Sonatha |

ital. i-sonata, ukusuka ku-sonare - ukuya kumsindo

Enye yezinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-solo noma i-chamber-ensemble instr. umculo. I-Classic S., njengomthetho, ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye eziningi. ngezingxenye ezisheshayo ezisheshayo (eyokuqala - ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi yi-sonata) kanye nephakathi kancane; ngezinye izikhathi i-minuet noma i-scherzo nayo ifakiwe emjikelezweni. Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezindala (i-trio sonata), i-S., ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zegumbi (i-trio, i-quartet, i-quintet, njll.), ayifaki abadlali abangaphezu kuka-2. Lezi zinkambiso zakhiwa ngenkathi ye-classicism (bheka i-Vienna Classical School).

Ukuvela kwegama elithi “S.” ihlehlela emuva esikhathini sokubunjwa kokuzimela. instr. izinhlobo. Ekuqaleni, ama-S. ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-wok. izingcezu ngezinsimbi noma ngokwazo. instr. imisebenzi, nokho, eyayisaxhumene kakhulu ne-wok. indlela yokubhala futhi yayibalulekile. okulotshiweyo okulula kwe-wok. iyadlala. Njenge-instr. idlala igama elithi “S.” etholakala kakade ekhulwini le-13. Okubizwa kabanzi ngokuthi “sonata” noma “sonado” kuqala ukusetshenziswa kuphela enkathini ye-Late Renaissance (ikhulu le-16) eSpain ekuwohlokeni. tablature (ngokwesibonelo, ku-El Maestro kaL. Milan, 1535; eSila de Sirenas ka-E. Valderrabano, 1547), kwase kuba se-Italy. Ngokuvamile kuba namagama amabili. – canzona da sonar noma canzona per sonare (isibonelo, y H. Vicentino, A. Bankieri nabanye).

Ukuze con. Ikhulu le-16 e-Italy (i-chief arr. encwadini kaF. Maskera), ukuqondwa kwegama elithi “S.” njengokuqokwa kwenhlangano ezimele. imidlalo (okungafani ne-cantata njenge-wok. idlala). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikakhulukazi con. 16 - cela. Ngekhulu le-17, igama elithi “S.” isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zefomu nomsebenzi instr. izindatshana. Ngezinye izikhathi i-S. yayibizwa ngokuthi i-instr. izingxenye zezinkonzo zesonto (izihloko ezithi “Alla devozione” – “Kumlingiswa ongcwele” noma “Graduale” kuma-sonatas kaBanchieri ziyaphawuleka, igama lomunye wemisebenzi yalolu hlobo ka-K. Monteverdi ithi “Sonata sopra Sancta Maria” – “i-Sonata-liturgy of the Virgin Mary”), kanye nama-opera overtures (ngokwesibonelo, isingeniso se-opera ka-MA Honor ethi The Golden Apple, ebizwa ngu-S. – Il porno d'oro, 1667). Kwaphela isikhathi eside kungekho mehluko ocacile phakathi kwegama elithi "S.", "symphony" kanye "nekhonsathi". Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 (iBaroque Yakuqala), izinhlobo ezi-2 ze-S. zakhiwa: sonata da chiesa (isonto. S.) kanye nekhamera ye-sonata (igumbi, ngaphambili. S.). Ngokokuqala ngqa lezi zimpawu zitholakala ku-"Canzoni, overo sonate concertate per chiesa e camera" ka-T. Merula (1637). I-Sonata da chiesa ithembele kakhulu ku-polyphonic. ifomu, ikhamera ye-sonata da yahlukaniswa ngobuningi bendawo yokugcina impahla ebhalwe ngendlela efanayo nokuncika ekudanseni.

Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17 okuthiwa. i-trio sonata yabadlali abangu-2 noma aba-3 abane-basso continuo ehambisanayo. Kwakuyifomu lesikhashana elisuka ku-polyphony yekhulu le-16. ku-solo S. 17-18 eminyaka. Ekudlaleni. izingoma ze-S. ngalesi sikhathi indawo ehamba phambili igcwele izintambo. izinsimbi ezikhotheme ezinomculo wazo omkhulu. amathuba.

