George Enescu |

George Enescu

“Angingabazi ukumbeka ohlwini lokuqala lwabaqambi benkathi yethu… Lokhu akuhambisani nobuciko bomqambi kuphela, kodwa futhi kuzo zonke izici eziningi zomculo womculi okhaliphile – umshayi wevayolini, umbhidisi, umshayi wopiyano… labo baculi engibaziyo. U-Enescu wayenemisebenzi eminingi, efinyelela ukuphelela okuphezulu endalweni yakhe. Isithunzi sakhe sobuntu, isizotha kanye namandla akhe okuziphatha kwavusa ukudumala kimi ... ”Kula mazwi kaP. Casals, kunikezwe isithombe esinembile sika-J. Enescu, umculi omangalisayo, isikole sakudala saseRomania.

U-Enescu wazalwa futhi wachitha iminyaka yokuqala engu-7 yokuphila kwakhe endaweni yasemaphandleni enyakatho yeMoldova. Izithombe zemvelo nempilo yabantu abampofu, amaholide asemaphandleni anezingoma nemidanso, imisindo yama-doins, ama-ballads, izingoma zezinsimbi zomdabu zangena phakade engqondweni yengane ethatheka kalula. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, kwabekwa izisekelo zokuqala zalowo mbono wezwe wezwe, okwakuzoba nesinqumo kuyo yonke imvelo yakhe yokudala kanye nomsebenzi.

U-Enescu wafundiswa kuma-conservatories amabili amadala aseYurophu - eVienna, lapho ngo-1888-93. wafunda njenge-violinist, kanye neParis - lapha ngo-1894-99. wathuthuka ekilasini lomshayi-vayolini nothisha odumile uM. Marsik futhi wafunda ukuqamba izingoma nezingcweti ezimbili ezinkulu - u-J. Massenet, kwase kuba ngu-G. Fauré.

Isiphiwo esikhaliphile nesiguquguqukayo sensizwa yaseRomania, eyathweswa iziqu kuwo womabili ama-conservatories ngeziqu eziphakeme (eVienna - indondo, eParis - iGrand Prix), baqashelwa njalo othisha bayo. “Indodana yakho izoletha udumo olukhulu kuwe, nakubuciko bethu, nasezweni lakubo,” uMason wabhalela uyise kaGeorge oneminyaka eyishumi nane. “Usebenza kanzima, uyacabanga. Unesiphiwo esigqamile, ”kusho uFaure.

U-Enescu waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngumdlali weviolini wekhonsathi eneminyaka engu-9, lapho eqala ukudlala ekhonsathini yokusiza umphakathi ezweni lakubo; ngesikhathi esifanayo, impendulo yokuqala yavela: isihloko sephephandaba esithi "Romanian Mozart". Ukuqala kuka-Enescu njengomqambi kwenzeka eParis: ngo-1898, u-E. Colone odumile wenza i-opus yakhe yokuqala, Inkondlo YaseRomania. Inkondlo ekhanyayo, neyothando yentsha ilethe umbhali impumelelo enkulu ngezilaleli eziyinkimbinkimbi, nokuqashelwa emaphephandabeni, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, phakathi kozakwabo abafuna umsebenzi.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, umbhali osemusha wethula "Inkondlo" ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe eBucharest Ateneum, ezobe efakaza ukunqoba kwakhe okuningi. Lokho kwakuwukuqalwa kwakhe njengomqhubi, kanye nokwazana kokuqala kwabantu bakubo no-Enescu umqambi.

Nakuba ukuphila komculi wekhonsathi kwaphoqa u-Enescu ukuba abe njalo futhi isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo, wenza okuningi ngokumangalisayo ngesiko lomculo laseRomania. U-Enescu wayephakathi kwabaqalisi nabahleli bamacala amaningi abalulekile kuzwelonke, njengokuvulwa kwendlu ye-opera unomphela eBucharest, isisekelo seNhlangano Yabaqambi BaseRomania (1920) – waba umongameli wayo wokuqala; U-Enescu wadala i-symphony orchestra e-Iasi, ngesisekelo lapho kwavela khona i-philharmonic.

Ukuchuma kwesikole sikazwelonke sabaqambi kwakuyisihloko ayekhathazeke kakhulu ngaso. Ngo-1913-46. wayehlale edonsa imali emalini yakhe yekhonsathi yokuklomelisa abaqambi abancane, akekho umqambi onekhono ezweni owayengeke abe ngumnqobi walo mklomelo. I-Enescu yasekela abaculi ngokwezimali, ngokuziphatha, nangobuciko. Phakathi neminyaka yazo zombili izimpi, akazange aphumele ngaphandle kwezwe, ethi: “Ngenkathi izwe lakithi lihlupheka, angikwazi ukuhlukana nalo.” Ngobuciko bakhe lo mculi ulethe induduzo kubantu abahluphekayo, edlala ezibhedlela nasesikhwameni sokusiza izintandane, esiza abaculi abaswele.

Uhlangothi oluhle kakhulu lomsebenzi we-Enescu ukukhanyiselwa komculo. Umculi odumile, owayebanga amagama amahholo ekhonsathi amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, wahamba ngokuphindaphindiwe kulo lonke elaseRomania namakhonsathi, adlalwa emadolobheni nasemadolobheni, eletha ubuciko obuphezulu kubantu ababevame ukuncishwa. E-Bucharest, u-Enescu wacula ngemijikelezo emikhulu yekhonsathi, ngokokuqala ngqá eRomania wenza imisebenzi eminingi yakudala nesimanje (i-Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, i-Seventh Symphony ka-D. Shostakovich, Ikhonsathi yeViolin ka-A. Khachaturian).

