Arturo Toscanini (Arturo Toscanini) |

Arturo Toscanini

• Arturo Toscanini. I-maestro enhle →
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Inkathi yonke kwezobuciko bokucula ihlotshaniswa negama lalo mculi. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa wema ekhonsathini, ebonisa umhlaba izibonelo ezingenakuqhathaniswa zokuchazwa kwemisebenzi yazo zonke izikhathi nabantu. Umfanekiso we-Toscanini waba uphawu lokuzinikela kwezobuciko, wayengumdlali weqiniso womculo, owayengazi ukuyekethisa esifisweni sakhe sokufeza okuhle.

Amakhasi amaningi abhalwe ngeToscanini ngababhali, abaculi, abagxeki, nezintatheli. Futhi bonke, bechaza isici esiyinhloko emfanekisweni wokudala womqhubi omkhulu, bakhuluma ngokuzama kwakhe okungapheli kokuphelela. Akazange aneliseke nguye noma i-orchestra. Amahholo ekhonsathi nemidlalo yaseshashalazini aqhaqhazela ngehlombe elijabulisayo, ekubuyekezweni kwakhe waklonyeliswa ngezindondo ezinhle kakhulu, kodwa ku-maestro, unembeza wakhe womculo kuphela, ongakwazi ukuthula, wayeyijaji eliqondile.

“… Ngobuntu bakhe,” kubhala uStefan Zweig, “omunye wabantu abaneqiniso kunabo bonke esikhathini sethu ukhonza iqiniso langaphakathi lomsebenzi wobuciko, ukhonza ngokuzinikela okushiseka okunjalo, ngobulukhuni obungaguquki futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthobeka, okuwumsebenzi wakhe wobuciko. mancane amathuba okuthi sithole namuhla kunoma yimuphi omunye umkhakha wokusungula. Ngaphandle kokuzikhukhumeza, ngaphandle kokuzikhukhumeza, ngaphandle kokuzikhukhumeza, ukhonza intando ephakeme kakhulu yenkosi ayithandayo, ukhonza ngazo zonke izindlela zenkonzo yasemhlabeni: amandla okulamula ompristi, ukuzinikela kokholwayo, ukuqina okunzima komfundisi. kanye nentshiseko engakhathali yomfundi waphakade ... Ezobuciko - bunjalo ubukhulu bakhe bokuziphatha, unjalo umsebenzi wakhe wobuntu Ubona kuphela abaphelele futhi akukho lutho ngaphandle kokuphelele. Konke okunye - okwamukelekayo, okucishe kuphelele futhi kulinganiswe - akukho kulo mculi onenkani, futhi uma kukhona, kusho ukuthi kukhona okumzonda kakhulu.

U-Toscanini ukhombe ukubizwa kwakhe njengomqhubi kusenesikhathi. Wazalelwa eParma. Ubaba wakhe wabamba iqhaza emzabalazweni wenkululeko kazwelonke yabantu base-Italy ngaphansi kwefulegi likaGaribaldi. Amakhono omculo ka-Arturo amholela eParma Conservatory, lapho afunda khona i-cello. Futhi ngonyaka ngemva kokuphothula e-Conservatory, i-debut yenzeka. NgoJuni 25, 1886, waqhuba i-opera Aida eRio de Janeiro. Impumelelo yokunqoba idonsele ukunaka kwabaculi nezibalo zomculo egameni likaToscanini. Ebuyela ezweni lakubo, umqhubi osemusha wasebenza isikhathi esithile eTurin, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka wahola i-Milan yaseshashalazini iLa Scala. Imidlalo eyenziwe nguToscanini kulesi sikhungo se-opera e-Europe imlethela udumo emhlabeni wonke.

Emlandweni we-New York Metropolitan Opera, inkathi esuka ku-1908 kuya ku-1915 "yayigolide" ngempela. Khona-ke uToscanini wasebenza lapha. Ngemva kwalokho, umbhidisi akakhulumanga ngendlela encomekayo ngale nkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Ngokunwebeka kwakhe okujwayelekile, watshela umhlaziyi womculo uS. Khotsinov: “Lesi isibaya sezingulube, hhayi i-opera. Kufanele bayishise. Bekuyimidlalo yeshashalazi embi eminyakeni engamashumi amane edlule. Ngangimenywa kaningi eMhlanganweni, kodwa ngangihlale ngithi cha. UCaruso, waseScotty weza eMilan futhi wangitshela: “Cha, nkosazana, iMetropolitan ayiyona inkundla yakho yeshashalazi. Ukulungele ukwenza imali, kodwa akazimisele.” Waqhubeka, ephendula umbuzo wokuthi kungani esadlala eMetropolitan: “Ah! Ngize kule thiyetha ngoba ngolunye usuku ngatshelwa ukuthi uGustav Mahler uvumile ukuza khona, futhi ngacabanga: uma umculi osezingeni eliphezulu njengoMahler evuma ukuya khona, iMet ngeke ibe yimbi kakhulu. Omunye wemisebenzi emihle kakhulu kaToscanini esiteji seshashalazi yaseNew York kwaba ukukhiqizwa kukaBoris Godunov nguMussorgsky.

