Isifundo 1

Ukuze siqonde izisekelo zethiyori yomculo kanye nolwazi olunzulu lomculo, sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi uyini umsindo. Eqinisweni, umsindo uyisisekelo somculo, ngaphandle kwawo umculo ngeke uphumelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukuthola umbono mayelana nohlelo lwe-note-octave. Konke lokhu kuhlobene ngqo nezakhiwo zomsindo.

Njengoba ubona, esifundweni sokuqala sinohlelo olubanzi olusilindile, futhi siyaqiniseka ukuthi uzobhekana nalo! Ngakho ake siqale.

Izici zomzimba zomsindo

Okokuqala, ake sifunde izakhiwo zomsindo ngokombono we-physics:

Umsindo - Lesi isenzakalo esibonakalayo, okuwumshini wokudlidliza wamaza osakazeka endaweni ethile, ngokuvamile emoyeni.

Umsindo unezakhiwo ezibonakalayo: iphimbo, amandla (umsindo omkhulu), i-sound spectrum (timbre).

Izici eziyisisekelo zomsindo:

Igama elithi "overtone" livela emagameni amabili esiNgisi: ngaphezulu - "phezulu", ithoni - "ithoni". Ekuhlanganiseni kwabo, igama elithi overtone noma "overtone" litholakala. Ukuzwa komuntu kuyakwazi ukuzwa imisindo enemvamisa engu-16-20 hertz (Hz) kanye nevolumu engu-000-10 dB.

Ukwenza kube lula ukuzulazula, ake sithi i-10 dB iwukuhwashaza, futhi u-130 dB umsindo wendiza isuka, uma uyizwa iseduze. I-120-130 dB izinga lomkhawulo wobuhlungu, lapho isivele ingakhululekile endlebeni yomuntu ukuzwa umsindo.

Ngokuya ngobude, ibanga elisuka ku-30 ​​Hz liye cishe ku-4000 Hz lithathwa njengelintofontofo. Sizobuyela kulesi sihloko lapho sikhuluma ngohlelo lomculo nesikali. Manje kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi iphimbo nokuzwakala komsindo kuyizinto ezihluke kakhulu. Okwamanje, ake sikhulume ngezici zomsindo womculo.

Izakhiwo Zomsindo Womculo

Ingabe umsindo womculo uhluke kanjani komunye? Lona umsindo onokuzungeza kwamagagasi okufanayo nokuphindaphinda ngokufanayo (okungukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile). Umsindo onokudlidliza okungekona okwesikhathi esithile, okungukuthi, ukudlidliza okungalingani nokuphindaphinda ngokulinganayo, awukona okomculo. Lena umsindo, ukukhala, ukuhhewula, ukuklabalasa, ukubhonga, ukuklolodela neminye eminingi.

Ngamanye amazwi, umsindo womculo unazo zonke izici ezifanayo njenganoma iyiphi enye, okungukuthi inephimbo, umsindo omkhulu, i-timbre, kodwa inhlanganisela ethile kuphela yalezi zici esivumela ukuthi sihlukanise umsindo njengowomculo. Yini enye, ngaphandle kwe-periodicity, ebaluleke kakhulu kumsindo womculo?

Okokuqala, akulona lonke uhla oluzwakalayo olubhekwa njengomculo, esizoxoxa ngalo ngokuningiliziwe kamuva. Okwesibili, ngomsindo womculo, ubude bawo bubalulekile. Lokhu noma lokho ubude bomsindo ekuphakameni okuthile kukuvumela ukuthi ugcizelele umculo noma, ngokuphambene, ushiye umsindo ubushelelezi. Umsindo omfushane ekugcineni ikuvumela ukuthi ubeke iphuzu elinengqondo emculweni womculo, futhi elide - ukushiya umuzwa wokunganaki kwabalaleli.

Empeleni ubude besikhathi bomsindo buncike esikhathini sokuzungeza kwamagagasi. Uma ukudlidliza kwamagagasi kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, umsindo uzwakala isikhathi eside. Ukuze uqonde ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhathi somsindo womculo nezinye izici zawo, kufanelekile ukugxila esicini esinjengomthombo womsindo womculo.

