisa umehluko we-tonal wokuvezwa kobunye (kulokhu uhlangothi kanye nezingxenye zokugcina zivezwa kukhiye oyinhloko noma ezisondela kuwo). Njengoba ingxenye yokuxhuma kufanele iholele kukhiye omusha, ngokuvamile ibhekana nohlobo oluthile lokucutshungulwa.

Sekukonke, zontathu izigaba ezinkulu ze-S. t. - ukuvezwa, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuphindaphinda - yakha ukwakheka okuyizingxenye ezi-3 zohlobo lwe-A1BA2.

Ngaphezu kwezigaba ezintathu ezichazwe, kuvame ukuba nesingeniso kanye ne-coda. Isingeniso singakhiwa esihlokweni saso, silungiselela umculo wengxenye eyinhloko, ngokuqondile noma ngokuphambene. Ngokuvumelana. 18 - cela. Ikhulu le-19 isethulo esinemininingwane siba isici esijwayelekile sokweqiwa kohlelo (kwe-opera, inhlekelele noma ezimele). Ubukhulu besingeniso buhlukile - kusukela ku-Constructions esakazwe kabanzi kuya kuma-replicas amafushane, okusho ukuthi ukubiza ukunakwa. Ikhodi iqhubeka nenqubo yokuvimbela, eyaqala esiphethweni. izingxenye zokuphinda. Kusukela ngo-Beethoven, ngokuvamile ithuthuke kakhulu, ehlanganisa isigaba sokuthuthukiswa kanye ne-coda yangempela. Ezimweni zomnyango (isibonelo, engxenyeni yokuqala ye-Beethoven's Appassionata) ikhodi inkulu kangangokuthi i-S. f. ayibe isaba 3-, kodwa 4-ingxenye.

S. f. ithuthukiswe njengendlela yengxenye yokuqala yomjikelezo we-sonata, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye yokugcina yomjikelezo, lapho i-tempo esheshayo (i-allegro) iyisici sayo. Ibuye isetshenziswe emiqhudelwaneni eminingi ye-opera kanye nasekuguquleni izinhlelo kumadrama. imidlalo (Egmont kanye ne-Beethoven's Coriolanus).

Indima ekhethekile idlalwa yi-S. f. engaphelele, equkethe izigaba ezimbili - ukuvezwa nokuphindaphinda. Lolu hlobo lwe-sonata ngaphandle kwentuthuko ngesivinini esisheshayo luvame ukusetshenziswa kuma-opera overtures (isibonelo, ekudluleleni komshado kaMozart ka-Figaro); kodwa okuyinhloko inkambu yokusetshenziswa kwayo ingxenye encane (imvamisa yesibili) yomjikelezo we-sonata, okuthi, nokho, ingabuye ibhalwe ngokugcwele S. f. (ngentuthuko). Ikakhulukazi kaningi S. f. kuzo zombili izinguqulo, uMozart wayisebenzisela izingxenye ezihamba kancane ze-sonatas yakhe nama-symphonies.

Kukhona futhi okuhlukile kwe-S.f. ngesibuko reprise, lapho kokubili main. izingxenye zokuveza zilandela ngokulandelana - okokuqala ingxenye eseceleni, bese kuba ingxenye eyinhloko (Mozart, Sonata yepiyano ngo-D-dur, K.-V. 311, ingxenye 1).