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 kukhona ukuthambekela kokunqunywa kwe-S.'s izingxenye (imvamisa 3-5). Zihlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngomugqa ophindwe kabili noma ukuqokwa okukhethekile. Umjikelezo wezingxenye ezi-5 umelelwa ama-sonata amaningi ngu-G. Legrenzi. Ngokuhlukile, ingxenye eyodwa S. nayo iyatholakala (ngoMgqibelo: Sonate da organo di varii autori, ed. Arresti). Okujwayelekile kakhulu umjikelezo onezingxenye ezi-4 nokulandelana kwezingxenye: kancane - okusheshayo - kancane - okusheshayo (noma: okusheshayo - kancane - okusheshayo - okusheshayo). Ingxenye yokuqala ehamba kancane - isethulo; ngokuvamile isekelwe ekulingiseni (ngezinye izikhathi i-homophonic warehouse), inokuthuthukiswa. uhlamvu, ngokuvamile luhlanganisa isigqi esinamachashazi; ingxenye yesi-1 esheshayo i-fugue, ingxenye yesi-2 ehamba kancane i-homophonic, njengomthetho, emoyeni we-sarabande; kuphetha. ingxenye esheshayo nayo i-fugue. Ikhamera ye-Sonata da kwakuyisifundo samahhala semidanso. amakamelo, njenge-suite: i-allemande - courant - sarabande - gigue (noma i-gavotte). Lolu hlelo lungase lwengezwe neminye imidanso. izingxenye.

Incazelo yekhamera ye-sonata da yayivame ukushintshwa igama. – “suite”, “partita”, “French. overture”, “oda”, njll. In con. Ikhulu le-17 eJalimane kunemikhiqizo. uhlobo oluxubile, ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zazo zombili izinhlobo ze-S. (D. Becker, I. Rosenmüller, D. Buxtehude, nabanye). Esontweni. S. ngena ezingxenyeni eziseduze ngokwemvelo ukudansa (gigue, minuet, gavotte), ekamelweni - izingxenye zamahhala ze-preluded ezivela esontweni. S. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuholela ekuhlanganisweni okuphelele kwazo zombili izinhlobo (GF Teleman, A. Vivaldi).

Izingxenye zihlanganiswa ngo-S. nge-thematic. ukuxhumana (ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbi kakhulu, isibonelo, ku-C. op. 3 No 2 Corelli), ngosizo lwepulani ye-tonal evumelanayo (izingxenye ezidlulele kukhiye oyinhloko, izingxenye eziphakathi kwesibili), ngezinye izikhathi usizo lomklamo wohlelo (S. "Izindaba ZeBhayibheli" Kunau).

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 kanye ne-trio sonatas, isikhundla esiphezulu sithathwe ngu-S. we-violin - insimbi eqhakaza izimbali zayo zokuqala neziphakeme kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Uhlobo skr. S. yathuthukiswa emsebenzini kaG. Torelli, J. Vitali, A. Corelli, A. Vivaldi, J. Tartini. Inani labaqambi linesitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 (JS Bach, GF Teleman nabanye) kukhona ukuthambekela kokukhulisa izingxenye nokunciphisa inombolo yabo ku-18 noma 2 - ngokuvamile ngenxa yokwenqatshwa kwengxenye eyodwa ye-3 ehamba kancane yesonto. S. (isibonelo, IA Sheibe). Izinkomba zetempo nemvelo yezingxenye ziba nemininingwane eyengeziwe (“Andante”, “Grazioso”, “Affettuoso”, “Allegro ma non troppo”, njll.). I-S. yevayolini enengxenye ethuthukisiwe ye-clavier iqala ukuvela ku-JS Bach. Igama elithi “FROM.” maqondana nesiqephu se-solo clavier, u-I. Kunau ube ngowokuqala ukusisebenzisa.