… Italy futhi. Futhi yaseshashalazini "La Scala", ukusebenza kumakhonsathi e-symphony. Kodwa izigebengu zikaMussolini zaqala ukubusa. Umqhubi wabonisa ngokusobala ukungawuthandi umbuso wamaFascist. “Duce” ebiza ingulube nombulali. Kwelinye lamakhonsathi wenqaba ukucula iculo lamaNazi, futhi kamuva, ephikisana nokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga, akazange ahlanganyele emikhosini yomculo yaseBayreuth naseSalzburg. Futhi ukusebenza kwangaphambilini kwe-Toscanini e-Bayreuth nase-Salzburg bekungumhlobiso wale mikhosi. Ukwesaba umbono womphakathi womhlaba kuphela okwavimbela umashiqela wase-Italy ukuthi acindezele umculi ovelele.

Impilo e-Italy yobuFascist iba yinto engabekezeleleki kuToscanini. Iminyaka eminingi ushiya izwe lakubo. Ngemva kokuthuthela e-United States, umqhubi wase-Italy ngo-1937 uba yinhloko ye-orchestra ye-symphony esanda kwakhiwa ye-National Broadcasting Corporation - NBC. Uya eYurophu naseNingizimu Melika ngokuvakasha kuphela.

Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi iyiphi indawo yokusingatha ithalente likaToscanini ebonakale ngokucacile. Induku yakhe yomlingo ngempela yazala ubuciko esiteji se-opera nasesiteji sekhonsathi. Ama-opera ka-Mozart, Rossini, Verdi, Wagner, Mussorgsky, R. Strauss, ama-symphonies ka-Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler, oratorios ka-Bach, Handel, Mendelssohn, izingcezu ze-orchestra kaDebussy, Ravel, Duke - ukufunda okusha ngakunye kwaba ukutholwa. Uzwela lwe-Toscanini lwe-repertory lwalungenamingcele. Ama-opera kaVerdi ayemthanda kakhulu. Ezinhlelweni zakhe, kanye nemisebenzi yakudala, wayevame ukufaka umculo wesimanje. Ngakho, ngo-1942, i-orchestra ayeyihola yaba ngumdlali wokuqala e-United States kaShostakovich's Seventh Symphony.

Ikhono lika-Toscanini lokwamukela imisebenzi emisha lalihlukile. Inkumbulo yakhe yamangaza abaculi abaningi. U-Busoni wake waphawula: “… U-Toscanini unenkumbulo emangalisayo, isibonelo saso okunzima ukusithola emlandweni womculo wonke… Usanda kufunda amaphuzu anzima kakhulu kaDuke – “Ariana and the Bluebeard” futhi ngakusasa ekuseni uqoka ukuprakthiza kokuqala. ngenhliziyo! .. “

U-Toscanini wayebheka umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko futhi okuwukuphela komsebenzi wakhe wokufaka kahle nangokujulile lokho okulotshwe umbhali kumanothi. Omunye wabadlali abacula yedwa we-orchestra ye-National Broadcasting Corporation, uS. Antek, uyakhumbula: “Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho kuprakthizwa i-symphony, ngabuza uToscanini ngesikhathi sekhefu ukuthi “wawenza” kanjani umsebenzi wakhe. “Kulula kakhulu,” kuphendula umaestro. - Yenziwe ngendlela eyabhalwa ngayo. Akulula neze, kodwa ayikho enye indlela. Abaqhubi abangenalwazi, beqiniseka ukuthi bangaphezu kweNkosi uNkulunkulu uqobo, mabenze abakuthandayo. Kufanele ube nesibindi sokudlala ngendlela ebhalwe ngayo.” Ngikhumbula okunye okwashiwo nguToscanini ngemva kokuzilolongela ingubo kaShostakovich's Seventh (“Leningrad”) Symphony… “Kubhalwe kanjalo,” esho ngokukhathala, ehla ezitebhisini zesiteji. “Manje ake abanye baqale 'izincazelo' zabo. Ukwenza imisebenzi “njengoba ibhaliwe”, ukwenza “ngqo” - lena yi-credo yakhe yomculo.

Ukuzilolonga ngakunye kweToscanini kuwumsebenzi wokuzincisha. Wayengazi nosizi ngaye noma ngabaculi. Bekulokhu kunjalo: ebusheni, ekukhuleni nasekugugeni. U-Toscanini ucasukile, uyaklabalasa, uyancenga, udabula ihembe lakhe, uhlephula induku yakhe, wenza abaculi baphinde baphindaphinde inkulumo efanayo. Akukho ukuvumelana - umculo ungcwele! Lo mfutho wangaphakathi womqhubi wadluliselwa ngezindlela ezingabonakali kumdlali ngamunye - umculi omkhulu wakwazi "ukushuna" imiphefumulo yabaculi. Futhi kulobu bunye babantu abazinikezele kwezobuciko, ukusebenza okuphelele kwazalwa, okuyinto uToscanini ayephupha ngayo yonke impilo yakhe.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek