Ifomu le-Sonata-cyclic |

Ifomu le-Sonata-cyclic - uhlobo lwe-cyclic ifomu elihlanganisa lonke uchungechunge lokuqedwa, olukwazi ukuba khona ngokuzimela, kodwa oluxhunywe umqondo ofanayo wemisebenzi. Ukucaciswa kwe-S. - cf ilele kubuciko obuphezulu bemibono. ubumbano lonke. Ingxenye ngayinye ye-S. - cf yenza idramaturgy ekhethekile. umsebenzi, ukuveza uhlangothi oluthile lomqondo owodwa. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukusebenza kuhlukanisiwe nakho konke, izingxenye zayo zilahlekelwa kakhulu kunezingxenye zomjikelezo wolunye uhlobo - i-suite. Ingxenye yokuqala ye-S. - cf, njengomthetho, ibhalwe ngendlela ye-sonata (ngakho igama).

Umjikelezo we-sonata, obizwa nangokuthi i-sonata-symphony, waqala ukwakheka ngekhulu le-16-18. I-preclassical yakhe yakudala amasampula namanje awakabonisi umehluko ocacile kusuka ku-suite nezinye izinhlobo ze-cyclic. amafomu - partitas, toccatas, concerto grosso. Zazihlala zisekelwe ekuhlukeni kwamazinga, izinhlobo zokunyakaza komnyango. izingxenye (kungakho amagama esiFulentshi ezingxenye zomjikelezo - ukunyakaza - "ukunyakaza"). Isilinganiso se-tempo sezingxenye ezimbili zokuqala ezihamba kancane noma (akuvamile) ukuhamba kancane ngokuvamile sasiphindaphindwa ngokucijiswa okukhulu kokugqama kwazo kupheya yesibili yezingxenye; Imijikelezo enezingxenye ezi-3 nayo yadalwa ngesilinganiso se-tempo esisheshayo-esihamba kancane (noma esinensa-esihamba kancane) .

Ngokuphambene ne-suite, ehlanganisa u-Ch. ar. kusukela emidlalweni yokudansa, izingxenye ze-sonata azizange zibe incarnations ngqo c.-l. izinhlobo zokudansa; i-fugue yayingenzeka futhi ku-sonata. Kodwa-ke, lo mehluko awukho emthethweni futhi awukwazi ukusebenza njengesici esinembile.

Umjikelezo we-sonata uhlukaniswe ngokucacile nawo wonke umjikelezo. amafomu kuphela emisebenzini yama-Viennese yakudala kanye nabanduleli bawo abaseduze - u-FE Bach, abaqambi besikole saseMannheim. I-Classic sonata-symphony umjikelezo uqukethe izingxenye ezine (ngezinye izikhathi ezintathu noma ezimbili); ukuhlukanisa eziningana. izinhlobo zayo kuye ngokuthi abadlali bakhiwe kanjani. I-sonata ihloselwe oyedwa noma ababili, emculweni wasendulo nabadlali abathathu (trio-sonata), abathathu kwabathathu, iquartet yesine, i-quintet yabahlanu, i-sextet yabayisithupha, i-septet yabayisikhombisa, i-octet yabayisishiyagalombili. abadlali nokunye; zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo zihlanganiswe nomqondo wohlobo lwegumbi, umculo wegumbi. I-symphony yenziwa nge-symphony. i-orchestra. Ikhonsathi ivamise ukuba ngeyensimbi yomculo eyedwa (noma izinsimbi ezimbili noma ezintathu) ezine-orchestra.

Ingxenye yokuqala ye-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo - sonata allegro - ubuciko bakhe obungokomfanekiso. isikhungo. Imvelo yomculo wale ngxenye ingaba ehlukile - ejabule, edlalayo, ephawulekayo, yobuqhawe, njll., kodwa ihlale ibonakala ngomsebenzi nokusebenza kahle. Isimo sengqondo esivamile esivezwe engxenyeni yokuqala sinquma ukwakheka kwemizwelo yawo wonke umjikelezo. Ingxenye yesibili ihamba kancane - i-lyric. isikhungo. isikhungo somculo omnandi, ukuzwakalisa imizwa ehambisana nokwakho. ulwazi lomuntu. Izisekelo zohlobo zale ngxenye ingoma, i-aria, i-chorale. Isebenzisa amafomu ahlukahlukene. I-rondo iyona engavamile kakhulu, ifomu le-sonata ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa, uhlobo lokuhlukahluka luvame kakhulu. Ingxenye yesithathu ishintsha ukunaka ezithombeni zezwe langaphandle, impilo yansuku zonke, izici zomdanso. Ku-J. Haydn kanye no-WA ​​Mozart, lokhu kuyi-minuet. L. Beethoven, usebenzisa i-minuet, kusukela kusonata sesi-2 sepiyano. kanye nayo, wethula i-scherzo (ngezikhathi ezithile nayo itholakala kumaquartet kaHaydn). I-scherzo, egcwele isiqalo esidlalayo, imvamisa ihlukaniswa ukunyakaza okunwebekayo, ukushintsha okungalindelekile, nokugqama okuhlakaniphile. Ifomu le-minuet ne-scherzo liyi-complex 3-part with trio. Isiphetho somjikelezo, esibuyisela umlingisi womculo wengxenye yokuqala, ngokuvamile siwukhiqiza ngendlela ejwayelekile, yohlobo lwesintu. Kuye, ukuhamba okujabulisayo, ukudalwa kwenkohliso yesenzo sobuningi kujwayelekile. Amafomu atholakala kowamanqamu yi-rondo, i-sonata, i-rondo-sonata, nokuhluka.

Ukwakheka okuchazwe kungabizwa ngokuthi i-spiral-closed. Kwavela uhlobo olusha lomqondo ku-symphony yesi-5 kaBeethoven (1808). Isiphetho se-symphony ngomsindo wayo wokunqoba wamaqhawe - lokhu akukona ukubuyela kumlingiswa womculo wokunyakaza kokuqala, kodwa umgomo wokuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke izingxenye zomjikelezo. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka okunjalo kungabizwa ngokuthi ukulwela ngokulinganayo. Esikhathini se-post-Beethoven, lolu hlobo lomjikelezo lwaqala ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Igama elisha lashiwo nguBeethoven ku-symphony yesi-9 (1824), esiphethweni lapho wethula khona ikhwaya. G. Berlioz ohlelweni lwakhe "Fantastic Symphony" (1830) waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa i-leitteme - "theme-character", ukuguqulwa kwayo okuhlotshaniswa nesakhiwo sombhalo.

Esikhathini esizayo, izixazululo eziningi ngabanye S.-ts. f. Phakathi kwamasu amasha abaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwetimu eyinhloko-i-refrain ehlotshaniswa nokubonakaliswa kokuyinhloko. ubuciko. imibono kanye nentambo ebomvu edlula kuwo wonke umjikelezo noma izingxenye zayo ngazinye (PI Tchaikovsky, 5th symphony, 1888, AN Skryabin, 3rd symphony, 1903), ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izingxenye zibe yinto eyodwa eqhubekayo evuleka, emjikelezweni oqhubekayo, Ifomu elihlanganisiwe (i-symphony efanayo ye-Scriabin).

U-G. Mahler usebenzisa i-wok kakhulu nakakhulu ku-symphony. isiqalo (umculi oyedwa, ikhwaya), kanye ne-symphony yesi-8 (1907) nethi “Ingoma Yomhlaba” (1908) zabhalwa ngendlela yokwenziwa. uhlobo lwe-symphony-cantata, esetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo abanye abaqambi. P. Hindemith ngo-1921 udala umkhiqizo. ngaphansi kwegama elithi “Chamber Music” ye-orchestra encane. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, igama elithi "umculo" liba igama lezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomjikelezo we-sonata. Uhlobo lwekhonsathi ye-orchestra, evuselelwe ngekhulu lama-20. isiko langaphambi kweklasikhi, futhi iba enye yezinhlobonhlobo ze-S. – cf (“Ikhonsathi ngesitayela esidala” kaReger, 1912, i-Krenek's Concerti grossi, 1921 kanye ne-1924, njll.). Kukhona futhi eziningi ezenziwe ngabanye futhi zokwenziwa. okuhlukile kwaleli fomu, okungavulekele ukwenziwa kwesistimu.

References: I-Catuar GL, Ifomu Lomculo, ingxenye 2, M., 1936; Sposobin IV, Ifomu lomculo, M.-L., 1947, 4972, p. 138, 242-51; I-Livanova TN, idrama yomculo ka-JS Bach kanye nokuxhumana kwayo komlando, ingxenye 1, M., 1948; Skrebkov SS, Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomculo, M., 1958, p. 256-58; I-Mazel LA, Isakhiwo semisebenzi yomculo, M., 1960, p. 400-13; Ifomu lomculo, (ngaphansi komhleli jikelele we-Yu. H. Tyulin), M., 1965, p. 376-81; Reuterstein M., Ebunyeni befomu le-sonata-cyclic e-Tchaikovsky, ngo-Sat. Imibuzo Yefomu Lomculo, vol. 1, M., 1967, p. 121-50; I-Protopopov VV, Izimiso zefomu lomculo likaBeethoven, M., 1970; eyakhe, Efomini le-sonata-cyclic emisebenzini ye-Chopin, ngo-Sat. Imibuzo Yefomu Lomculo, vol. 2, eMoscow, ngo-1972; I-Barsova I., Izinkinga zefomu kuma-symphonies okuqala ka-Mahler, ibid., eyakhe, i-Gustav Mahler's Symphonies, M., 1975; Simakova I. Embuzweni wezinhlobonhlobo zohlobo lwe-symphony, ngo-Sat. Imibuzo Yefomu Lomculo, vol. 2, eMoscow, ngo-1972; Prout E., Applied forms, L., 1895 Sondhetmer R., Die formale Entwicklung der vorklassischen Sinfonie, “AfMw”, 1910, Jahrg. ezine; I-Neu G. von, Der Strukturwandel der zyklischen Sonatenform, “NZfM”, 232, Jahrg. 248, no-1922.

VP Bobrovsky