Anatoly Lyadov |

Anatoly Lyadov

Lyadov. Lullaby (dir. Leopold Stokowski)

… ULyadov wazinikeza umkhakha wezomculo omncane - upiyano ne-orchestra - futhi wasebenza kuwo ngothando olukhulu nangokucophelela kwengcweti futhi ngokunambitheka, umcwebi wobucwebe osezingeni lokuqala kanye nompetha besitayela. Ubuhle babehlala kuye ngempela ngesimo somoya kazwelonke-Russian. B. Asafiev

U-A. Lyadov ungowesizukulwane esisha somthala omangalisayo wabaqambi baseRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Wazibonakalisa njengomqambi onekhono, umbhidisi, uthisha, umculo nomlingisi womphakathi. Emnyombweni womsebenzi kaLyadov kunezithombe zezinganekwane zaseRussia ezidumile nezingoma, inganekwane, ubonakala ngamazwi agcwele ukuzindla, umuzwa wemvelo ocashile; emisebenzini yakhe kunezici zohlobo lwesici kanye namahlaya. Umculo kaLyadov ubonakala ngokukhanya, ukulinganisela kwemizwa, ukuzibamba ekuvezeni imizwa, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile kuphazanyiswa umuzwa ovuthayo, oqondile. U-Lyadov unake kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwefomu lobuciko: ukukhululeka, ukulula nobuhle, isilinganiso esivumelanayo - lezi yizindlela zakhe eziphakeme kakhulu zobuciko. Umsebenzi ka-M. Glinka no-A. Pushkin wasebenza njengento enhle kuye. Wacabanga isikhathi eside kuyo yonke imininingwane yemisebenzi ayeyidalile wabe esebhala phansi okubhaliwe ngokuhlanzekile, cishe ngaphandle kwama-blots.

Ifomu lomculo eliyintandokazi kaLyadov liyisiqephu esincane sezinsimbi noma izwi. Lo mqambi encokola uthe akakwazanga ukuma imizuzu engaphezu kwemihlanu yomculo. Yonke imisebenzi yakhe iyimifanekiso emincane, imfushane futhi ilolongelwe ngesimo. Umsebenzi kaLyadov mncane ngevolumu, i-cantata, izingoma eziyi-12 ze-symphony orchestra, izingoma zezingane eziyi-18 zamagama ezwi nepiyano, ezothando ezi-4, izinhlelo ezingaba ngu-200 zezingoma zomdabu, amakhwaya amaningana, izingoma ezinsimbi eziyi-6, izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-50 zepiyano. .

U-Lyadov wazalelwa emndenini womculo. Ubaba wakhe wayengumqhubi we-Mariinsky Theatre. Umfana waba nethuba lokulalela umculo we-symphonic emakhonsathini, ngokuvamile uvakashela indlu ye-opera kuzo zonke izivivinyo kanye nemidlalo. “Ubemthanda uGlinka futhi ekwazi ngekhanda. "URogneda" no "Judith" Serov batuswa. Esiteji, wabamba iqhaza emidwebeni kanye nesixuku, futhi lapho efika ekhaya, wabonisa uRuslan noma uFarlaf phambi kwesibuko. Wezwa ngokwanele ngabahlabeleli, ikhwaya ne-orchestra,” kukhumbula uN. Rimsky-Korsakov. Ithalente lomculo lazibonakalisa ekuqaleni, futhi ngo-1867 uLyadov oneminyaka eyishumi nanye wangena eSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Wafunda ukubhala okusebenzayo noRimsky-Korsakov. Nokho, ngenxa yokulova nokungaziphathi kahle ngo-1876, waxoshwa. Ngo-1878, uLyadov wangena okwesibili e-Conservatory futhi ngonyaka ofanayo waphumelela ukuhlolwa kokugcina. Njengomsebenzi we-diploma, wethulwa ngomculo wesigcawu sokugcina se-"The Messinian Bride" nguF. Schiller.

Maphakathi nawo-70s. U-Lyadov uhlangana namalungu ombuthano we-Balakirev. Nakhu akubhala uMussorgsky ngomhlangano wokuqala naye: “… Okusha, okungangabazeki, okwangempela kanye Russian ithalente elincane…” Ukuxhumana nabaculi abakhulu kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokudala kweLyadov. Uhlu lwezithakazelo zakhe luyakhula: ifilosofi nesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, ubuhle nesayensi yemvelo, izincwadi zakudala nezanamuhla. Isidingo esibalulekile semvelo yakhe kwakuwukuzindla. “Khetha ini encwadini Kumelefuthi uyithuthukise enkulukhona-ke niyokwazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukucabanga", wabhala kamuva komunye wabangane bakhe.

Kusukela ekwindla ka-1878, uLyadov waba uthisha e-St. Ubuye afundise eSinging Chapel. Ekuqaleni kwe-80-70s. U-Lyadov waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba umqhubi embuthanweni wabathandi bomculo waseSt. Izimfanelo zakhe njengomqhubi zaziswa kakhulu nguRimsky-Korsakov, uRubinstein, G. Laroche.