Esikhathini sakudala sakudala (maphakathi nekhulu le-18) i-S. kancane kancane ibonwa njengohlobo olucebe kakhulu noluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lomculo wegumbi. Ngo-1775, i-IA Schultz yachaza i-S. njengefomu "elihlanganisa zonke izinhlamvu nazo zonke izinkulumo." U-DG Türk waphawula ngo-1789: “Phakathi kwezingcezu ezibhalelwe i-clavier, i-sonata ithatha indawo yokuqala ngokufanelekile.” Ngokuka-FW Marpurg, ku-S. ngempela “kunezingcezu ezintathu noma ezine ezilandelanayo ngesikhathi esinikezwa ngamagama, ngokwesibonelo, i-Allegro, i-Adagio, i-Presto, njll. Ipiyano ye-clavier iya phambili, njengophiyano olusanda kuvela lwe-hammer-action. (enye yamasampula okuqala - S. op. 8 Avison, 1764), kanye ne-harpsichord noma i-clavichord (abamele izikole zaseNyakatho neJalimane Ephakathi - WF Bach, KFE Bach, KG Nefe, J. Benda, EV Wolf kanye abanye - i-clavichord yayiyinsimbi eyintandokazi). Isiko lokuphelezela i-C. basso continuo liyaphela. Uhlobo olumaphakathi lwepiyano ye-clavier luyasabalala, ngokubamba iqhaza kokuzithandela kwesinye insimbi eyodwa noma ezimbili, ngokuvamile ivayolini noma ezinye izinsimbi zomculo (i-sonatas ka-C. Avison, I. Schobert, namanye ama-sonata angaphambili ka-WA ​​Mozart), ikakhulukazi eParis naseLondon. S. zidalelwe ezakudala. ukwakheka okuphindwe kabili nokubamba iqhaza okuyisibopho kwe-clavier kanye ne-c.-l. insimbi yomculo (i-violin, umtshingo, i-cello, njll.). Phakathi kwamasampula okuqala - S. op. 3 Giardini (1751), S. op. 4 Pellegrini (1759).

Ukuvela kohlobo olusha lwe-S. kwanqunywa kakhulu uguquko olusuka ku-polyphonic. fugue warehouse kuya homophonic. I-classical sonata allegro yakhiwe ngokujulile ikakhulukazi ku-sonatas yengxenye eyodwa ye-D. Scarlatti naku-sonatas yezingxenye ezi-3 ze-CFE Bach, kanye nabaphila ngesikhathi sakhe - B. Pasquini, PD Paradisi nabanye. Imisebenzi yabaningi abaqambi balo mthala ikhohliwe, ama-sonata kuphela ka-D. Scarlatti kanye no-CFE Bach aqhubeka enziwa. D. Scarlatti wabhala ngaphezu kuka-500 S. (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Essercizi noma izingcezu ze-harpsichord); zihlukaniswa ngokucophelela kwazo, isiphetho sefiligree, ukuhlukahluka kobumo nezinhlobo. I-KFE Bach isungula eyakudala. ukwakheka komjikelezo we-S. wezingxenye ezi-3 (bheka ifomu le-Sonata-cyclic). Emsebenzini wamakhosi ase-Italy, ikakhulukazi u-GB Sammartini, ngokuvamile wathola umjikelezo wezingxenye ezimbili: Allegro - Menuetto.

Incazelo yegama elithi “S.” ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-classical yayingazinzile ngokuphelele. Ngezinye izikhathi lalisetshenziswa njengegama instr. imidlalo (J. Carpani). E-England, i-S. ivame ukuhlonzwa ngokuthi "Isifundo" (S. Arnold, op. 7) kanye ne-solo sonata, okungukuthi, S. ye-melodic. insimbi (i-violin, i-cello) ene-basso continuo (P. Giardini, op.16), e-France - enesiqephu se-harpsichord (JJC Mondonville, op. 3), e-Vienna - nge-divertissement (GK Wagenseil, J. Haydn), eMilan - nge-nocturne (GB Sammartini, JK Bach). Kwesinye isikhathi igama elithi sonata da camera (KD Dittersdorf) lalisetshenziswa. Isikhathi esithile i-Ecclesiastical S. nayo yagcina ukubaluleka kwayo (i-17 sonatas ye-ecclesiastical ka-Mozart). Amasiko e-Baroque abuye abonakale ekuhlobiseni okuningi kwezingoma (i-Benda), nasekwethulweni kwamavesi angokomfanekiso e-virtuoso (M. Clementi), ezicini zomjikelezo, isibonelo. ku-sonatas ka-F. Durante, ingxenye yokuqala ye-fugue ivame ukuphikiswa neyesibili, ebhalwe ngohlamvu lwe-gigue. Ukuxhumana ne-suite endala kubonakala futhi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-minuet engxenyeni ephakathi noma yokugcina ye-S. (Wagenseil).

