Isifundo 2

Ithiyori yomculo ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuphawula komculo. Usuvele ukubonile lokhu ngenkathi ufunda izinyathelo zesikali esifundweni sokuqala. Uyazi kakade ukuthi izinyathelo eziyinhloko zesilinganiso zinikezwa amagama afanayo namanothi, futhi uyaqonda ukuthi yini isinyathelo esiphansi, okungukuthi amanothi.

Lokhu kwanele ukuqala ukufunda ukubhala ngomculo kusukela ekuqaleni. Uma ukuphawula komculo ujwayelene nawe, qhubeka ubuyekeze izinto zokufunda ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi awuphuthelwanga lutho ngenkathi ufunda ukuphawula komculo ngaphambili.

Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze esikhathini esizayo ukwazi ukuhlaziya ngokuzimela amanothi aqoshwe ku-stave, futhi uzulazule kumathebhu nama-chords uma uhlangabezana nokurekhodwa kwe-chord yomculo noma ithebhulature.

Qaphela ukuthi izingosi eziningi zomculo wesimanje zivame ukuhlinzeka ngesiginci amachords noma amathebhula (amathebhu) engoma, kunenothisi yendabuko kubasebenzi bomculo. Kubaculi abasafufusa, udinga ukucacisa ukuthi ama-chords namathebhu amanothi afanayo, abhalwe kuphela ngendlela ehlukile, okungukuthi ngohlobo oluhlukile lokuphawula komculo, ngakho ukufunda amanothi kuyadingeka. Ngokuvamile, ake siqale!

Ubani owasungula amanothi

Ake siqale ngokuhlehla okuncane komlando. Kukholakala ukuthi umuntu wokuqala owaqhamuka nombono wokuthi u11buXNUMXb aqoke inkundla ngezimpawu kwakuyindela yaseFlorentine nomqambi uGuido d'Arezzo. Lokhu kwenzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. UGuido wafundisa abaculi besigodlo izingoma ezihlukahlukene zesonto, futhi ukuze afinyelele umsindo ovumelanayo wekhwaya, waqhamuka nesimiso sezimpawu ezibonisa ukuphakama komsindo.

Lezi kwakuyizikwele ezibekwe emigqeni emine ehambisanayo. Ukuphakama komsindo okudingeka wenziwe, isikwele sasiba phezulu. Kwakunamanothi ayi-6 kuphela ekubhaleni kwakhe, futhi amagama awo bathola ezinhlamvini zokuqala zemigqa yeHubo elicula uJohane uMbhapathizi: Ut, Resonare, Mira, Famuli, Solve, Labii. Kulula ukubona ukuthi ezi-5 zazo – “re”, “mi”, “fa”, “sol”, “la” – zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Phela, umculo wehubo ubhalwe nguGuido d'Arezzo ngokwakhe.

Kamuva, inothi elithi "si" lanezelwa emgqeni womculo, umugqa wesihlanu, ama-treble kanye nama-bass clefs, izingozi, esizozifunda namuhla, zengezwe kubasebenzi bomculo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, lapho kuzalwa ukubhalwa kwezinhlamvu, kwakuyisiko ukuqalisa isikali ngenothi elithi “la”, elalinikezwa igama ngendlela yohlamvu lokuqala lwezinhlamvu zesiLatini A. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, inothi elithi “si” kulandela ithole uhlamvu lwesibili lwezinhlamvu B.

Ukuqonda kwesimanje kwesikali kanye nezinyathelo zayo eziyinhloko ezathuthukiswa ngekhulu le-17, futhi umsindo, ohambisana nokuphakama kwe-B-flat, wawubhekwa isikhathi eside njengento eyisisekelo yohlelo lomculo, okungukuthi awuphansi noma uphakeme. Namuhla, isistimu yokubhala esesimweni sika-C, D, E, F, G, A, B ibhekwa njengokwamukelwa ngokuvamile. Nakuba ukuqokwa kwenothi elithi “si” ngesimo sika-H nakho kungatholakala. Sesivele siqalile futhi sizoqhubeka nokufunda izinhlelo zokubhala nokubhala amanothi esigxotsheni, amukelwa emhlabeni wesimanje womculo.

