Ludwig (Louis) Spohr |

Louis spohr

U-Spohr ungene emlandweni womculo njengomdlali wevayolini ovelele nomqambi omkhulu owabhala ama-opera, ama-symphonies, amakhonsathi, ikamelo kanye nezinsimbi. Ikakhulukazi ethandwa kakhulu amakhonsathi akhe e-violin, asebenza ekuthuthukisweni kohlobo njengesixhumanisi phakathi kobuciko be-classical nezothando. Ohlotsheni lwe-operatic, u-Spohr, kanye no-Weber, u-Marschner no-Lortzing, bathuthukise amasiko esizwe samaJalimane.

Isiqondiso somsebenzi ka-Spohr sasinothando, i-sentimentalist. Yiqiniso, amakhonsathi akhe okuqala e-violin ayesasondelene ngesitayela namakhonsathi e-Viotti noRode, kodwa alandelayo, aqala ngeyeSithupha, aqala ukuthandwa kakhulu. Kwenzeka okufanayo nakuma-opera. Kokungcono kakhulu kubo - "Faust" (esigabeni senganekwane yabantu) kanye "noJessonde" - ngezindlela ezithile waze walindela "Lohengrin" kaR. Wagner kanye nezinkondlo zothando zikaF. Liszt.

Kodwa ngokuqondile "okuthile". Ithalenta lika-Spohr njengomqambi lalingenamandla, noma langempela, noma liqinile. Emculweni, uthando lwakhe oluthinta inhliziyo lungqubuzana nokucabangela, ukucabangela kweJalimane kuphela, ukulondoloza ukujwayelekile kanye nokuhlakanipha kwesitayela sakudala. "Umzabalazo wemizwa" ka-Schiller wawungaziwa ku-Spohr. UStendhal wabhala ukuthi uthando lwakhe lothando aluvezi "umphefumulo ovuthayo kaWerther, kodwa umphefumulo ohlanzekile we-burgher waseJalimane".

R. Wagner enanela uStendhal. Ebiza abaqambi be-opera baseJalimane abavelele u-Weber no-Spohr, u-Wagner ubaphika ikhono lokuphatha izwi lomuntu futhi ubheka ithalente labo elingajule kakhulu ukuze banqobe indawo yedrama. Ngokombono wakhe, uhlobo lwethalente lika-Weber lunezingoma kuphela, kanti i-Spohr's elegiac. Kodwa isihibe sabo esiyinhloko siwukufunda: “O, lokhu kufunda kwethu okuqalekisiweyo kuwumthombo wabo bonke ububi baseJalimane!” Kwakuwukufunda, ukuhamba ngezinyawo nokuhlonipheka okwedlulele okwake kwenza uM. Glinka wabiza u-Spohr ngendlela exakayo ngokuthi “umqeqeshi wesiteji womsebenzi oqinile waseJalimane.”

Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izici ze-burghers zazinamandla kangakanani e-Spohr, kungaba okungalungile ukumbheka njengensika ye-philistinism kanye ne-philistinism emculweni. Ebuntwini bukaSpohr kanye nemisebenzi yakhe kwakukhona into eyayiphikisana ne-philistinism. U-Spur akanakunqatshelwa ukuhlonishwa, ukuhlanzeka ngokomoya kanye nokuzithoba, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokushisekela okungalawuleki ngobuhle. U-Spohr akazange angcolise ubuciko ayebuthanda, evukela ngentshiseko lokho okwakubonakala kuncane futhi kuyinhlamba, enikeza izinto azithandayo. Abantu besikhathi sakhe babesazisa isikhundla sakhe. UWeber ubhala izindatshana ezizwelayo mayelana nama-opera kaSpohr; I-symphony kaSpohr ethi “Isibusiso Semisindo” yabizwa ngokuthi iyamangalisa nguVF Odoevsky; U-Liszt eqhuba i-Spohr's Faust e-Weimar ngomhla zingama-24 kuMfumfu 1852. “NgokukaG. Moser, izingoma zikaSchumann osemncane zembula ithonya likaSpohr.” U-Spohr wayenobudlelwane obude noSchumann.