Izindikimba zasendulo zakudala. S. ngokuvamile igcina izici zokulingisa polyphony. ishede, ngokuphambene, ngokwesibonelo, ku-symphony enesici sayo se-homophonic thematicism kulesi sikhathi, ngenxa yamanye amathonya ekuthuthukisweni kohlobo (ikakhulukazi ithonya lomculo we-opera). Izimiso zakudala. Ekugcineni u-S. washintsha emisebenzini ka-J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, M. Clementi. Umjikelezo onezingxenye ezi-3 ezinokunyakaza okusheshayo okudlulele kanye nengxenye emaphakathi ehamba kancane iba yinto ejwayelekile ku-S. (ngokungafani ne-symphony nomjikelezo wayo wezingxenye ezi-4 ojwayelekile). Lesi sakhiwo somjikelezo sibuyela emuva ku-C. da chiesa endala kanye ne-solo instr. ikhonsathi ye-baroque. Indawo ehamba phambili emjikelezweni ithathwa yingxenye yoku-1. Ihlala ibhalwe ngefomu le-sonata, ethuthuke kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-classical instr. amafomu. Kukhona futhi okuhlukile: isibonelo, ku-fp. I-sonata kaMozart A-dur (K.-V. 331) ingxenye yokuqala ibhalwe ngendlela yokuhlukahluka, kweyakhe C. Es-dur (K.-V. 282) ingxenye yokuqala ithi adagio. Ingxenye yesibili iqhathaniseka kakhulu neyokuqala ngenxa yejubane eliphansi, umlingiswa wephimbo lomculo kanye nelokucabanga. Le ngxenye ivumela inkululeko enkulu ekukhethweni kwesakhiwo: ingasebenzisa ifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi yezingxenye ezi-3, ifomu le-sonata kanye nokuguqulwa kwayo okuhlukahlukene (ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa, ngesiqephu), njll. Ngokuvamile i-minuet yethulwa njengengxenye yesibili (for isibonelo, C. Es- dur, K.-V. 282, A-dur, K.-V. 331, Mozart, C-dur kaHaydn). Ukunyakaza kwesithathu, ngokuvamile okushesha kakhulu emjikelezweni (i-Presto, i-allegro vivace kanye ne-tempos eseduze), isondela ekunyakazeni kokuqala nomlingisi wayo osebenzayo. Ifomu elijwayeleke kakhulu lesiphetho yi-rondo ne-rondo sonata, okuvamisile ukuhluka (C. Es-dur yeviolin nepiyano, K.-V. 481 ka-Mozart; C. A-dur yepiyano ka-Haydn). Kukhona, nokho, futhi ukuphambuka kusuka esakhiweni esinjalo somjikelezo: kusuka ku-52 fp. I-Haydn's sonatas 3 (yasekuqaleni) inezingxenye ezine kanti u-8 unezingxenye ezimbili. Imijikelezo efanayo nayo iyisici se-skr ethile. i-sonatas kaMozart.

Esikhathini sakudala phakathi nendawo yokunakwa yi-S. yepiyano, esusa yonke indawo izinhlobo zezintambo ezindala. izinsimbi zekhibhodi. I-S. iphinde isetshenziswe kabanzi ukubola. amathuluzi ahambisana ne-fp., ikakhulukazi Skr. S. (isibonelo, uMozart ungumnikazi wama-47 skr. C).