U-Enescu wayengumculi wezobuntu, imibono yakhe yayiyintando yeningi. Walahla ubushiqela nezimpi, wema endaweni engaguquki emelene nobufascist. Akazange abeke ubuciko bakhe emsebenzini wobushiqela be-monarchist eRomania, wenqaba ukuvakashela eJalimane nase-Italy ngesikhathi samaNazi. Ngo-1944, u-Enescu waba omunye wabasunguli nephini likamongameli we-Romanian-Soviet Friendship Society. Ngo-1946, wafika eMoscow futhi wenza amakhonsathi amahlanu njengomdlali we-violinist, umdlali wopiyano, umqhubi, umqambi, ekhokha intela kubantu abanqobile.

Uma udumo luka-Enescu umculi lwalusemhlabeni wonke, khona-ke umsebenzi womqambi wakhe ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe awuzange ukuthole ukuqonda okufanele. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umculo wakhe waziswa kakhulu ngochwepheshe, wawungavamile ukuzwa emphakathini jikelele. Kuphela ngemva kokushona komculi ukubaluleka kwakhe okukhulu baziswa njengoba zakudala kanye nenhloko yesikole kazwelonke abaqambi. Emsebenzini ka-Enescu, indawo eyinhloko ihlala imigqa emi-2 ehamba phambili: indikimba yezwe lomama kanye nokuphikisana kwefilosofi "komuntu nedwala". Izithombe zemvelo, impilo yasemaphandleni, ubumnandi bemikhosi nemidanso ezenzakalelayo, ukucabanga ngesiphetho sabantu - konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe uthando nekhono emisebenzini yomqambi: "Inkondlo YaseRomania" (1897). 2 I-Romanian Rhapsodies (1901); I-sonatas yesibili (1899) neyesithathu (1926) ye-violin nepiyano (Okwesithathu, omunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu yomculi, ibhalwe "kumlingisi wendabuko waseRomania"), "I-Country Suite" ye-orchestra (1938), i-suite for i-violin nopiyano ” Okuvelayo kwasebuntwaneni “(1940), njll.

Ukungqubuzana komuntu onamandla obubi - kokubili kwangaphandle nafihlekile emvelweni yakhe - ikakhulukazi umqambi ophakathi neminyaka yakhe yakamuva. Eyesibili (1914) kanye neyesithathu (1918) ama-symphonies, ama-quartets (Ipiyano Yesibili - 1944, Intambo Yesibili - 1951), inkondlo ye-symphonic nekwaya ethi "Call of the Sea" (1951), ingoma ka-Enescu - Chamber Symphony (1954) inikezelwe. kulesi sihloko. Le timu ijule kakhulu futhi inezici eziningi ku-opera Oedipus. Umqambi ucabangele inhlekelele yomculo (ngokukhululekile, ngokusekelwe ezinganekwaneni nasezinhlekeleleni zikaSophocles) "umsebenzi wokuphila kwakhe", wayibhala amashumi eminyaka ambalwa (amaphuzu aqedwa ngo-1931, kodwa i-opera yabhalwa ngo-clavier ngo-1923 ). Lapha umqondo wokumelana okungenakuqhathaniswa komuntu namandla amabi, ukunqoba kwakhe isiphetho kuyaqinisekiswa. U-Oedipus ubonakala njengeqhawe elinesibindi nelihloniphekile, umlwi ononya. Eyokuqala edlalwa eParis ngo-1936, i-opera yaba yimpumelelo enkulu; kodwa-ke, ezweni lakubo lombhali, yaqala ukwenziwa ngo-1958 kuphela. I-Oedipus yaqashelwa njenge-opera engcono kakhulu yaseRomania futhi yangena kuma-opera asendulo aseYurophu ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX.

Ukubonakaliswa kwe-antithesis "umuntu nesiphetho" kwakuvame ukubangelwa izenzakalo ezithile ezingokoqobo zaseRomania. Ngakho, i-Third Symphony enkulu neChorus (1918) yabhalwa ngaphansi kombono oqondile wenhlekelele yabantu eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala; ikhombisa izithombe zokuhlasela, ukumelana, nesiphetho sayo sizwakala njenge-ode emhlabeni.

Ukucaciswa kwesitayela sika-Enescu ukuhlanganisa umgomo wesintu-kazwelonke namasiko okuthandana eduze kwakhe (ithonya lika-R. Wagner, I. Brahms, S. Frank lalinamandla ikakhulukazi) kanye nempumelelo ye-French impressionism, nge okuyinto ahlobene nayo phakathi neminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwakhe eFrance (wabiza leli zwe njengekhaya lesibili). Kuyena, okokuqala, inganekwane yesiRomania yayiwumuntu kazwelonke, u-Enescu ayeyazi ngokujulile nangokuphelele, eyaziswa kakhulu futhi ethandwa, ebhekwa njengesisekelo sabo bonke ubuciko bokusungula: "Inganekwane yethu ayiyona nje enhle. Uyinqolobane yokuhlakanipha kwabantu.”

Zonke izisekelo zesitayela sika-Enescu zisekelwe ekucabangeni komculo wesintu - umculo, izakhiwo ze-metro-rhythmic, izici ze-modal arehouse, ukubunjwa.