USpohr wazalwa ngo-April 5, 1784. Uyise wayengudokotela futhi ewuthanda kakhulu umculo; washaya kahle umtshingo, unina wadlala ihabhu.

Amakhono omculo endodana abonakala kusenesikhathi. “Njengoba nginesiphiwo sezwi elicacile le-soprano,” kubhala uSpohr encwadini yakhe yokuphila, “ngaqale ngaqala ukucula futhi iminyaka emine noma emihlanu ngavunyelwa ukucula ingoma nomama emicimbini yomkhaya wakithi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubaba, evumela isifiso sami sentshiseko, wangithengela ivayolini embukisweni, ngaqala ukuwudlala ngokungaphezi.

Lapho bebona isiphiwo somfana, abazali bakhe bamthumela ukuba ayofunda nomuntu ongumFulentshi ofudukayo, umculi wevayolini oyimfundamakhwela, uDufour, kodwa ngokushesha wadluliselwa kuthisha onguchwepheshe uMokur, umphathi wekhonsathi we-orchestra kaDuke waseBrunswick.

Ukudlala komdlali wevayolini osemncane kwakugqama kangangokuthi abazali nothisha banquma ukuzama inhlanhla futhi bathole ithuba lokuthi ayocula eHamburg. Kodwa-ke, ikhonsathi e-Hamburg ayizange ibe khona, njengoba i-violinist eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, ngaphandle kokusekelwa nokusekelwa "kwabanamandla", yehlulekile ukuheha ukunakwa okufanele kuye. Lapho ebuyela e-Braunschweig, wajoyina i-orchestra ye-duke, futhi lapho eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, kakade wayesebambe isikhundla somculi we-court room.

Ithalente lomculo likaSpohr ladonsa ukunaka kombusi, futhi waphakamisa ukuthi umdlali wevayolini aqhubeke nemfundo yakhe. UVyboo wawela kothisha ababili - uViotti kanye nomshayi wevayolini odumile uFriedrich Eck. Isicelo sathunyelwa kubo bobabili, futhi bobabili benqaba. UViotti ubhekisele eqinisweni lokuthi wayeseyekile emsebenzini womculo futhi ehweba ngewayini; U-Eck ukhombe umsebenzi wekhonsathi oqhubekayo njengesithiyo ezifundweni ezihlelekile. Kodwa esikhundleni sakhe, u-Eck wasikisela umfowabo uFranz, naye owayeyingcweti yekhonsathi. USpohr wasebenza naye iminyaka emibili (1802-1804).

Ekanye nothisha wakhe, uSpohr waya eRussia. Ngaleso sikhathi babeshayela kancane, benezitobhi ezinde ababezisebenzisa uma kufundwa. U-Spur uthole uthisha onesihluku futhi onenkani, owaqala ngokushintsha ngokuphelele indawo yesandla sakhe sokudla. “Namuhla ekuseni,” kubhala uSpohr encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zezenzakalo, “ngo-April 30 (1802—LR) uMnu. Eck waqala ukufunda nami. Kodwa, maye, zingaki ukululazeka! Mina, engangizifunela omunye wezingqalabutho zokuqala eJalimane, angikwazanga ukumdlalisa nesisodwa isilinganiso esingavusa ukuvunyelwa kwakhe. Kunalokho, kwakudingeka ngiphindaphinde isilinganiso ngasinye okungenani izikhathi eziyishumi ukuze ekugcineni ngimanelise nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ikakhulukazi akazange awuthande umnsalo wami, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwakho manje engikubona kudingekile. Yiqiniso, ekuqaleni kuyoba nzima kimi, kodwa ngithemba ukubhekana nalokhu, njengoba ngiqiniseka ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kuzongilethela inzuzo enkulu.