Imithombo yomsindo womculo

Uma umsindo ukhiqizwa insimbi yomculo, izici zayo eziyisisekelo azincikile nganoma iyiphi indlela esikhathini somsindo. Umsindo endaweni oyifunayo uzohamba inqobo nje uma ubambe ukhiye owufunayo we-synthesizer. Umsindo kuvolumu yokusetha uzoqhubeka uze wehlise noma ukhuphule ivolumu kusikhithi esihlanganisiwe noma isandisi se-combo yesiginci sikagesi.

Uma sikhuluma ngezwi eliculayo, izici zomsindo womculo zisebenzisana kakhulu. Kunini lapho kulula khona ukugcina umsindo usezingeni elifanele ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla awo? Khona-ke, lapho udonsa umsindo isikhathi eside noma lapho udinga ukuwunikeza ngokoqobo umzuzwana? Ukudweba umsindo womculo isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi yomsindo, ukuphakama kwawo namandla ubuciko obukhethekile. Uma ufuna ukuthola izwi elimnandi futhi ufunde ukucula, sincoma ukuthi ufunde isifundo sethu se-inthanethi esithi "Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezwi Nenkulumo".

Uhlelo lomculo nesikali

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile kwezakhiwo zomsindo womculo, sidinga imiqondo embalwa eyengeziwe. Ikakhulukazi, njengohlelo lomculo nesikali:

Uhlelo lwesimanje lomculo luhlanganisa imisindo engu-88 yokuphakama okuhlukene. Angabulawa ngendlela ekhuphukayo noma eyehlayo. Ukuboniswa okucace kakhulu kobudlelwano phakathi kwesistimu yomculo nesikali ikhibhodi yepiyano.

Okhiye bepiyano abangu-88 (36 abamnyama nabamhlophe abangu-52 – sizochaza ukuthi kungani kamuva) imisindo yekhava isuka ku-27,5 Hz ukuya ku-4186 Hz. Amakhono anjalo e-acoustic anele ukwenza noma yimuphi umculo okhululekile endlebeni yomuntu. Imisindo engaphandle kwalolu hlu ayisetshenziswa emculweni wesimanje.

Isikali sakhelwe phezu kwezimiso ezithile. Imisindo okuvama kwayo kuhluke izikhathi ezi-2 (izikhathi ezi-2 ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi) ibonwa ngendlebe njengokufana. Ukwenza kube lula ukuzulazula, imiqondo efana nezinyathelo zesikali, i-octave, ithoni kanye nesemitone yethulwa kuthiyori yomculo.

Izinyathelo zesikali, i-octave, ithoni nesemitone

Umsindo ngamunye womculo wesilinganiso ubizwa ngokuthi isinyathelo. Ibanga phakathi kwemisindo efanayo (izinyathelo zesikali) ezihluka ngobude ngezikhathi ezi-2 libizwa ngokuthi i-octave. Ibanga phakathi kwemisindo eseduze (izinyathelo) yi-semitone. Ama-semitones ngaphakathi kwe-octave ayalingana (khumbula, lokhu kubalulekile). Ama-semitone amabili akha ithoni.

Amagama anikezwe ezinyathelweni eziyinhloko zesikali. Lezi yizi “do”, “re”, “mi”, “fa”, “sol”, “la”, “si”. Njengoba uqonda, lawa ngamanothi ayi-7 ebesiwazi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Kukhibhodi yepiyano, zingatholakala ngokucindezela okhiye abamhlophe:

Ungabheki izinombolo nezinhlamvu zesiLatini okwamanje. Bheka ikhibhodi kanye nezinyathelo ezisayiniwe zesikali, nazo zingamanothi. Ungabona ukuthi kukhona okhiye abamhlophe abangama-52, namagama ayi-7 kuphela wezinyathelo. Lokhu kungenxa yeqiniso lokuthi izinyathelo ezinomsindo ofanayo ngenxa yomehluko wokuphakama izikhathi ezi-2 ncamashi zinikezwa amagama afanayo.

Uma sicindezela okhiye bepiyano abangu-7 ngokulandelana, ukhiye wesi-8 uzoqanjwa ncamashi nalowo esiwucindezele kuqala. Futhi, ngokufanele, ukukhiqiza umsindo ofanayo, kodwa ngokuphindwe kabili ukuphakama noma ukuphakama okuncane, kuye ngokuthi yisiphi isiqondiso esasihamba ngaso. Amafrikhwensi okushuna okuqondile wepiyano angatholakala kuthebula elikhethekile.

Ukucaciswa okwengeziwe kwemigomo kuyadingeka lapha. I-octave ayibhekiseli kuphela ebangeni eliphakathi kwemisindo efanayo (izinyathelo zesikali), ezihluka ngobude izikhathi ezi-2, kodwa futhi nama-semitone angu-12 ukusuka kunothi elithi “kuya”.

Ungathola ezinye izincazelo zegama elithi “octave” elisetshenziswe kuthiyori yomculo. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuthi inhloso yesifundo sethu ukunikeza izisekelo zolwazi lomculo, ngeke singene sijule kuthiyori, kodwa sizozikhawulela olwazini olusebenzayo oludingayo ukuze ufunde umculo namaphimbo.

Ukuze uthole ukucaca nencazelo yezincazelo ezisetshenzisiwe zetemu, sizophinda sisebenzise ikhibhodi yepiyano futhi sibone ukuthi i-octave ingokhiye abamhlophe abangu-7 nokhiye abamnyama abangu-5.

Kungani udinga okhiye abamnyama kupiyano

Lapha thina, njengoba sithembisile ekuqaleni, sizochaza ukuthi kungani upiyano linokhiye abamhlophe abangama-52 kanye nabamnyama abangama-36 kuphela. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono izinyathelo zesikali nama-semitones. Iqiniso liwukuthi amabanga kuma-semitones phakathi kwezinyathelo eziyinhloko zesikali ayahluka. Isibonelo, phakathi kwezinyathelo (amanothi) “kuya” kanye “re”, “re” kanye “mi” sibona amasemitone angu-2, okungukuthi ukhiye omnyama phakathi kokhiye ababili abamhlophe, futhi phakathi kuka-“mi” kanye “fa” kukhona u-1 kuphela. i-semitone, okungukuthi okhiye abamhlophe bayalandelana. Ngokufanayo, kunesemitone engu-1 kuphela phakathi kwezinyathelo zika-“si” kanye “nokwenza”.

Sekukonke, izinyathelo ezi-5 (amanothi) anamabanga ama-semitones angu-2, futhi izinyathelo ezimbili (amanothi) anebanga le-semitone engu-1. Kuvele izibalo ezilandelayo:

Ngakho-ke sithole ama-semitone angu-12 ku-octave. Ikhibhodi yepiyano ibamba ama-octave angu-7 agcwele nama-semitone angu-4 ngaphezulu: 3 kwesokunxele (lapho umsindo ophansi kakhulu) no-1 kwesokudla (umsindo ophezulu). Sibala konke ama-semitones nezihluthulelounesibopho ngabo:

Ngakho-ke sithole inani eliphelele lokhiye bepiyano. Siyaqonda ngokuqhubekayo. Sesifundile ukuthi kukhona okhiye abamhlophe abayisi-7 nokhiye abamnyama aba-5 ku-octave ngayinye. Ngale kwama-octave angu-7 agcwele, sinokhiye abangu-3 abamhlophe abengeziwe no-1 abamnyama. Sibala kuqala okhiye abamhlophe:

Manje siyabala okhiye abamnyama:

Naba okhiye bethu abamnyama abangama-36 nokhiye abamhlophe abangama-52.

Kubonakala sengathi uzitholile izinyathelo zesikali, ama-octave, amathoni nama-semitones. Khumbula lolu lwazi, njengoba luzosebenza esifundweni esilandelayo, lapho siqhubekela phambili esifundweni esinemininingwane yokuqanjwa komculo. Futhi lolu lwazi luzodingeka esifundweni sokugcina, lapho sifunda ukudlala upiyano.