“Umsebenzi wakhe omangalisayo unezimpande zawo emculweni wesintu,” la mazwi ka-D. Shostakovich aveza ingqikithi yobuciko bomculi ovelele waseRomania.

R. Leites

Kukhona abantu okungenakwenzeka ukuthi bathi "ungumdlali we-violin" noma "ungumdlali wopiyano", ubuciko babo, njengokungathi, buphakama "ngaphezu" kwensimbi abaveza ngayo isimo sabo sengqondo emhlabeni, imicabango kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. ; kukhona abantu ngokuvamile abaminyene ngaphakathi kohlaka lomsebenzi owodwa womculo. Phakathi kwalaba kwakunoGeorge Enescu, umshayi-vayolini omkhulu waseRomania, umqambi, umbhidisi nomdlali wopiyano. Ivayolini yayingomunye wemisebenzi yakhe eyinhloko emculweni, kodwa wakhangwa ngisho nakakhulu upiyano, ukuqanjwa nokucula. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi u-Enescu umdlali wevayolini wasibekela u-Enescu umshayi wopiyano, umqambi, umbhidisi mhlawumbe kuwukungabi nabulungisa okukhulu ngalo mculi onamakhono amaningi. “Wayengumdlali wopiyano onekhono kangangokuba ngaze ngaba nomona,” kuvuma u-Arthur Rubinstein. Njengomqhubi, i-Enescu isebenze kuzo zonke izihloko zomhlaba futhi kufanele ibalwe phakathi kwamakhosi amakhulu kakhulu esikhathi sethu.

Uma u-Enescu umbhidisi nomshayi wopiyano besanikezwa okumfanele, khona-ke umsebenzi wakhe wahlolwa ngesizotha ngokwedlulele, futhi lokhu kwakuyinhlekelele yakhe, eyashiya uphawu losizi nokunganeliseki kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.

U-Enescu ukuziqhenya ngesiko lomculo laseRomania, umdwebi oxhumene kakhulu nabo bonke ubuciko bakhe nezwe lakubo; ngesikhathi esifanayo, mayelana nobubanzi bemisebenzi yakhe kanye neqhaza alibambile emculweni womhlaba, ukubaluleka kwakhe kudlulela ngalé kwemingcele kazwelonke.

Njengomdlali we-violini, u-Enescu wayengenakulinganiswa. Ekudlaleni kwakhe, amasu esikole se-violin saseYurophu esicwengisiswe kakhulu - isikole saseFrance - ahlanganiswe namasu okusebenza kwe-"lautar" yendabuko yaseRomania, athathwa kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlanganisa, kwadalwa isitayela esiyingqayizivele, sokuqala esahlukanisa u-Enescu kubo bonke abanye abadlali beviolin. U-Enescu wayeyimbongi ye-violin, umdwebi onombono ocebe kakhulu nomcabango. Akazange adlale, kodwa wadala esiteji, edala uhlobo lokuthuthuka kwezinkondlo. Akukho nokusebenza okukodwa okwakufana nokunye, inkululeko ephelele yezobuchwepheshe yamvumela ukuba ashintshe ngisho namasu obuchwepheshe phakathi nomdlalo. Umdlalo wakhe wawufana nenkulumo enesasasa elinemizwelo ecebile. Mayelana nesitayela sakhe, u-Oistrakh wabhala: “U-Enescu oshaya ivayolini wayenesici esisodwa esibalulekile - lokhu kuwukuvezwa okukhethekile kokuvezwa komnsalo, okungelula ukusisebenzisa. Ukuvezwa kwesimemezelo senkulumo bekungokwemvelo kunothi ngalinye, iqembu ngalinye lamanothi (lokhu futhi kuyisici sokudlalwa kuka-Menuhin, umfundi we-Enescu).

U-Enescu wayengumdali kukho konke, ngisho nakubuchwepheshe bevayolini, okwakuyinto entsha kuye. Futhi uma u-Oistrakh ekhuluma ngokuphimisa okucacile komnsalo njengesitayela esisha se-Enescu's stroke, khona-ke uGeorge Manoliu uveza ukuthi izimiso zakhe zeminwe zaziyintsha ngendlela efanayo. “I-Enescu,” kubhala uManoliu, “iqeda ukushova kweminwe futhi, ngokusebenzisa kabanzi amasu okunweba, ngaleyo ndlela igwema ukutshuza okungadingekile.” I-Enescu ithole ukukhululeka okukhethekile komugqa we-melodic, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ibinzana ngalinye ligcine ukushuba kwalo okuguquguqukayo.

Esenza ukuthi umculo ucishe ube nephunga elimnandi, wakha eyakhe indlela yokusabalalisa umnsalo: ngokukaManoliu, u-Enescu wayehlukanisa i-legato ebanzi ibe mincane, noma aqoke amanothi ngamanye kuwo, kuyilapho egcina i-nuance ephelele. "Lokhu kukhetha okulula, okubonakala kungenangozi, kunikeze umnsalo umoya omusha, ibinzana lathola ukukhuphuka, impilo ecacile." Okuningi kwalokho okwathuthukiswa u-Enescu, ngaye nangomfundi wakhe u-Menuhin, wangena emkhakheni wevayoli womhlaba wekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

U-Enescu wazalwa ngo-August 19, 1881 edolobhaneni laseLiven-Vyrnav eMoldova. Manje lo muzi usubizwa ngokuthi iGeorge Enescu.

Ubaba womdlali wevayolini wesikhathi esizayo, uKostake Enescu, wayenguthisha, wabe esengumphathi wendawo yomnikazi wendawo. Kwakukhona abapristi abaningi emndenini wakhe futhi naye wafunda esikoleni sobufundisi. Umama, uMaria Enescu, u-nee Kosmovich, naye wayevela kubefundisi. Abazali babethanda inkolo. Umama wayengowesifazane onomusa ongavamile futhi ezungeza indodana yakhe ngomoya wokukhulekela okukhulu. Ingane yakhulela endaweni ebamba ukushisa ekhaya lezinzalamizi.

E-Romania, i-violin iyinsimbi eyintandokazi yabantu. Ubaba wakhe wayenayo, nokho, ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu, edlala ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula emisebenzini esemthethweni. UGeorge omncane wayethanda ukulalela uyise, kodwa i-orchestra ye-gypsy ayizwa lapho eneminyaka engu-3 ubudala yahlatshwa umxhwele kakhulu umcabango wakhe. Umculo womfana waphoqa abazali bakhe ukuthi bamyise e-Iasi eCaudella, umfundi waseVieuxtan. U-Enescu uchaza lokhu kuvakasha ngamagama ahlekisayo.

“Ngakho-ke mtanami ufuna ukungidlalela okuthile?

“Dlala kuqala wena, ukuze ngibone ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukudlala!”

Ubaba waphuthuma ukuxolisa kuCaudella. Umdlali wevayolini wayecasukile ngokusobala.

“Yeka umfana omncane ongenasimilo!” Maye, ngaphikelela.

- Ah kahle? Ake siphume lapha baba!”

Umfana wafundiswa unjiniyela owayehlala endaweni, izisekelo zomculo womculo, futhi lapho kuvele upiyano endlini, uGeorges waqala ukuqamba izingcezu. Wayethanda ukudlala i-violin nepiyano ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi lapho, eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, waphinde walethwa eCaudella, weluleka abazali bakhe ukuba baye eVienna. Amakhono angavamile omfana ayebonakala kakhulu.

UGeorges weza eVienna nonina ngo-1889. Ngaleso sikhathi, iVienna yomculo yayibhekwa "njengeParis yesibili". Umshayi wevayolini ovelele uJosef Helmesberger (ophakeme) wayephethe indawo yokugcina imidlalo, uBrahms wayesaphila, okunikezelwe kuye imigqa efudumele kakhulu Emikhumbuzweni ka-Enescu; UHans Richter wenza i-opera. I-Enescu yamukelwa eqenjini lokulungiselela le-conservatory ekilasini le-violin. UJosef Helmesberger (umncane) wamngenisa. Wayengumbhidisi wesithathu we-opera futhi ehola i-Helmesberger Quartet edumile, ethatha indawo kayise, uJosef Helmesberger (isikhulu). U-Enescu wachitha iminyaka engu-6 ekilasini laseHelmesberger futhi, ngeseluleko sakhe, wathuthela eParis ngo-1894. UVienna wamnika ukuqala kwemfundo ebanzi. Lapha wafunda izilimi, wayethanda umlando umculo kanye nokuqanjwa hhayi ngaphansi violin.

IParis enomsindo, evutha bhe ngemicimbi ehlukahlukene kakhulu yempilo yomculo, yashaya umculi osemusha. I-Massenet, i-Saint-Saens, i-d'Andy, i-Faure, i-Debussy, i-Ravel, i-Paul Dukas, i-Roger-Ducs - lawa amagama inhloko-dolobha yase-France ekhazimula ngawo. U-Enescu wethulwa kuMassenet, owayezwelana kakhulu nocwaningo lwakhe lokuqamba. Umqambi ongumFulentshi waba nethonya elikhulu ku-Enescu. "Ekuxhumaneni nethalente likaMassenet lokucula, izingoma zakhe nazo zaba mncane." Ekuqanjweni kwakhe, wayeholwa uthisha omuhle kakhulu uGedalge, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo waya ekilasini laseMassenet, futhi ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi kukaMassenet, uGabriel Fauré. Wafunda nabaqambi abadumile kamuva njengoFlorent Schmitt, uCharles Kequelin, wahlangana noRoger Dukas, uMaurice Ravel.

Ukubonakala kuka-Enescu endaweni yokugcinwa kwezilwane akuzange kubonakale. U-Cortot uthi kakade emhlanganweni wokuqala, i-Enescu ihlabe wonke umuntu umxhwele ngokudlala okuhle ngokulinganayo kwe-Brahms Concerto ku-violin kanye ne-Aurora ka-Beethoven ophiyano. Ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kokusebenza kwakhe komculo kwabonakala ngokushesha.

U-Enescu akazange akhulume kancane ngezifundo zevayolini ekilasini likaMarsik, evuma ukuthi zazingagxilile enkumbulweni yakhe: “Wangifundisa ukudlala ivayolini kangcono, wangisiza ukuba ngifunde indlela yokudlala izingcezu ezithile, kodwa angizange isikhathi eside impela. ngaphambi kokuthi ngiwine umklomelo wokuqala.” Lo mklomelo wanikezwa i-Enescu ngo-1899.

UParis "waphawula" u-Enescu umqambi. Ngo-1898, umqhubi odumile waseFrance u-Edouard Colonne wafaka "Inkondlo YaseRomania" kwenye yezinhlelo zakhe. U-Enescu wayeneminyaka engu-17 kuphela ubudala! Wethulwa kuColone ngumshayi wopiyano waseRomania onethalente u-Elena Babescu, osize umdlali osemusha wevayolini ukuba ahlonishwe eParis.

Ukusebenza kwe "Inkondlo yesiRomania" kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Impumelelo yaphefumulela u-Enescu, wangena ekusunguleni, waqamba izingcezu eziningi ezinhlobonhlobo (izingoma, i-sonatas yopiyano ne-violin, i-string octet, njll.). Maye! Ukwazisa kakhulu "Inkondlo YaseRomania", imibhalo eyalandela yahlangatshezwa abagxeki baseParis ngokuzithiba okukhulu.

Ngo 1901-1902, wabhala ezimbili "Romanian Rhapsodies" - imisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu ifa lakhe lokudala. Umqambi osemusha wayethonywe izitayela eziningi ezazifashini ngaleso sikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi zihlukile futhi zihlukile. Esuka eVienna waletha uthando ngoWagner kanye nenhlonipho ngeBrahms; eParis wakhangwa amazwi kaMassenet, ayehambisana nokuthambekela kwakhe okungokwemvelo; akazange ahlale engenandaba nobuciko obucashile bukaDebussy, iphalethi enemibala kaRavel: “Ngakho, ku-Second Piano Suite yami, eyaqanjwa ngo-1903, kukhona iPavane neBourret, ebhalwe ngesitayela esidala sesiFulentshi, esikhumbuza uDebussy ngombala. Ngokuqondene ne-Toccata eyandulela lezi zingcezu ezimbili, itimu yayo yesibili ikhombisa i-rhythm motif ye-Toccata evela ethuneni lika-Couperin.

Encwadini ethi “Memoirs” u-Enescu uyavuma ukuthi wayehlale ezizwa engeyena umshayi wevayolini kangako njengomqambi. “Ivayolini iyinsimbi enhle kakhulu, ngiyavuma,” uyabhala, “kodwa akakwazanga ukunganelisa ngokugcwele.” Umsebenzi wopiyano nomqambi wamkhanga kakhulu kunevayolini. Iqiniso lokuthi waba umdlali wevayolini akwenzekanga ngokuthanda kwakhe - kwakuyizimo, "icala kanye nentando kababa." I-Enescu iphinde ibhekisele ebumpofu bezincwadi ze-violin, lapho, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko kaBach, uBeethoven, uMozart, uSchumann, uFrank, uFauré, kukhona nomculo "oyisicefe" kaRode, Viotti kanye noKreutzer: "awukwazi ukuthanda umculo nomculo. lo mculo ngesikhathi esifanayo.”

Ukuthola umklomelo wokuqala ngo-1899 kwabeka u-Enescu phakathi kwabadlali beviolin abahamba phambili eParis. Abaculi baseRomania bahlela ikhonsathi ngoMashi 24, iqoqo okuhloswe ngalo ukuthenga i-violin yomculi osemusha. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Enescu ithola ithuluzi elihle le-Stradivarius.

Ngama-90s, ubungane buvela no-Alfred Cortot noJacques Thibaut. Ngazo zombili lezi zinsizwa zaseRomania zivame ukwenza amakhonsathi. Eminyakeni eyi-10 eyalandela, eyavula ikhulu le-XX elisha, i-Enescu isivele iyinkanyiso eyaziwayo yaseParis. UColne unikezela kuye ikhonsathi (1901); U-Enescu wenza noSaint-Saens noCasals futhi ukhethwa njengelungu le-French Society of Musicians; ngo-1902 wasungula i-trio no-Alfred Casella (upiyano) noLouis Fournier (cello), kwathi ngo-1904 iquartet noFritz Schneider, uHenri Casadesus noLouis Fournier. Umenywa ngokuphindaphindiwe kujaji le-Paris Conservatory, uqhuba umsebenzi wekhonsathi ojulile. Akunakwenzeka ukubala zonke izehlakalo zobuciko zalesi sikhathi emdwebeni omfushane we-biography. Ake siphawule kuphela umdlalo wokuqala ngo-December 1, 1907 we-Mozart's Seventh Concerto esanda kutholakala.

Ngo-1907 waya eScotland namakhonsathi, futhi ngo-1909 waya eRussia. Ngaphambi nje kohambo lwakhe lwaseRussia, unina washona, ukufa kwakhe akuthatha kanzima.

E-Russia, udlala i-violinist kanye nomqhubi wamakhonsathi we-A. Siloti. Wethula umphakathi waseRussia ku-Mozart's Seventh Concerto, uqhuba i-Brandenburg Concerto No. 4 ka-J.-S. Bach. “Umshayi wevayolini osemusha (umfundi kaMarsik),” kuphendula umshini waseRussia, “wazibonakalisa eyingcweti enekhono, eqotho futhi ephelele, owayengagcini ezintongeni zangaphandle zobuhle obumangalisayo, kodwa wayefuna umphefumulo wobuciko nokuqonda. yona. Iphimbo elikhangayo, elinothando, elihehayo lensimbi yakhe lalivumelana ngokuphelele nomculo wekhonsathi yaseMozart.