Uhlobo lwe-S. lufinyelele inani eliphakeme kakhulu ngo-Beethoven, owakha i-32 fp., 10 scr. kanye no-5 cello S. Emsebenzini ka-Beethoven, okuqukethwe okungokomfanekiso kuyathuthukiswa, amadrama ahlanganiswe. ukungqubuzana, ukuqala kokungqubuzana kuyacijile. Eziningi ze-S. zakhe zifinyelela izilinganiso ezinkulu. Ngokuhambisana nokucwengwa kwefomu nokugxila kokukhuluma, isici sobuciko be-classicism, ama-sonatas ka-Beethoven abuye abonise izici ezamukelwa kamuva futhi zathuthukiswa abaqambi bothando. U-Beethoven uvame ukubhala u-S. ngendlela yomjikelezo wezingxenye ezi-4, ukukhiqiza kabusha ukulandelana kwezingxenye ze-symphony ne-quartet: i-sonata allegro iyingoma ehamba kancane. ukunyakaza – i-minuet (noma i-scherzo) – isiphetho (isb. S. ye-piano op. 2 No 1, 2, 3, op. 7, op. 28). Izingxenye ezimaphakathi kwesinye isikhathi zihlelwa ngokulandelana, kwesinye isikhathi ingoma enensayo. ingxenye ithathelwa indawo ingxenye at tempo mobile more (allegretto). Umjikelezo onjalo wawuzogxila ku-S. yabaqambi abaningi bothando. U-Beethoven ubuye abe nengxenye engu-2 ye-S. (S. ye-pianoforte op. 54, op. 90, op. 111), kanye nomculi oyedwa onokulandelana kwamahhala kwezingxenye (ukunyakaza okuguquguqukayo - i-scherzo - imashi yomngcwabo - i-final in upiyano. C op. 26; op. C. quasi una fantasia op. 27 No 1 no-2; C. op. 31 No 3 nge-scherzo endaweni yesi-2 kanye ne-minuet kweyesi-3). Ku-S. yokugcina ka-Beethoven, ukuthambekela ekuhlanganiseni eduze komjikelezo nenkululeko enkulu yokuchazwa kwawo kuyaqina. Ukuxhumana kwethulwa phakathi kwezingxenye, ukuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwenziwa kusuka engxenyeni eyodwa kuya kwesinye, izingxenye ze-fugue zifakwe emjikelezweni (okugcina kwe-S. op. 101, 106, 110, fugato engxenyeni yokuqala ye-S. op. 1). Ingxenye yokuqala ngezinye izikhathi ilahlekelwa isikhundla sayo esiholayo emjikelezweni, isiphetho ngokuvamile siba yisikhungo samandla adonsela phansi. Kunezinkumbulo zezihloko ezike zazwakala ngaphambilini ekuwohlokeni. izingxenye zomjikelezo (S. op. 111, 101 No 102). Kusho. Ku-sonatas kaBeethoven, izingeniso ezihamba kancane zokunyakaza kokuqala nazo ziqala ukudlala indima (op. 1, 13, 78). Ezinye zezingoma zikaBeethoven zibonakala ngezakhi zesoftware, eye yathuthukiswa kabanzi emculweni wabaqambi bothando. Isibonelo, izingxenye ezi-111 ze-S. zepiyano. op. 3a babizwa. "Farewell", "Ukuhlukana" kanye "Buyela".

Indawo emaphakathi phakathi kwe-classicism kanye ne-romanticism ithathwe ama-sonata ka-F. Schubert kanye no-KM Weber. Ngokusekelwe emijikelezweni ye-sonata enezingxenye ezi-4 zika-Beethoven (okungavamile ukuba nezingxenye ezi-3), laba baqambi basebenzisa izindlela ezithile ezintsha zokuveza imizwa ezingomeni zabo. Imidlalo ye-melodic ibaluleke kakhulu. isiqalo, izakhi zengoma yesintu (ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni ezihamba kancane zemijikelezo). I-Lyric. uhlamvu luvela ngokucace kakhulu ku-fp. i-sonatas ngu-Schubert.

Emsebenzini wabaqambi bothando, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo nokuguqulwa komculo we-classic kwenzeka. (ikakhulukazi eka-Beethoven) thayipha S., igcwaliswe ngesithombe esisha. Isici ukuhluka okukhulu komuntu ngamunye kokuchazwa kohlobo, ukuchazwa kwalo ngomoya wothando. izinkondlo. S. phakathi nalesi sikhathi ugcina isikhundla solunye lwezinhlobo ezihamba phambili ze-instr. umculo, nakuba uphushwa eceleni ngandlela thize yizinhlobo ezincane (isibonelo, iculo elingenamagama, i-nocturne, isandulela, i-etude, izingcezu zesici). F. Mendelssohn, F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Liszt, J. Brahms, E. Grieg, nabanye baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuzamazama komhlaba. Izingoma zabo zokuzamazama komhlaba zembula amathuba amasha ohlobo ekuboniseni izigigaba zempilo nezingxabano. Umehluko wezithombe zika-S ucijile kokubili ngaphakathi kwezingxenye kanye nokuhlobana kwazo. Isifiso sabaqambi setimu ethe xaxa siyathinteka. ubunye bomjikelezo, nakuba ngokuvamile ama-romantics anamathela ku-classic. 3-ingxenye (isibonelo, S. ye-pianoforte op. 6 kanye ne-105 ka-Mendelssohn, S. ye-violin ne-pianoforte op. 78 kanye ne-100 ka-Brahms) kanye nengxenye engu-4 (isibonelo, i-S. ye-pianoforte op. 4, 35 kanye 58 Chopin, S. for Schumann) imijikelezo. Okunye ukulandelana kwe-FP kwehlukaniswa ngemvelaphi enkulu ekuchazeni izingxenye zomjikelezo. Ama-Brahms (S. op. 2, izingxenye ezinhlanu S. op. 5). Ithonya lothando. izinkondlo ziholela ekuveleni kwengxenye eyodwa S. (amasampula okuqala - 2 S. we-pianoforte yaseLiszt). Ngokwesilinganiso nokuzimela, izingxenye zefomu le-sonata kuzo zisondela ezingxenyeni zomjikelezo, zakha okuthiwa. umjikelezo onengxenye eyodwa umjikelezo wokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, onemigqa efiphele phakathi kwezingxenye.