Ake sicacise elinye iphuzu. Izimiso zokwakha isikali ziyefana kuyo yonke imisindo yomculo, noma ngabe ikhishwa kusetshenziswa upiyano, isiginci noma izwi eliculayo. Sisebenzise ikhibhodi yepiyano ukuchaza okokusebenza ngenxa yokucaca okukhulu.

Ngendlela efanayo, sizosebenzisa upiyano ukuqonda isistimu ye-note-octave ngokuningiliziwe. Lokhu kumele kwenziwe esifundweni sanamuhla, ngoba. kokulandelayo sizodlulela ekuphawuleni komculo kanye nokuphawula kwamanothi esigxotsheni.

Isistimu ye-note-octave

Ngokuvamile, ububanzi bemisindo engase izwakale endlebeni yomuntu buhlanganisa cishe ama-octave angu-11. Ngenxa yokuthi izifundo zethu zigxile ekufundiseni umculo, sifuna kuphela imisindo yomculo, okungukuthi cishe ama-octave angu-9. Ukwenza kube lula ukukhumbula ama-octaves nobubanzi bephimbo bawo obuhambisanayo, sincoma ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi, okungukuthi ukusuka ebangeni eliphezulu lemisindo ukuya kwephansi. Iphimbo ku-hertz ye-octave ngayinye izoboniswa kusistimu kanambambili ukuze kube lula ukukhumbula.

Ama-Octaves (amagama) nobubanzi:

Akunangqondo ukucabangela amanye ama-octave kumongo wemisindo yomculo. Ngakho-ke, inothi eliphakeme kakhulu lamadoda ngu-F sharp we-5th octave (5989 Hz), futhi leli rekhodi laqoshwa ngu-Amirhossein Molai ngoJulayi 31, 2019 eTehran (Iran) [Guinness World Records, 2019]. Umculi u-Dimash waseKazakhstan ufinyelela inothi elithi “re” ku-octave yesi-5 (4698 Hz). Futhi imisindo enobude obungaphansi kuka-16 Hz ayikwazi ukubonwa yindlebe yomuntu. Ungafunda ithebula eliphelele lokuxhumana kwamanothi kumafrikhwensi nama-octave ku isithombe esilandelayo:

Inothi lokuqala le-octave yokuqala ligqanyiswe ngokunsomi, okungukuthi inothi “do”, kanye nohlaza – inothi elithi “la” le-octave yokuqala. Bekukuye, okungukuthi imvamisa engu-1 Hz, ngokuzenzakalelayo wonke amashuna okulinganisa iphimbo afakwa ngaphambili.

Amanothi ku-octave: izinketho zokuqokwa

Namuhla, izindlela ezahlukene zisetshenziswa ukukhombisa ukuba khona kwenothi (iphimbo) kuma-octave ahlukene. Indlela elula ukubhala phansi amagama amanothi njengoba enjalo: “do”, “re”, “mi”, “fa”, “sol”, “la”, “si”.

Inketho yesibili yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Helmholtz notation". Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukuqokwa kwamanothi ngezinhlamvu zesiLatini, futhi okuyingxenye ye-octave - ngezinombolo. Ake siqale ngamanothi.

Umculo weshidi le-Helmholtz:

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi inothi elithi "si" ngezinye izikhathi lingamelwa hhayi ngohlamvu B, kodwa ngohlamvu H. Uhlamvu H lungokwesiko lomculo we-classic, kuyilapho uhlamvu B lubhekwa njengenketho yesimanje. Esifundweni sethu, uzothola kokubili ukuhluka, ngakho khumbula ukuthi kokubili u-B no-H umele u-“si”.

Manje kuma-octaves. Amanothi ku-octave yokuqala kuya kweyesihlanu abhalwe ngezinhlamvu ezincane zesiLatini futhi aboniswa ngezinombolo ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5. Amanothi e-octave encane abhalwe ngezinhlamvu ezincane zesiLatini ngaphandle kwezinombolo. Khumbula inhlangano: i-octave encane - izinhlamvu ezincane. Amanothi e-octave enkulu abhalwe ngezinhlamvu ezinkulu zesiLatini. Khumbula: i-octave enkulu - izinhlamvu ezinkulu. Amanothi e-contra-octave kanye ne-sub-contra-octave abhalwe ngosonhlamvukazi kanye nezinombolo u-1 no-2, ngokulandelana.