Kukholakala ukuthi indlela yomdlalo ingathuthukiswa ngamahora wokuzilolonga. U-Spohr usebenze amahora angu-10 ngosuku. “Ngakho ngakwazi ukuzuza ngesikhashana nje ikhono elinjalo nokuzethemba endleleni okwaze kwangaba nzima kimina emculweni wekhonsathi owawaziwa ngaleso sikhathi.” Kamuva eba uthisha, uSpohr wabeka ukubaluleka okukhulu empilweni nasekukhuthazeleni kwabafundi.

ERussia, u-Eck wagula kakhulu, futhi uSpohr, ephoqeleka ukuba ayeke izifundo zakhe, wabuyela eJalimane. Iminyaka yokufunda isiphelile. Ngo-1805, uSpohr wazinza e-Gotha, lapho anikezwa khona isikhundla sokuba umphathi wekhonsathi ye-orchestra ye-opera. Ngokushesha washada noDorothy Scheidler, umculi weshashalazi nendodakazi yomculi owayesebenza ku-orchestra yamaGothic. Umkakhe wayenehabhu ngendlela emangalisayo futhi wayebhekwa njengomshayi wamahabhu ongcono kakhulu eJalimane. Umshado wawujabulisa kakhulu.

Ngo-1812 uSpohr wadlala eVienna ngempumelelo eyisimanga futhi wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba umholi weqembu e-Theater An der Wien. E-Vienna, uSpohr wabhala enye yezingoma zakhe ezidume kakhulu, i-Faust. Yaqale yadlalwa eFrankfurt ngo-1818. USpohr wahlala eVienna kwaze kwaba ngu-1816, wabe esethuthela eFrankfurt, lapho asebenza khona njengomphathi webhendi iminyaka emibili (1816-1817). Wachitha i-1821 eDresden, futhi kusukela ngo-1822 wazinza eKassel, lapho abamba khona isikhundla somqondisi jikelele womculo.

Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uSpohr wenza izinkambo eziningi zekhonsathi ezinde. I-Austria (1813), Italy (1816-1817), London, Paris (1820), Holland (1835), futhi eLondon, eParis, kuphela njengomqhubi (1843) - nalu uhlu lwezinkambo zakhe zekhonsathi - lokhu ngaphezu kwalokho ukuvakashela eJalimane.

Ngo-1847, kwabanjwa umkhosi wakusihlwa owawunikezelwe ekugubheni iminyaka engu-25 yomsebenzi wakhe eKassel Orchestra; ngo-1852 wathatha umhlalaphansi, ezinikele ngokuphelele ekufundiseni. Ngo-1857, kwenzeka ishwa kuye: waphuka ingalo; lokhu kwamphoqa ukuthi ayeke imisebenzi yokufundisa. Usizi olwamehlela lwephula intando nempilo kaSpohr, owayezinikele ngokungapheli ebucikweni bakhe, futhi, ngokusobala, washeshisa ukufa kwakhe. Wafa ngo-Okthoba 22, 1859.

USpohr wayeyindoda ezidlayo; wayecasuka kakhulu uma isithunzi sakhe njengeciko siphulwa ngandlela thize. Ngesinye isikhathi wamenywa ekhonsathini enkantolo yeNkosi yaseWürttemberg. Amakhonsathi anjalo ayevame ukuba phakathi nemidlalo yamakhadi noma amadili asenkantolo. “I-Whist” kanye nokuthi “Ngihamba namakhadi ecilongo”, ukuklabalasa kwemibese nezimfoloko kusetshenziswe njengohlobo “lokuhambisana” nomdlalo womculi othile omkhulu. Umculo wawubhekwa njengokuzijabulisa okusiza ukugaya izicukuthwane. U-Spohr wenqabile ukudlala ngaphandle kokuthi kudalwe indawo efanele.