Ku-fp. Esinye sezici ezihlanganisayo ku-sonatas ka-Liszt wuhlelo: ngezithombe ze-Dante's Divine Comedy, yakhe ethi S. "Ngemva kokufunda i-Dante" (inkululeko yesakhiwo sayo igcizelelwa igama elithi Fantasia quasi Sonata), elinezithombe ze-Goethe's Faust - S. h-moll (1852 -53).

Emsebenzini we-Brahms no-Grieg, indawo evelele ihlala i-violin S. Ukuze uthole izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zohlobo lwe-S. kwezothando. umculo ungowe-sonata A-dur yeviolin nepiyano. S. Frank, kanye no-2 S. we-cello nopiyano. Ama-Brahms. Izinsimbi ziyadalelwa ezinye izinsimbi.

Ngokuvumelana. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 S. emazweni aseNtshonalanga. IYurophu ibhekene nenkinga eyaziwa kakhulu. I-sonatas ka-V. d'Andy, E. McDowell, K. Shimanovsky iyathakazelisa, izimele emcabangweni nasolimini.

Inombolo enkulu ye-S. yokubola. izinsimbi zabhalwa uM. Reger. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu u-2 S. wakhe wesitho, lapho ukuqondiswa komqambi maqondana ne-classical kwabonakaliswa. amasiko. U-Reger uphinde abe ngumnikazi ongu-4 S. we-cello ne-pianoforte, i-11 S. ye-pianoforte. Ukuthambekela ekuhleleni kuyisici somsebenzi we-sonata kaMcDowell. Zonke 4 zakhe S. for fp. imibhalo engezansi yohlelo (“Tragic”, 1893; “Heroic”, 1895; “Norwegian”, 1900; “Celtic”, 1901). Okungabalulekile kangako ama-sonata ka-K. Saint-Saens, JG Reinberger, K. Sinding nabanye. Imizamo yokuvuselela okwakudala kuzo. izimiso azizange zinikeze imiphumela egculisayo ngobuciko.

Uhlobo lwe-S. luthola izici ezingavamile ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 emculweni wesiFulentshi. Kusukela ku-French G. Fauré, P. Duke, C. Debussy (S. ye-violin nepiyano, S. ye-cello nepiyano, S. yomtshingo, i-viola, nehabhu) kanye ne-M. Ravel (S. ye-violin ne-pianoforte , S. ye-violin ne-cello, i-sonata ye-pianoforte). Laba baqambi basuthisa u-S. ngokusha, okuhlanganisa nokuzwakalayo. umfanekiso, izindlela zangempela zokuvezwa (ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavamile, ukucebisa izindlela ezivumelanayo).

Emsebenzini wabaqambi baseRussia bekhulu le-18 nele-19 uS. akazange abe nendawo evelele. Uhlobo lwe-S. ngalesi sikhathi lumelwe ukuhlolwa ngakunye. Zinjalo izinsimbi zomculo zecembalo ka-DS Bortnyansky, nezinsimbi zomculo ze-IE Khandoshkin zevayolini eyedwa kanye nebhesi, ezicini zazo zesitayela eziseduze nezinsimbi zomculo zasendulo zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. kanye ne-viola (noma i-violin) i-MI Glinka (1828), igcinwe ku-classical. umoya, kodwa ngezwi. amaqembu ahlobene eduze nesiRashiya. isici sengoma yesintu. Izici kazwelonke ziyabonakala ku-S. of the contemporaries evelele kakhulu ye-Glinka, ngokuyinhloko AA Alyabyeva (S. for violin with upiano, 1834). Def. U-AG Rubinshtein, umbhali we-4 S. wepiyano, uhloniphe uhlobo luka-S. (1859-71) no-3 S. lwe-violin nepiyano. (1851-76), S. ye-viola nepiyano. (1855) kanye no-2 p. ye-cello nepiyano. (1852-57). Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kohlobo lwesiRashiya. umculo kwadingeka S. upiyano. op. 37 PI Tchaikovsky, kanye no-2 S. wepiyano. U-AK Glazunov, edonsela esikweni le "big" romantic S.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20. intshisekelo ohlotsheni lwe-S. y rus. abaqambi baye banda kakhulu. Ikhasi elikhanyayo ekuthuthukisweni kohlobo kwakuyi-FP. i-sonatas ngu-AN Scriabin. Ngezindlela eziningi, ukuqhubeka kwezothando. amasiko (amandla adonsela phansi ekuhlelekeni, ubunye bomjikelezo), i-Scriabin ibanika inkulumo ezimele, ejulile yasekuqaleni. Ubusha kanye nokuvela kobuciko be-sonata beScriabin bubonakaliswa kokubili esakhiweni esingokomfanekiso nasemculweni. ulimi, nasekuchazeni uhlobo. Imvelo yokuhlela ye-sonatas kaScriabin iyifilosofi futhi ingokomfanekiso. uhlamvu. Ifomu lazo livela kumjikelezo ongokwesiko onezingxenye eziningi (1st – 3rd S.) ukuya engxenyeni eyodwa (5th – 10th S.). Kakade i-sonata yesi-4 ka-Scriabin, zombili izingxenye ezisondelene kakhulu, isondela ohlotsheni lwe-pianoforte yokunyakaza okukodwa. izinkondlo. Ngokungafani ne-sonatas yokunyakaza okukodwa ka-Liszt, ama-sonata ka-Scriabin awanazo izici zefomu le-cyclic lokunyakaza okukodwa.

I-S. ibuyekezwa ngokuphawulekayo emsebenzini we-NK Medtner, i-to-rum ingeye-14 fp. I-S. kanye no-3 S. yevayolini nepiyano. I-Medtner inweba imingcele yohlobo, idweba ezicini zezinye izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi uhlelo noma i-lyric-characteristic (“Sonata-elegy” op. 11, “Sonata-remembrance” op. 38, “Sonata-fairy tale” op. 25 , “Sonata-ballad » op. 27). Indawo ekhethekile ithathwa iculo lakhe elithi “Sonata-vocalise”. 41.

U-SV Rachmaninov ku-2 fp. S. uthuthukisa ngokukhethekile amasiko othando olukhulu. C. Umcimbi ophawulekayo ngesiRashiya. impilo yomculo iqala. Insimbi yekhulu lama-20 2 yokuqala S. ye-fp. N. Yebo. UMyaskovsky, ikakhulukazi ingxenye 2nd S., waklonyeliswa Glinkin Prize.

Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo ekhulu lama-20 ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokukhuluma kuguqula ukubukeka kohlobo. Lapha, u-6 C. uyinkomba yokubola. amathuluzi ka-B. Bartok, okwangempela ngesigqi nezici ze-modal, okubonisa ukuthambekela kokuvuselela abadlali. ukuqanjwa (S. ye-2 fp. kanye ne-percussion). Lo mkhuba wakamuva ulandelwa nangabanye abaqambi (i-S. yecilongo, uphondo, ne-trombone, F. Poulenc nabanye). Imizamo iyenziwa yokuvuselela ezinye izinhlobo ze-pre-classic. S. (6 isitho sonatas by P. Hindemith, solo S. for viola kanye violin by E. Krenek kanye neminye imisebenzi). Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala zokuchazwa kwe-neoclassical yohlobo - 2nd S. yepiyano. IF Stravinsky (1924). Kusho. indawo kuMculo wesimanje isetshenziswa i-sonatas ka-A. Honegger (6 C. yezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene), i-Hindemith (c. 30 C. cishe zonke izinsimbi).