Amanothi ngama-octaves ngokusho kukaHelmholtz:

Uma noma ubani emangala ukuthi kungani inothi lokuqala le-octave lingaboniswa ngohlamvu lokuqala lwezinhlamvu zesiLatini, sizokutshela ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi ukubala kwehle kwaqala ngenothi elithi “la”, ngemuva kwalokho igama elithi A lalungiswa. Kodwa-ke, base benquma ukuqala ukubala kwe-octave kusukela kunothi "kuya" , osekuvele kwabelwe igama elithi C. Ukuze sigweme ukudideka kumanothi omculo, sanquma ukugcina ukuqokwa kwezinhlamvu zamanothi njengoba kunjalo.

Ungathola imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nokuphawula kukaHelmholtz neminye imibono emsebenzini wakhe, etholakala ngesiRashiya ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Imfundiso yokuzwa kokuzwa njengesisekelo sokuphila sethiyori yomculo" [G. Helmholtz, 2013].

Futhi ekugcineni, i-notation yesayensi, eyasungulwa yi-American Acoustic Society ngo-1939 futhi ewusizo kuze kube namuhla. Amanothi akhonjiswa ngezinhlamvu ezinkulu zesiLatini, futhi awe-octave - ngezinombolo ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-8.

Isaziso sesayensi:

Sicela uqaphele ukuthi izinombolo azifani namagama ama-octaves kusukela kweyokuqala kuya kweyesihlanu. Lesi simo sivame ukudukisa ngisho nabakhiqizi bezinhlelo ezikhethekile zabaculi. Ngakho-ke, uma ungabaza, hlala uhlola umsindo nephimbo lenothi ngeshuna. Ukuze wenze lokhu, landa uhlelo lweselula lwe-Pano Tuner bese uluvumela ukuthi lufinyelele kumakrofoni.

Kusenezela ukuthi ngokokuqala ngqá uhlelo lokubhalwa kwesayensi lwashicilelwa kumagazini kaJulayi we-Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (Journal of the Acoustical Society of America) [I-Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1939] .

Manje ake sifingqe wonke amasistimu enothi amukelwayo njengamanje e-octave ngayinye. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sizophinda futhi siphindaphinde isithombe esivele sijwayele kuwe ngekhibhodi yepiyano kanye nokuqokwa kwezinyathelo zesikali (amanothi), kodwa ngesincomo sokuthi unake. amagama ezinombolo nama-alfabhethi:

Futhi, ekugcineni, ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwethiyori yomculo, kufanele siqonde izinhlobonhlobo zamathoni nama-semitones.

Izinhlobonhlobo zamathoni nama-semitones

Masisho zisuka nje ukuthi ngokombono osetshenziswayo, lolu lwazi ngeke lube wusizo ngokukhethekile kuwe ekudlaleni izinsimbi zomculo noma ukufundisa amazwi. Kodwa-ke, amagama asho izinhlobo zamathoni nama-semitones angatholakala ezincwadini ezikhethekile. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuba nombono ngabo ukuze ungagxili ezikhathini ezingaqondakali ngenkathi ufunda izincwadi noma ukutadisha okujulile kwezinto zomculo.

Ithoni (izinhlobo):

I-halftone (izinhlobo):

Njengoba ubona, amagama aphindaphindiwe, ngakho ngeke kube nzima ukuwakhumbula. Ngakho-ke, ake sikuthole!

I-Diatonic semitone (izinhlobo):

Ezinye izibonelo ongazibona esithombeni:

I-semitone ye-Chromatic (izinhlobo):

Ithoni ye-Diatonic (izinhlobo):

Ithoni ye-Chromatic (izinhlobo):

Ake sicacise ukuthi izibonelo zithathwe encwadini kaVarfolomey Vakhromeev "Elementary Theory of Music" futhi ziboniswa kukhibhodi yepiyano ukuze kucace, ngoba. sizofunda udondolo kuphela esifundweni esilandelayo, futhi sidinga imiqondo yethoni nesemitone kakade manje [V. Vakhromeev, 1961]. Ngokuvamile, sizobhekisela ngokuphindaphindiwe emisebenzini yalo thisha omkhulu waseRussia kanye nesazi somculo phakathi nesifundo sethu.

Ngendlela, ngo-1984, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, u-Varfolomey Vakhromeev waklonyeliswa nge-Order of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles, iNkosana uVladimir we-2 degree ye "Textbook of Church Singing" ayihlanganisela izikole zenkolo. weSonto Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa kaningi ngemva kokufa kwakhe [V. Vakhromeev, 2013].

Ukwanda kwama-semitones angu-2 kuboniswa ngokucijile okuphindwe kabili noma okuphindwe kabili, ukwehla kwama-semitones angu-2 kuboniswa yi-flat flat noma kabili. Ngokucijile kabili kunesithonjana esikhethekile, esifana nesiphambano, kodwa, ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukusithatha kukhibhodi, i-notation ♯♯ noma izimpawu ezimbili zamaphawundi ## zingasetshenziswa. Kulula ngama-double-flats, abhala izimpawu ezi-2 ♭♭ noma izinhlamvu zesiLatini u-bb.

Futhi ekugcineni, into yokugcina okudingeka ukhulume ngayo esihlokweni esithi "Izakhiwo zomsindo" yi-anharmonicity yemisindo. Ufunde ngaphambilini ukuthi ama-semitones ngaphakathi kwe-octave ayalingana. Ngakho-ke, umsindo owehliswa i-semitone ehlobene nesinyathelo esiyinhloko uzolingana nephimbo nomsindo ophakanyiswe yi-semitone ehlobene nesinyathelo esingaphansi kwama-semitones amabili.

Kalula nje, i-A-flat (A♭) ne-G-sharp (G♯‎) yomsindo we-octave ofanayo. Ngokufanayo, ngaphakathi kwe-octave, i-G-flat (G♭) ne-F-sharp (F♯), i-E-flat (E♭) ne-D-sharp (D♯), D-flat (D♭) nokufika ku- -sharp (С♯‎), njll. Isenzakalo lapho imisindo yobude obufanayo inamagama ahlukene futhi iboniswa ngezimpawu ezihlukene ibizwa ngokuthi i-anharmonicity yemisindo.

Ukuze kube lula ukuqonda, sibonise lesi simo esibonelweni sezinyathelo (amanothi), phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-semitone angu-2. Kwezinye izimo, lapho kukhona i-semitone engu-1 kuphela phakathi kwezinyathelo eziyinhloko, lokhu akubonakali kancane. Isibonelo, i-F-flat (F♭) ingu-E (E) emsulwa, futhi i-E-sharp (E♯‎) ingu-F omsulwa (F). Noma kunjalo, ezincwadini ezikhethekile zethiyori yomculo, amagama afana no-F-flat (F♭) kanye no-E-sharp (E♯‎) nawo angatholakala. Manje uyazi ukuthi zisho ukuthini.

Namuhla ufunde izici eziyisisekelo zomzimba zomsindo ngokujwayelekile kanye nezakhiwo zomsindo womculo ikakhulukazi. Ubhekane nesistimu yomculo nesikali, izinyathelo zesikali, ama-octave, amathoni nama-semitones. Ubuye waqonda uhlelo lwe-note-octave futhi manje usulungele ukwenza isivivinyo kundaba yesifundo, lapho sifake khona imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ngokombono ongokoqobo.

Isivivinyo sokuqonda isifundo

Uma ufuna ukuhlola ulwazi lwakho esihlokweni salesi sifundo, ungathatha isivivinyo esifushane esihlanganisa imibuzo embalwa. Inketho engu-1 kuphela engalungela umbuzo ngamunye. Ngemva kokukhetha enye yezinketho, isistimu idlulela ngokuzenzakalela embuzweni olandelayo. Amaphuzu owatholayo athintwa ukunemba kwezimpendulo zakho kanye nesikhathi esichithwe ukudlulisa. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi imibuzo ihlukile isikhathi ngasinye, futhi izinketho ziyashova.

Futhi manje siphendukela ekuhlaziyweni kombhalo womculo.