U-Spohr akakwazanga ukubekezelela isimo sengqondo sokuzithoba nesokwehliswa kwezicukuthwane kubantu bobuciko. Ulandisa ngomunyu encwadini yakhe yomlando wokuphila kwakhe ukuthi kaningi kangakanani ngisho namaciko asezingeni eliphezulu kwadingeka azizwe ehlazekile, ekhuluma “nesixuku sezicukuthwane.” Wayengumuntu othanda izwe elikhulu futhi efisa ukuchuma kwezwe lakubo. Ngo-1848, ekuphakameni kwezehlakalo zoguquko, wakha i-sextet ngokuzinikezela: “ebhalwe … ukubuyisela ubunye nenkululeko yaseJalimane.”

Izitatimende zikaSpohr zifakazela ukunamathela kwakhe ezimisweni, kodwa futhi nokuzithoba kwemibono yobuhle. Njengoba ephikisana nobuhle, akamamukeli uPaganini kanye nemikhuba yakhe, noma kunjalo, ukhokha intela kubuciko be-violin beGenoese enkulu. Emlandweni wakhe wokuphila, uyabhala: “Ngamlalela ngesithakazelo esikhulu uPaganini amakhonsathi amabili awanikeza eKassel. Isandla sakhe sobunxele kanye nentambo engu-G kuyaphawuleka. Kodwa izingoma zakhe, kanye nesitayela sokwenza kwazo, ziyingxube exakile yobuhlakani obungenangqondo bobuntwana, obunganambitheki, yingakho bobabili babamba futhi baxosha.

Lapho u-Ole Buhl, "i-Scandinavian Paganini", efika e-Spohr, akazange amamukele njengomfundi, ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukugxilisa kuye esikoleni sakhe, engaziwa kakhulu esimweni esihle sethalenta lakhe. Futhi ngo-1838, ngemva kokulalela u-Ole Buhl eKassel, uyabhala: “Ukudlala kwakhe umculo nokuzethemba kwesandla sakhe sobunxele kuyaphawuleka, kodwa njengoPaganini, ngenxa ye-kunstshtuk yakhe, udela ezinye izinto eziningi kakhulu zemvelo. ngensimbi ehloniphekile.”

Umqambi oyintandokazi kaSpohr kwakunguMozart (“Ngibhala okuncane ngoMozart, ngoba iMozart uyikho konke kimi”). Emsebenzini kaBeethoven, wacishe waba nomdlandla, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yenkathi yokugcina, ayengayiqondi futhi engayiboni.

Njengomdlali wevayolini, uSpohr wayemuhle kakhulu. U-Schleterer udweba isithombe esilandelayo somsebenzi wakhe: “Umuntu omangalisayo ungena esiteji, ikhanda namahlombe ngaphezu kwalabo abamzungezile. Ivayolini ngaphansi kwegundane. Asondele kuconsole wakhe. U-Spohr akakaze adlalwe ngenhliziyo, engafuni ukudala amazwibela okubamba ngekhanda ucezu lomculo, ayewubheka njengongahambelani nesihloko somculi. Lapho engena esiteji, wakhothamela izethameli ngaphandle kokuqhosha, kodwa enomuzwa wesizotha namehlo aluhlaza ngokuzolile aqalaza isixuku esasibuthene. Wabamba i-violin ngokukhululekile, cishe ngaphandle kokuthambekela, ngenxa yokuthi isandla sakhe sokunene saphakanyiswa phezulu. Ngomsindo wokuqala, wanqoba bonke abalaleli. Ithuluzi elincane elalisesandleni sakhe lalifana nethoyizi ezandleni zomdondoshiya. Kunzima ukuchaza ukuthi yayinayiphi inkululeko, ubuhle nekhono ayenalo. Ngomoya ophansi, sengathi ukhishwe ngensimbi, wema esiteji. Ukuthamba nomusa wokunyakaza kwakhe kwakungenakulinganiswa. U-Spur wayenesandla esikhulu, kodwa sasihlanganisa ukuguquguquka, ukunwebeka namandla. Iminwe yayikwazi ukucwila ezintanjeni ngobulukhuni bensimbi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho kudingekile, yayihamba kancane kangangokuthi emigudwini elula kakhulu akukho neyodwa i-trill eyalahleka. Kwakungekho ukushaywa unhlangothi ukuthi akazange aphumelele ngokuphelela okufanayo - staccato yakhe ebanzi yayihlukile; okwakuhlaba umxhwele nakakhulu umsindo wamandla amakhulu enqabeni, ukucula okuthambile nokuthambile. Ngemva kokuqeda umdlalo, u-Spohr wakhothama ngomoya ophansi, emamatheka ephuma esiteji phakathi nokushaya ihlombe okungapheli. Izinga eliyinhloko lokudlala kuka-Spohr bekuwukudlulisela okucatshangelwayo nokuphelele kuyo yonke imininingwane, engenabo ubuwula kanye nobuhle obungabalulekile. Ubukhazikhazi kanye nokuphelela kobuciko kwaphawulwa ukubulawa kwakhe; wayehlale efuna ukudlulisa lezo zimo zengqondo ezizalwa esifubeni somuntu esimsulwa.