Post-Beethovenskaya S. f. Ngekhulu le-19 S. f. kwavela ngokuphawulekayo. Kuye ngezici zesitayela, uhlobo, umbono wezwe womqambi, kwavela izitayela eziningi ezahlukene. izinketho zokuqamba. Izimiso zokwakhiwa kwe-S. f. bhekana nezidalwa. izinguquko. Izilinganiso zamathoni ziba mahhala kakhulu. Amathoni akude aqhathaniswa ekuvezweni, ngezinye izikhathi abukho ubunye bethoni obuphelele ekuphindaphindeni, mhlawumbe ngisho nokwenyuka komehluko wethoni phakathi kwamaqembu amabili, okwenziwa bushelelezi kuphela ekupheleni kwe-reprise naku-coda (AP Borodin). , Bogatyr Symphony, ingxenye 1). Ukuqhubeka kokwembuleka kwefomu kungase kube buthaka ngandlela-thile (F. Schubert, E. Grieg) noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, kuyanda, kuhlanganiswe nokuqiniswa kwendima yokuthuthukiswa okunamandla okuthuthukayo, ukungena kuzo zonke izigaba zefomu. Ukuqhathanisa okungokomfanekiso osn. lokho ngezinye izikhathi kuqiniswa kakhulu, okuholela ekuphikisaneni kwe-tempos nezinhlobo. Ngo S.f. izakhi zohlelo, i-operatic dramaturgy zingena, zibangele ukwanda kokuzimela okungokomfanekiso kwezingxenye zayo eziyinhloko, zihlukaniseke zibe izakhiwo ezivaliwe kakhulu (R. Schumann, F. Liszt). UDkt. ukuthambekela - ukungena kohlobo lwengoma yesintu nomdanso wesintu ku-thematism - kuvezwa ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wabaqambi baseRussia - u-MI Glinka, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Njengomphumela wethonya elihlangene lokungeyona isoftware nesoftware instr. umculo, umthelela we-opera art-va kukhona i-stratification ye-classical eyodwa. S. f. kuma-drama, ama-epic, ama-lyrical kanye nohlobo lokuthambekela.

S. f. ngekhulu le-19 ehlukaniswe namafomu e-cyclic - amaningi adalwe ngokuzimela. imikhiqizo esebenzisa izingoma zayo. izimiso.

Ngekhulu lama-20 kwezinye izitayela ze-S. f. ilahlekelwa incazelo yayo. Ngakho-ke, emculweni we-athonal, ngenxa yokunyamalala kobudlelwane be-tonal, kuba nzima ukusebenzisa izimiso zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kwezinye izitayela, igcinwa ngokujwayelekile, kodwa ihlanganiswe nezinye izimiso zokubunjwa.

Emsebenzini wabaqambi abakhulu bekhulu lama-20. kukhona inani lokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye kwe-S. t. Ngakho, ama-symphony ka-Mahler abonakala ngokukhula kwazo zonke izingxenye, kuhlanganise neyokuqala, ebhalwe ngo-S. f. Umsebenzi weqembu elikhulu kwesinye isikhathi awenziwa ngendikimba eyodwa, kodwa ngengqikithi ephelele. inkimbinkimbi; ukuveza kungaphindaphindwa ngokuhlukile (i-symphony yesi-3). Ekuthuthukisweni, inqwaba yabazimele ivame ukuvela. iziqephu. Ama-symphonies ka-Honegger ahlukaniswa ngokungena kwentuthuko kuzo zonke izigaba ze-S. f. Emnyakeni wokuqala we-1 kanye nesiphetho sama-symphonies wesi-3, wonke ama-S. f. iphenduka ibe ukuthunyelwa kokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, ngenxa yokuthi i-reprise iba yingxenye yentuthuko ehlelwe ngokukhethekile. Kwa S.f. I-Prokofiev ijwayele ukuthambekela okuphambene - ekucaciseni kwe-classical nokuvumelana. Encwadini yakhe S.f. indima ebalulekile idlalwa imingcele ecacile phakathi kwe-thematic. izigaba. Ekuvezweni kukaShostakovich S.f. ngokuvamile kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinhlangothi eziyinhloko nezinhlangothi, umehluko ongokomfanekiso phakathi kwe-to-rymi b.ch. bushelelezi. Binder futhi uvale. amaqembu azimele. izigaba ngokuvamile azikho. Okuyinhloko ukungqubuzana kuvela ekuthuthukisweni, ukuthuthukiswa okuholela esimemezelweni esinamandla sengqikithi yeqembu eliyinhloko. Ingxenye eseceleni ku-reprise izwakala, ngemuva kokwehla okujwayelekile kwezingxabano, njengokungathi kusici "sokuvalelisa" futhi ihlangana ne-coda ibe ukwakhiwa okukodwa okumangalisayo.

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VP Bobrovsky