U-Enescu uchitha iminyaka eyalandela yangaphambi kwempi ehamba e-Europe, kodwa ikakhulukazi uhlala e-Paris noma e-Romania. I-Paris iseyikhaya lakhe lesibili. Lapha uzungezwe abangani. Phakathi kwabaculi baseFrance, usondelene kakhulu noThibault, Cortot, Casals, Ysaye. Isimo sakhe somusa esivulekile kanye nomculo wangempela oheha izinhliziyo kuye.

Kukhona ngisho nama-anecdotes mayelana nomusa nokusabela kwakhe. EParis, umdlali wevayolini ongaphakeme wancenga u-Enescu ukuba amphelezele ekhonsathini ukuze ahehe izethameli. U-Enescu akakwazanga ukwenqaba futhi wacela uCortot ukuthi amphendulele amanothi. Ngakusasa, elinye lamaphephandaba aseParis labhala ngokuhlakanipha kwesiFulentshi: “Izolo bekunekhonsathi evusa ilukuluku. Lowo okwakufanele adlale ivayolini, ngasizathu simbe, wayedlala upiyano; lowo obekufanele adlale upiyano waphendula amanothi, futhi lowo obekufanele aphendule amanothi adlale ivayolini ... "

Uthando luka-Enescu ngezwe lakubo luyamangalisa. Ngo-1913, wanikeza izimali zakhe zokusungulwa koMklomelo Kazwelonke oqanjwe ngaye.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, waqhubeka nokunikeza amakhonsathi eFrance, e-USA, wahlala isikhathi eside eRomania, lapho athatha khona iqhaza elikhulu emakhonsathini okusiza abantulayo esivuna abalimele kanye nababaleki. Ngo-1914 waqhuba i-Beethoven's Ninth Symphony eRomania evuna izisulu zempi. Impi ibonakala iyimbi kumbono wakhe wezwe wobuntu, uyibona njengenselele empucukweni, njengokucekelwa phansi kwezisekelo zesiko. Njengokungathi ubonisa impumelelo enkulu yesiko lomhlaba, unikeza umjikelezo wamakhonsathi omlando ka-1915 eBucharest ngesizini ka-16/16. Ngo-1917 ubuyela eRussia amakhonsathi, iqoqo eliya esikhwameni se-Red Cross. Kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, kubonakala umoya wokushisekela izwe. Ngo-1918 wasungula i-symphony orchestra e-Iasi.

IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali okwalandela kwayicekela phansi i-Enescu. Phakathi neminyaka yama-20-30, uhamba emhlabeni wonke, ehola imali. “Ubuciko bomdlali wevayolini, osebufinyelele ukuvuthwa ngokugcwele, bukhanga izilaleli Zomhlaba Omdala Nomusha ngengokomoya lawo, ngemva kwawo kukhona ikhono elimangalisayo, ukujula komcabango nesiko lomculo eliphakeme. Abaculi abadumile banamuhla bayamthanda u-Enescu futhi bayakujabulela ukucula naye.” UGeorge Balan ubala imidlalo evelele kakhulu yomdlali we-violinist: May 30, 1927 - ukusebenza kwe-Ravel's Sonata nombhali; Juni 4, 1933 - noCarl Flesch noJacques Thibault Concerto yamaviolin amathathu kaVivaldi; ukusebenza ku-ensemble no-Alfred Cortot - ukusebenza kwe-sonatas ka-J.-S. I-Bach ye-violin ne-clavier ngoJuni 1936 eStrasbourg emikhosini enikezelwe ku-Bach; ukusebenza ngokubambisana noPablo Casals ku-double Brahms Concerto eBucharest ngoDisemba 1937.

Ngama-30s, i-Enescu yayibhekwa kakhulu njengomqhubi. Nguye owathatha isikhundla sika-A. Toscanini ngo-1937 njengomqhubi we-New York Symphony Orchestra.

U-Enescu wayengeyena nje umculi-imbongi. Wayebuye abe ngumcabango ojulile. Ukujula kokuqonda kwakhe ubuciko bakhe kangangokuba uyamenywa ukuba azofundisa ngokuchazwa kwemisebenzi yakudala neyesimanje eParis Conservatory naseHarvard University eNew York. UDani Brunschwig uyabhala: “Izincazelo zika-Enescu zazingezona nje izincazelo zobuchwepheshe, “...kodwa zamukela imiqondo emnandi yomculo futhi zasiholela ekuqondeni imiqondo emikhulu yefilosofi, embonweni omuhle ogqamile wobuhle. Ngokuvamile kwakunzima ngathi ukulandela u-Enescu kule ndlela, ayekhuluma ngayo kahle kakhulu, ehloniphekile futhi ehloniphekile - ngemva kwakho konke, iningi lethu, sasiyi-violin kuphela kanye nabadlali be-violin kuphela.

Ukuphila kokuzulazula kumthwalisa kanzima u-Enescu, kodwa akakwazi ukwenqaba, ngoba ngokuvamile kufanele athuthukise izingoma zakhe ngezindleko zakhe. Indalo yakhe engcono kakhulu, i-opera i-Oedipus, asebenze kuyo iminyaka engu-25 yokuphila kwakhe, yayingeke ikubone ukukhanya ukube umbhali akazange atshale ama-franc angu-50 ekukhiqizeni kwayo. Umbono we-opera wazalwa ngo-000, ngaphansi kombono wokusebenza kwenhlekelele edumile uMne Sully endimeni ka-Oedipus Rex, kodwa i-opera yadlalwa eParis ngo-March 1910, 10.