I-Mood ayikho ku-notnom stane

Uyazi kakade ukuthi inothi liwumsindo womculo. Amanothi ayahluka ngephimbo, futhi inothi ngalinye linegama lalo. Usuvele waqonda ukuthi isigxobo siyimigqa emi-5 ehambisanayo lapho amanothi atholakala khona. Inothi ngalinye linendawo yalo. Eqinisweni, le yindlela ongabona ngayo amanothi ngokubheka notation esigxotsheni. Manje ake sihlanganise lolu lwazi futhi sibone ukuthi isigxobo sibukeka kanjani ngamanothi ngendlela ejwayelekile kakhulu (ungabheki izithonjana kwesokunxele okwamanje):

induku (abasebenzi baka-aka) – lena yimigqa emi-5 efanayo oyibona esithombeni. Imibuthano emanothini yizimpawu zamanothi. Kubasebenzi abaphezulu ubona amanothi e-octave yokuqala, phansi - amanothi e-octave encane.

Isiqalo kuzo zombili izimo inothi "kuya" ye-octave yoku-1, futhi irula eyengeziwe inikezwa yona. Umehluko wukuthi kubasebenzi abaphezulu, amanothi asuka phansi aye phezulu, ngakho inothi elithi "C" le-octave yokuqala liphansi. Kubasebenzi abaphansi, amanothi asuka phezulu aye phansi, ngakho inothi elingu-C le-octave yoku-1 liphezulu.

Kodwa-ke, siyakhumbula ukuthi imisindo yomculo ihlanganisa ububanzi obukhulu kakhulu kune-octave encane neyokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthole isithombe esiphelele sokuhlelwa kwamanothi esigxotsheni, udinga ukufunda Umdwebo onemininingwane eminingi ukubekwa kwenothi:

Abakunake kakhulu babonile ukuthi ngisho nakumdwebo onemininingwane asiwaboni wonke ama-octave. Ukuze sibone ukuhlelwa okufanele kwawo wonke amanothi, siphinde sidinga amarula engeziwe. Bona ukuthi ibukeka kanjani ngesibonelo se-counteroctave:

Futhi manje usukulungele ukufunda indawo yawo wonke amanothi esigxotsheni. Ukuze kube lula, ake sixhumanise isithombe sabasebenzi bomculo ngekhibhodi yepiyano, obusuvele unesikhathi sokuyicabangela lapho ufunda inombolo yesifundo 1. Phawula lapho inothi lokuqala elingu-C le-octave yoku-1 lihlobene nabasebenzi abaphezulu nabaphansi. imigqa. Simmaka ngokubomvu:

Iningi lalabo ababona lesi sithombe sonke okokuqala ngqa, kuphakama umbuzo: indlela yokukhumbula?!.. Ngokuvamile, udinga kuphela ukukhumbula indawo yenothi lokuqala "kuya" ku-octave yokuqala, kanye nazo zonke ezinye. amanothi awukulandelana okuthile okunengqondo okuhlobene nenothi lokuqala elithi “kuya”.

Ukuzivocavoca "Lezginka" kuzosiza ukubamba amanothi kalula. Ngokumangalisayo, akuhlangene nomculo, kodwa kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi we-hemispheres yesokudla nesobunxele yobuchopho ezinganeni [A. Sirotyuk, 2015]. Cabanga ukuthi isibhakela noma intende yesandla esigoqe iminwe siyindilinga ekhombisa inothi, futhi isandla esiqondile esibekwe maphakathi nonqenqema lwentende isandiso serula umphathi wenothi:

Ngakho-ke ukhumbula ukuthi umbusi owengeziwe usika umbuthano phakathi, okubonisa inothi “kuya”:

Ngaphezu kwalokho kuzoba lula. Inothi elithi “D” lingamelwa njengesibhakela esitholakala ngenhla kwebhulashi eleluliwe. Inothi elilandelayo elithi “mi” lizonqunywa phakathi ngebhulashi elide, kodwa ibhulashi ngeke lisabonisa umugqa owengeziwe, kodwa ongezansi kwemigqa emihlanu yabasebenzi. Ngenothi elithi "F" siphakamisa isibhakela ngaphezu komugqa, bese sisika inothi elithi "G" ngebhulashi elide, manje elibonisa umugqa wesibili kusukela phansi kwabasebenzi. Ngicabanga ukuthi wawuqonda umgomo wokwakha amanothi. Ngokufanayo, ungakwazi ukuklelisa amanothi ashona phansi ngokuhlobene nokuthi "kuya" kwe-octave yoku-1.