Incazelo ye-Schleterer iqinisekiswa ezinye izibuyekezo. Umfundi ka-Spohr u-A. Malibran, owabhala umlando wokuphila kukathisha wakhe, ukhuluma ngokushaywa kuka-Spohr okuhle kakhulu, ukucaca kwekhono lomunwe, i-palette yomsindo esezingeni eliphezulu futhi, njengo-Schleterer, ugcizelela ubuhle nobulula bokudlala kwakhe. I-Spohr ayizange ikubekezelele "iminyango", i-glissando, i-coloratura, igweme ukugxuma, imivimbo yokugxuma. Ukwenza kwakhe kwaba kwezemfundo ngempela ngomqondo ophakeme wegama.

Akazange adlale ngenhliziyo. Khona-ke kwakungekho ngaphandle komthetho; abadlali abaningi badlala emakhonsathini anamanothi kukhonsoli phambi kwabo. Nokho, nge-Spohr, lo mthetho wabangelwa izimiso ezithile zobuhle. Waphinde waphoqa abafundi bakhe ukuba badlale ngamanothi kuphela, ethi umdlali wevayolini odlala ngekhanda umkhumbuza ngopholi ophendula isifundo asifundile.

Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo mayelana ne-repertoire kaSpohr. Eminyakeni yokuqala, ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yakhe, wenza amakhonsathi kaKreutzer, Rode, kamuva wagcina ngokuyinhloko ezingoma zakhe.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, abadlali be-violin abavelele kakhulu babephethe i-violin ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Ignaz Frenzel wacindezela ivayolini ehlombe ngesilevu sakhe kwesokunxele somsila, noViotti kwesokudla, okungukuthi, njengoba kuyisiko manje; USpohr wabeka isilevu sakhe ebhulohweni ngokwalo.

Igama le-Spohr lihlotshaniswa nokuqanjwa okuthile emkhakheni wokudlala nokudlalwa kwevayolini. Ngakho-ke, ungumsunguli wokuphumula kwesilevu. Okubaluleke nakakhulu ukusungula kwakhe ubuciko bokuqhuba. Utuswa ngokusetshenziswa kwenduku. Kunoma yikuphi, wayengomunye wabaqhubi bokuqala abasebenzisa induku. Ngo-1810, eMkhosini Womculo waseFrankenhausen, wahambisa induku ephepheni, futhi lendlela eyayingaziwa kuze kube manje yokuhola i-orchestra yamangala wonke umuntu. Abaculi baseFrankfurt ngo-1817 naseLondon ngawo-1820 bahlangana nesitayela esisha ngokudideka okuncane, kodwa ngokushesha baqala ukuqonda izinzuzo zayo.