Kodwa ngisho nalo msebenzi oyingqopha-mlando awuzange uqinisekise udumo luka-Enescu umqambi, nakuba abantu abaningi bomculo balinganisela i-Oedipus yakhe ngokungavamile. Ngakho-ke, u-Honegger wayembheka njengenye yezidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu zomculo wezingoma zesikhathi sonke.

U-Enescu wabhalela umngane wakhe eRomania ngo-1938 kabuhlungu: “Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngingumqambi wezincwadi eziningi, futhi ngizibheka njengomqambi wezingoma, umphakathi ngenkani uyaqhubeka nokubona kimi kuphela i-virtuoso. Kodwa lokho akungikhathazi, ngoba ngiyayazi impilo. Ngiyaqhubeka nokuhamba ngenkani ngisuka edolobheni ngiye kwelinye ngiphethe isikhwama emhlane wami ukuze ngiqoqe izimali ezidingekayo ezizoqinisekisa ukuzimela kwami.

Impilo yomuntu siqu yomculi nayo yayidabukisa. Uthando lwakhe ngeNkosazana uMaria Contacuzino luchazwe ngokusankondlo encwadini kaGeorge Balan. Bathandana besebancane, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1937 uMaria wenqaba ukuba umkakhe. Izimo zabo zazihluke kakhulu. UMaria wayengowesifazane ohlakaniphile emphakathini, ofunde kakhulu futhi ongowokuqala. “Indlu yakhe, lapho babedlala khona umculo omningi futhi befunda izincwadi ezintsha, yayingenye yezindawo ezazithandwa kakhulu yiBucharest intelligentsia.” Isifiso sokuzibusa, ukwesaba ukuthi “uthando olucindezelayo, olucindezelayo lwendoda ehlakaniphile” lwaluyonciphisa inkululeko yakhe, kwamenza waphikisa umshado iminyaka engu-15. Wayeqinisile - umshado awuzange ulethe injabulo. Ukuthambekela kwakhe ukuphila okuwubukhazikhazi nokuchichimayo kwakungqubuzana nezimfuneko nokuthambekela kuka-Enescu okuncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baba munye ngesikhathi uMary egula kakhulu. Iminyaka eminingi, u-Enescu wanakekela umkakhe ogulayo ngokuzidela. Bekunenduduzo kuphela emculweni, nakuwo azivale.

Yile ndlela iMpi Yezwe II emthola ngayo. U-Enescu wayeseRomania ngaleso sikhathi. Phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka ecindezelayo, ngenkathi iqhubeka, wagcina ngokugxilile isikhundla sokuzihlukanisa yedwa endaweni ezungezile, enobutha ngokujulile engqikithini yayo, iqiniso lobufascist. Umngane kaThibaut noCasals, umfundi ongokomoya wesiko lesiFulentshi, wayengavumelani ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nobuzwe baseJalimane, futhi ubuntu bakhe obuphakeme baphikisana ngokuqinile nombono we-barbaric of fascism. Akukho lapho abonisa khona ubutha bakhe obala embusweni wamaNazi, kodwa akazange avume ukuya eJalimane namakhonsathi futhi ukuthula kwakhe “kwakufana nokubhikisha kukaBartok, owathi wayengeke avume ukuba igama lakhe linikezwe noma yimuphi. emgwaqweni eBudapest, kuyilapho kuleli dolobha kunemigwaqo nezikwele ezinegama likaHitler nelikaMussolini.

Lapho impi iqala, u-Enescu wahlela iQuartet, lapho uC. Bobescu, A. Riadulescu, T. Lupu nabo baba nengxenye, futhi ngo-1942 benza ngaleli qoqo wonke umjikelezo wamaquartet kaBeethoven. “Phakathi nempi, wagcizelela ngendelelo ukubaluleka komsebenzi womqambi owayecula ngobuzalwane bezizwe.

Isizungu sakhe sokuziphatha saphela lapho iRomania ikhululwa ebushiqela bobuFascist. Ubonisa ngokusobala uzwela lwakhe olujulile ngeSoviet Union. Ngo-Okthoba 15, 1944, uqhuba ikhonsathi yokuhlonipha amasosha aseSoviet Army, ngoDisemba e-Ateneum - Beethoven's symphonies eyisishiyagalolunye. Ngo-1945, u-Enescu wasungula ubuhlobo obuseduze nabaculi baseSoviet - uDavid Oistrakh, i-Vilhom Quartet, owafika eRomania ngokuvakasha. Ngalokhu kuhlangana okumangalisayo, u-Enescu wenze i-Fauré Piano Quartet ku-C minor, i-Schumann Quintet kanye ne-Chausson Sextet. Nge-William Quartet, wayedlala umculo ekhaya. “Lezi kwakuyizikhathi ezijabulisayo,” kusho umshayi-vayolini wokuqala we-quartet, uM. Simkin. “Sidlale neMaestro the Piano Quartet kanye neBrahms Quintet.” I-Enescu yenza amakhonsathi lapho u-Oborin no-Oistrakh benza khona amakhonsathi kaTchaikovsky evayolini nawepiyano. Ngo-1945, umculi ohlonishwayo wavakashelwa yibo bonke abadlali baseSoviet abafika eRomania - uDaniil Shafran, u-Yuri Bryushkov, uMarina Kozolupova. Ukufunda ama-symphonies, amakhonsathi abaqambi baseSoviet, u-Enescu uzitholela izwe elisha.

