Bruno Walter |

Bruno Walter

Umsebenzi kaBruno Walter ungelinye lamakhasi agqama kakhulu emlandweni wokusebenza komculo. Cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, wama endaweni yomqhubi we-opera ezindlini ezinkulu ze-opera nasemahholo ekhonsathi emhlabeni wonke, futhi udumo lwakhe aluzange luphele kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. UBruno Walter ungomunye wabameleli abaphawuleka kakhulu bomthala wabaqhubi baseJalimane abafika phambili ekuqaleni kwekhulu lethu leminyaka. Wazalelwa eBerlin, emndenini olula, futhi wabonisa amakhono okuqala amenza wabona umculi wesikhathi esizayo kuye. Ngesikhathi efunda e-conservatory, ngesikhathi esifanayo wakwazi amakhono amabili - upiyano nokuqamba. Nokho, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, wakhetha indlela yesithathu ngenxa yalokho, ekugcineni waba umqhubi. Lokhu kwenziwe lula uthando lwakhe lwamakhonsathi e-symphony, lapho ezwa khona imidlalo ka-Hans Bülow, omunye wabaculi abavelele nabadlala upiyano ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule.

Lapho uWalter eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa ubudala, wayesevele ethweswe iziqu ku-conservatory futhi wathatha isikhundla sakhe sokuqala njengomdlali wopiyano e-Cologne Opera House, futhi ngemva konyaka wenza umdlalo wakhe wokuqala lapha. Ngokushesha uWalter wathuthela eHamburg, lapho aqala khona ukusebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaGustav Mahler, owayenethonya elikhulu kumculi osemusha. Empeleni, uMahler wayengumdali wesikole sonke sabaqhubi, lapho uWalter engowesinye sezindawo zokuqala. Iminyaka emibili ehlala eHamburg, umculi osemusha wazi kahle izimfihlo zekhono lochwepheshe; wandisa ingoma yakhe futhi kancane kancane waba umuntu ovelele emkhathizwe womculo. Khona-ke iminyaka eminingana waqhuba ku Theatre of Bratislava, Riga, Berlin, Vienna (1901-1911). Lapha isiphetho saphinda samhlanganisa noMahler.

Ngo-1913-1922, uWalter “wayengumqondisi-jikelele womculo” eMunich, eqondisa imikhosi kaMozart neWagner, ngo-1925 wahola i-Berlin State Opera, kwathi eminyakeni emine kamuva, iLeipzig Gewandhaus. Lena kwakuyiminyaka yokuchuma komsebenzi wekhonsathi yomqhubi, owathola ukuqashelwa kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu. Ngaleso sikhathi, wavakashela ngokuphindaphindiwe ezweni lakithi, lapho izinkambo zakhe zaziqhutshwa ngempumelelo njalo. ERussia, bese kuthi eSoviet Union, uWalter wayenabangane abaningi phakathi kwabaculi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi waba umculi wokuqala phesheya Symphony Dmitry Shostakovich. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iciko lihlanganyela emikhosini yase-Salzburg futhi minyaka yonke licula e-Covent Garden.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, uBruno Walter wayesevele esezingeni eliphezulu lomsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa lapho kufika uHitlerism, umqhubi odumile waphoqeleka ukuba abaleke eJalimane, okokuqala eVienna (1936), wabe eseya eFrance (1938) futhi, ekugcineni, e-USA. Lapha wadlala ku-Metropolitan Opera, eyenziwa nama-orchestra amahle kakhulu. Kungemva kwempi kuphela lapho ikhonsathi namahholo emidlalo yaseshashalazini aseYurophu aphinde ambona uWalter. Ubuciko bakhe ngalesi sikhathi abukaphelelwa amandla. Njengaseminyakeni yakhe encane, wayejabulisa izilaleli ngobubanzi bemiqondo yakhe, namandla esibindi, nokushisekela isimo sengqondo. Ngakho wahlala enkumbulweni yabo bonke abezwa umqhubi.

Amakhonsathi wokugcina kaWalter senzeka eVienna, ngaphambi nje kokufa komculi. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe, i-Schubert's Unfinished Symphony ne-Mahler's Fourth zenziwa.

I-repertoire kaBruno Walter yayinkulu kakhulu. Indawo eyinhloko kuyo yayigcwele imisebenzi yabaqambi be-classic baseJalimane nabase-Austrian. Eqinisweni, kungashiwo ngesizathu esihle ukuthi izinhlelo zikaWalter zibonise wonke umlando we-symphony yaseJalimane - kusukela ku-Mozart no-Beethoven kuya ku-Bruckner no-Mahler. Futhi kwakulapha, kanye nakuma-opera, lapho ithalenta lomqhubi lembuleka ngamandla amakhulu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kokubili imidlalo emincane nemisebenzi yababhali besikhathi samanje yayingaphansi kwakhe. Kusuka kunoma yimuphi umculo wangempela, wayazi indlela yokubaza umlilo wokuphila nobuhle bangempela.

Ingxenye ebalulekile ye-repertoire kaBruno Walter ilondolozwe kumarekhodi. Eziningi zazo azigcini nje ngokudlulisela kithi amandla angapheli obuciko bakhe, kodwa futhi zivumela isilaleli ukuba singene elabhorethri yakhe yokudala. Lokhu kwakamuva kubhekisela ekurekhodweni kokuprakthiza kukaBruno Walter, okulalelayo ngokuzenzakalelayo udala kabusha engqondweni yakho ukubukeka okuhle nokubabazekayo kwalo mphathi ovelele.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, ngo-1969