USpohr wayenguthisha owaziwayo eYurophu. Abafundi beza kuye bevela emhlabeni wonke. Wakha uhlobo lwe-conservatory yasekhaya. Ngisho naseRussia kwathunyelwa i-serf okuthiwa u-Encke kuye. U-Spohr ufundise abadlali be-violin abakhulu abangaphezu kuka-140 nabaphathi bamakhonsathi bama-orchestra.

I-pedagogy ka-Spohr yayingavamile kakhulu. Wayethandwa kakhulu ngabafundi bakhe. Eqinile futhi efuna izinto ngenkani ekilasini, waba nobudlelwane nothando ngaphandle kwekilasi. Ukuhamba ngokuhlanganyela edolobheni, uhambo lwezwe, amapikiniki ayevamile. U-Spohr wahamba, ezungezwe isixuku sezilwane zakhe ezifuywayo, wangena ezemidlalo nazo, wazifundisa ukubhukuda, wazigcina elula, nakuba engakaze awele umugqa lapho ukusondelana kuphenduka ukujwayela, kunciphisa igunya likathisha emehlweni othisha. abafundi.

Wakhulisa kumfundi isimo sengqondo somthwalo wemfanelo esiyingqayizivele ezifundweni. Ngasebenza nomuntu oqalayo njalo ezinsukwini ezi-2, ngase ngidlulela ezifundweni ezi-3 ngesonto. Ekugcineni, umfundi wahlala kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwamakilasi. Impoqo kubo bonke abafundi kwakuwukudlala ensemble kanye orchestra. USpohr wabhala: “Umdlali we-violin ongawatholanga amakhono omculo wezinsimbi ufana ne-canary eqeqeshiwe eklabalasa ize izwakale ngenxa yento ayifundile. Waqondisa yena mathupha ukudlala ku-orchestra, eprakthiza amakhono e-okhestra, imivimbo, namasu.

U-Schleter ushiye incazelo yesifundo sika-Spohr. Wayevame ukuhlala phakathi negumbi esihlalweni ukuze abone umfundi, futhi njalo ephethe ivayolini ezandleni zakhe. Phakathi namakilasi, wayevame ukudlala nezwi lesibili noma, uma umfundi engazange aphumelele endaweni ethile, wayebonisa ensimbini indlela yokuyidlala. Abafundi bathi ukudlala neSpurs bekuyintokozo yangempela.

U-Spohr wayekhethe ngokukhethekile ukuphimisa. Akukho nelilodwa inothi elingabazisayo elaphuma endlebeni yakhe ebucayi. Ukukuzwa, khona lapho, esifundweni, ngomoya ophansi, ngendlela efinyelele ukucaca okucwebezelayo.

USpohr wamisa izimiso zakhe zokufundisa “eSikoleni”. Kwakuyisiqondiso sokufunda esisebenzayo esingalandeli umgomo wokuqongelela amakhono okuqhubekayo; yayiqukethe imibono yobuhle, imibono yombhali wayo nge-violin pedagogy, ekuvumela ukuthi ubone ukuthi umbhali wayo usesimweni semfundo yobuciko yomfundi. Wasolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuthi “akakwazanga” ukwehlukanisa “ubuchwepheshe” “nomculo” “eSikoleni” sakhe. Eqinisweni, i-Spurs ayizange futhi ayikwazanga ukumisa umsebenzi onjalo. Indlela ye-violin yesimanje ka-Spohr ayikafinyeleli ezingeni lokuhlanganisa izimiso zobuciko nezobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhathi zobuciko nezobuchwepheshe kubonakala kungelona imvelo kubameleli be-normative pedagogy yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ababekhuthaza ukuqeqeshwa okungaqondakali kobuchwepheshe.

“Isikole” sikaSpohr sesiphelelwe yisikhathi, kodwa ngokomlando kwakuyingqophamlando, njengoba sasichaza indlela eya kuleso sifundo sobuciko, okwathi ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX sathola ukubonakaliswa kwaso okuphezulu kakhulu emsebenzini kaJoachim no-Auer.

L. Raaben