Ngo-April 1, 1945, waqhuba i-Seventh Symphony kaShostakovich eBucharest. Ngo-1946 waya eMoscow, edlala njengomdlali wevayolini, umbhidisi nomdlali wopiyano. Wenza i-Fifth Symphony ka-Beethoven, eyesine kaTchaikovsky; noDavid Oistrakh udlale i-Bach's Concerto for Two Violin waphinde wenza ingxenye yepiyano naye kuGrieg's Sonata e-C Minor. “Abalaleli abashisekayo abazange baphume esiteji isikhathi eside. U-Enescu wabe esebuza u-Oistrakh: “Sizoyidlala yini i-encore?” “Ingxenye ye-sonata ye-Mozart,” kuphendula u-Oistrakh. Akekho owayecabanga ukuthi sayenza ndawonye okokuqala ngqa ekuphileni kwethu, ngaphandle kokuprakthiza!”

Ngo-May 1946, ngokokuqala ngqá ngemva kokuhlukana isikhathi eside okwabangelwa impi, uhlangana nentandokazi yakhe, uYehudi Menuhin, owafika eBucharest. Benza ndawonye emjikelezweni wamakhonsathi e-symphony, futhi i-Enescu ibonakala igcwele amandla amasha alahleka phakathi nenkathi enzima yempi.

Ukuhlonishwa, ukuhlonishwa okujulile kwezakhamizi zakithi kuzungeze i-Enescu. Nokho, ngo-September 10, 1946, eneminyaka engu-65 ubudala, uphinde ashiye iRomania ayochitha wonke amandla akhe ekuzuleni okungapheli emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuvakasha kwe-maestro yakudala kuyanqoba. KuMkhosi we-Bach owawuseStrasbourg ngo-1947, wacula noMenuhin i-Bach Concerto ephindwe kabili, waqhuba ama-orchestra eNew York, eLondon, eParis. Nokho, ehlobo lika-1950, wezwa izimpawu zokuqala zesifo senhliziyo esibi. Kusukela lapho, ubelokhu encipha futhi engakwazi ukwenza. Uqamba ngokujulile, kodwa, njengenjwayelo, izingoma zakhe azikhiqizi imali. Lapho kuthiwa uzobuyela ezweni lakubo, uyangabaza. Ukuphila kwamanye amazwe akuzange kukuvumele ukuqonda kahle izinguquko ezenzeka eRomania. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Enescu egcina elele ngenxa yokugula.

Umdwebi ogula kakhulu wathola incwadi ngo-November 1953 evela kuPetru Groza, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyinhloko kahulumeni waseRomania, emnxusa ukuba abuye: “Inhliziyo yakho okokuqala idinga imfudumalo abantu abakulindele ngayo, abantu baseRomania, oye wabakhonza. ngokuzinikela okunjalo kukho konke ukuphila kwakho, ethwele inkazimulo yethalente lakhe lokudala ngale kwemingcele yezwe lakini. Abantu bayakwazisa futhi bayakuthanda. Uthemba ukuthi uzobuyela kuye futhi uzokwazi ukukukhanyisela ngalokho kukhanya okujabulisayo kothando lwendawo yonke, okukodwa nje okungaletha ukuthula emadodaneni akhe amakhulu. Akukho lutho olufana ne-apotheosis enjalo. "

Maye! U-Enescu wayengadalelwe ukubuya. Ngo-June 15, 1954, ukukhubazeka kwengxenye yesobunxele yomzimba kwaqala. U-Yehudi Menuhin wamthola ekulesi simo. “Izinkumbulo zalo mhlangano azisoze zangishiya. Ukugcina kwami ​​ukumbona lo mdidiyeli kwakusekupheleni kuka-1954 efulethini lakhe eRue Clichy eParis. Walala embhedeni ebuthakathaka, kodwa ezolile kakhulu. Ukubheka okukodwa nje kwakusho ukuthi ingqondo yakhe iqhubekile nokuphila namandla ayo emvelo. Ngabuka izandla zakhe ezinamandla, ezakha ubuhle obuningi, futhi manje zase zingenawo amandla, futhi ngaqhaqhazela ... " Evalelisa kuMenuhin, lapho umuntu evalelisa empilweni, u-Enescu wamnikeza ivayolini yakhe yaseSanta Seraphim futhi wamcela ukuba athathe konke. ama-violin akhe ukuze agcinwe.

U-Enescu wafa ngobusuku bango-3/4 May 1955. “Ngenxa yenkolelo ka-Enescu yokuthi “ubusha abuyona inkomba yobudala, kodwa isimo sengqondo,” khona-ke u-Enescu wafa esemncane. Ngisho nalapho eneminyaka engu-74, wahlala ethembekile emibonweni yakhe ephakeme yokuziphatha nobuciko, ngenxa yalokho agcina umoya wakhe wobusha uqinile. Iminyaka eminingi ubuso bakhe bube nemibimbi, kodwa umphefumulo wakhe, ogcwele ukufuna kwaphakade ubuhle, awuzange unqotshwe amandla esikhathi. Ukufa kwakhe akufikanga njengokuphela kokushona kwelanga okungokwemvelo, kodwa njengokushaywa kombani owawa i-oki eqhoshayo. Lena yindlela uGeorge Enescu asishiya ngayo. Izidumbu zakhe zasemhlabeni zangcwatshwa emathuneni asePère Lachaise…”

L. Raaben