Ukuxhumana komculo kaLyadov kuyanda. Uhlangana noP. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, uLaroche, uba yilungu leBelyaevsky Fridays. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waduma njengomqambi. Kusukela ngo-1874, imisebenzi yokuqala kaLyadov ishicilelwe: 4 ezothando, op. 1 kanye ne "Spikers" op. 2 (1876). I-Romances iphenduke isipiliyoni sikaLyadov kuphela kulolu hlobo; zadalwa ngaphansi kwethonya "Kuchkists". I-“Spikers” iyingoma yokuqala yepiyano kaLyadov, okuwuchungechunge lwezicucu ezincane, ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganiswe zibe umjikelezo ophelele. Kakade lapha indlela kaLyadov yokwethula inqunywa - ukusondelana, ukukhanya, ubuhle. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-1900. U-Lyadov wabhala futhi washicilela ama-opuses angu-50. Iningi lazo izingcezu zepiyano ezincane: ama-intermezzo, ama-arabesque, ama-preludes, ama-impromptu, ama-etudes, ama-mazurkas, ama-waltze, njll. I-Musical Snuffbox izuze ukuduma okubanzi, lapho izithombe zomhlaba wamathoyizi zikhiqizwa ngobuhlakani obuthile nobuyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi kwama-prelude, i-Prelude ku-B minor op. ugqama ikakhulukazi. 11, iculo elisondelene kakhulu neculo lesintu elithi “Futhi yini emhlabeni enonya” eqoqweni likaM. Balakirev elithi “40 Russian Folk Songs”.

Imisebenzi emikhulu yepiyano ihlanganisa imijikelezo emi-2 yokuhluka (endikimba yothando luka-Glinka ethi “Venetian Night” kanye netimu yesi-Polish). Omunye wemidlalo edume kakhulu kwakuyi-ballad ethi “Mayelana nezinto zakudala”. Lo msebenzi useduze namakhasi amaqhawe e-opera kaGlinka ethi “Ruslan and Lyudmila” kanye ne-symphony ethi “Bogatyrskaya” ka-A. Borodin. Lapho ngo-1906 uLyadov enza inguqulo ye-orchestra ye-ballad ethi "Mayelana nezinsuku zakudala", u-V. Stasov, lapho ezwile, wababaza: "Okwangempela. inkositini Uqophe lapha.”

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s. ULyadov waphendukela kumculo wezwi futhi wadala amaqoqo ama-3 ezingoma zezingane ngokusekelwe emibhalweni yamahlaya esintu, izinganekwane, amakhorasi. U-C. Cui ubize lezi zingoma ngokuthi “amaparele amancane esiphetho esihle kakhulu, esiqediwe.”

Kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s. U-Lyadov uhlanganyela ngentshiseko ekucubunguleni izingoma zomdabu eziqoqwe ohambweni lwe-Geographical Society. 4 amaqoqo ezwi nepiyano agqama kakhulu. Ukulandela amasiko Balakirev futhi Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov kabanzi amasu polyphony subvocal. Futhi ngale ndlela yokudala umculo, isici esivamile seLyadov sibonakaliswa - ukusondelana (usebenzisa inani elincane lamazwi akha indwangu ekhanyayo ekhanyayo).

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX. ULyadov uba omunye wabaculi baseRussia abahamba phambili nabanegunya. Ku-conservatory, amakilasi akhethekile etiyori kanye nokuqamba adluliselwa kuye, phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kukhona uS. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky, B. Asafiev, nabanye. Ukuziphatha kukaLyadov ngo-1905, phakathi nenkathi yezingxabano zabafundi, kungabizwa ngokuthi isibindi nesihloniphekile. Ekude nepolitiki, ngaphandle kwemibandela wajoyina iqembu elihamba phambili lothisha ababhikishela izenzo zokusabela ze-RMS. Ngemva kokuxoshwa kwakhe eRimsky-Korsakov Conservatory, uLyadov, kanye noGlazunov, bamemezele ukwesula kwakhe kubaprofesa bayo.

Ngawo-1900 uLyadov uphendukela ikakhulukazi emculweni we-symphonic. Udala inqwaba yemisebenzi eqhubeka namasiko ama-Russian classics wekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Lawa ama-miniatures e-orchestra, amacebo nemifanekiso ephakanyiswe imithombo yabantu ("Baba Yaga", "Kikimora") kanye nokucabangela ubuhle bemvelo ("Ichibi Lomlingo"). ULyadov wazibiza ngokuthi "izithombe ezinhle kakhulu." Kuzo, umqambi usebenzisa kakhulu amathuba ombala kanye nezithombe ze-orchestra, elandela indlela kaGlinka nabaqambi be-Mighty Handful. Indawo ekhethekile ithathwa "Izingoma Zomdabu ZaseRussia Eziyisishagalolunye ze-Okhestra", lapho uLyadov asebenzisa khona ngobuciko izingoma zangempela zomdabu - ama-epic, amazwi ahlabayo, umdanso, umkhuba, umdanso oyindilinga, eveza izici ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba womoya womuntu waseRussia.

Phakathi nale minyaka, uLyadov wabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ezincwadini ezintsha nezobuciko, futhi lokhu kwabonakala emsebenzini wakhe. Ubhala umculo womdlalo ka-M. Maeterlinck "Dade Beatrice", isithombe se-symphonic "Kusuka ku-Apocalypse" kanye "Nengoma Yosizi Ye-Orchestra". Phakathi kwemibono yakamuva yomqambi kukhona i-ballet "Leila no-Alalei" nesithombe se-symphonic "Kupala Night" esekelwe emisebenzini ka-A. Remizov.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila komqambi yayigubuzelwe umunyu wokulahlekelwa. U-Lyadov wayephatheke kabi kakhulu futhi ecasulwe ngokujulile ngokulahlekelwa abangane nabangane bakhe: ngamunye ngamunye, uStasov, uBelyaev, uRimsky-Korsakov washona. Ngo-1911, uLyadov waphathwa isifo esibi, lapho engakwazi khona ukululama ngokugcwele.

Ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuqashelwa kokufaneleka kukaLyadov kwaba umkhosi wango-1913 weminyaka engama-35 yomsebenzi wakhe wokudala. Imisebenzi yakhe eminingi isathandwa kakhulu futhi isathandwa ngabalaleli.

A. Kuznetsova