Izibonelo ezivelele zokuhumusha kwesimanje kwalolu hlobo zakhiwe izikhova. abaqambi, ngokuyinhloko SS Prokofiev (9 ngoba upiyano, 2 for violin, cello). Indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-S. yesimanje yadlalwa yi-FP. I-sonatas kaProkofiev. Konke ubuciko bubonakala ngokucacile kuzo. indlela yomqambi - kusukela ekuxhumaneni ne-romantic. amasampula (1st, 3rd C.) ukuya ekuvuthweni okuhlakaniphile (8th C). I-Prokofiev incike ku-classic. izinkambiso zomjikelezo wezingxenye ezi-3 nezi-4 (ngaphandle kwengxenye eyodwa 1 kanye no-3rd C). I-orientation yakudala. kanye ne-preclassic. izimiso zokucabanga zibonakala ekusetshenzisweni kwemidanso yasendulo. izinhlobo zekhulu le-17-18. (gavotte, minuet), amafomu e-toccata, kanye nencazelo ecacile yezigaba. Kodwa-ke, izici zangempela ziyabusa, ezihlanganisa ukuqina kwasetiyetha kwedramaturgy, ubusha bomculo nokuvumelana, kanye nomlingiswa ongavamile wepiyano. ubuhle. Enye yeziqongo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomsebenzi womqambi "i-sonata triad" yeminyaka yempi (ikhasi lesi-6 - lesi-8, 1939-44), elihlanganisa idrama. ukungqubuzana kwezithombe nge-classical. ukucwengwa kwefomu.

Umnikelo ophawulekayo ekuthuthukisweni komculo wepiyano wenziwa u-DD Shostakovich (2 wepiyano, ivayolini, i-viola, ne-cello) kanye no-AN Aleksandrov (piyano engu-14 yopiyano). I-FP nayo iyathandwa. i-sonatas kanye ne-sonatas ka-DB Kabalevsky, i-sonata ka-AI Khachaturian.

Kuma-50s - 60s. izici ezintsha zivela emkhakheni wobuciko be-sonata. S. ivela, ingaqukathi ingxenye eyodwa yomjikelezo kufomu le-sonata futhi isebenzisa kuphela izimiso ezithile ze-sonata. Zinjalo i-S. ze-FP. P. Boulez, "Sonata and Interlude" yepiyano "elungisiwe". J. Cage. Ababhali bale misebenzi bahumusha u-S. ikakhulukazi njenge-instr. dlala. Isibonelo esijwayelekile salokhu ngu-C. we-cello ne-orchestra ka-K. Penderecki. Ukuthambekela okufanayo kwabonakala emsebenzini wezikhova eziningana. abaqambi (i-piano sonatas ka-BI Tishchenko, TE Mansuryan, njll.).

References: I-Gunet E., I-sonatas eyishumi ka-Scriabin, "RMG", 1914, No 47; U-Kotler N., i-sonata h-moll ka-Liszt ekukhanyeni kobuhle bakhe, “SM”, 1939, No 3; Kremlev Yu. A., i-sonatas yepiyano kaBeethoven, M., 1953; Druskin M., umculo kaClavier waseSpain, eNgilandi, eNetherlands, eFrance, e-Italy, eJalimane ngekhulu le-1960-1961th, L., 1962; Kholopova V., Kholopov Yu., Piano Sonatas kaProkofiev, M., 1962; Ordzhonikidze G., Prokofiev's Piano Sonatas, M., 1; Popova T., Sonata, M., 1966; U-Lavrentieva I., i-sonatas ka-Beethoven engasekho, ngo-Sat. Ku: Imibuzo Yefomu Lomculo, vol. 1970, M., 2; U-Rabey V., i-Sonatas kanye ne-partitas ka-JS Bach ye-violin solo, M., 1972; I-Pavchinsky, S., Okuqukethwe Okungokomfanekiso kanye Nokuhunyushwa Kwesikhashana kwezinye ze-Sonatas ka-Beethoven, ku: Beethoven, vol. 1972, M., 1973; Schnittke A., Kwezinye izici zokuqanjwa kabusha emijikelezweni yepiyano ye-sonata ka-Prokofiev, ku: S. Prokofiev. Sonatas kanye nocwaningo, M., 13; U-Meskhishvili E., Ku-dramaturgy ye-sonatas ka-Scriabin, eqoqweni: AN Skryabin, M., 1974; Petrash A., Solo bow sonata and suite before Bach nasemisebenzini yabantu besikhathi sakhe, ku: Questions of Theory and Aesthetics of Music, vol. 36, L., 1978; Sakharova G., Emsuka we-sonata, ku: Izici zokubunjwa kwe-sonata, "Izinqubo ze-GMPI im. Gnesins”, vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

Bheka futhi lit. ezihlokweni Ifomu le-Sonata, ifomu le-Sonata-cyclic, ifomu lomculo.

VB Valkova