Uma ufuna ukufunda ama-mnemonics akhethekile azokusiza ukhumbule noma yiluphi ulwazi, bhalisela izifundo zethu ze-Mnemotechnics, futhi ngesikhathi esifushane (isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga) uzoqonda ukuthi awunazo izinkinga zenkumbulo. Kunamasu okubamba ngekhanda asebenzayo kuphela kunalawo oke wawasebenzisa ngaphambilini.

Ngakho-ke, ngokuhlelwa kwamanothi esigxotsheni, sicabanga, ngokuvamile, konke kucacile. Abanake kakhulu sebebonile ukuthi ngohlelo lwamanothi okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, izindawo zokucija namaflethi, okungukuthi ukuphakamisa nokwehlisa inothi, azisahlali. Futhi ngenxa yalokhu sidinga izingozi kumanothi.

Izimpawu Zokushintsha

Ekupheleni kwesifundo esandulele, usuvele ufunde izimpawu ezicijile (♯) neziyisicaba (♭). Usuvele uqonda ukuthi uma inothi likhuphuka nge-semitone, isibonakaliso esibukhali sengezwa kuso, uma siwela nge-semitone, isibonakaliso esiyisicaba sengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, inothi eliphakanyisiwe elingu-G lizobhalwa ngokuthi G♯, kanye nenothi elihlisiwe elithi G♭. Ukucijile nokuyisicaba kubizwa ngezimpawu zokuguquguquka, okungukuthi izinguquko. Igama livela kwelesiLatini lakamuva elithi alterare, elihumusha ngokuthi “ukushintsha.”

Ukwanda kwama-semitones angu-2 kuboniswa ngokuphindwe kabili, okungukuthi okuphindwe kabili, ukuncipha kwama-semitones angu-2 kuboniswa ngokuphindwe kabili, okungukuthi i-double flat. Ngokucijile kabili kunesithonjana esikhethekile esibukeka njengesiphambano, kodwa, ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukusithatha kukhibhodi, i-notation ♯♯ noma izimpawu ezimbili zamaphawundi ## zingasetshenziswa. Ukuze bakhethe iflethi eliphindwe kabili, babhala izimpawu ezi-2 ♭♭ noma izinhlamvu zesiLatini u-bb.

Ukukhombisa ukuphakama noma ukuwa kwenothi kubasebenzi bomculo, uphawu olucijile noma oluyisicaba lutholakala ngokushesha ngaphambi kwenothi, noma, uma inothi elilodwa noma elinye lidinga ukwehliswa noma ukuphakanyiswa emsebenzini wonke, ekuqaleni kwabasebenzi. ngamanothi omsebenzi. Ezimweni lapho uguquko lwenothi lunikezwa kuwo wonke umsebenzi, izimpawu zokucijile namaflethi ziyabelwa izindawo ezithile esigxotsheni:

Ake sicacise umbhalo osesithombeni ukuthi igama elithi "in the treble clef" lisho izisebenzi zamanothi ama-octave angu-1-5, namagama athi "ku-bass clef" - udondolo lwawo wonke amanye ama-octave kusukela kwabancane kuya kwabancane. Kamuva sizokhuluma nge-treble ne-bass clef ngokuningiliziwe. Okwamanje, ake sikhulume ngendlela yokukhumbula indawo yama-sharps namafulethi kubasebenzi.

Empeleni, lokhu akunzima uma ukwazile ukufunda indawo yezimpawu ezimele amanothi. Ngakho-ke, uphawu olucijile lutholakala ngqo kulayini ofanayo wabasebenzi njengenothi elidinga ukuphakanyiswa. Kubasebenzi abaku-treble clef, udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi amanothi akuphi ukusuka ku-“A” ye-octave yoku-1 ukuya ku-“G” ye-octave yesi-2, futhi uzoqonda kalula iphethini yokubeka ama-sharps:

Iphethini efanayo ncamashi ibonwa ekuhlelweni kwamafulethi. Ziphinde zibe emigqeni efanayo namanothi ababhekisela kuwo. Amanothi kububanzi asetshenziswa lapha njengomhlahlandlela. kusukela ku-“fa” ye-octave yokuqala ukuya ku-“mi” ye-octave yesi-1:

Ngokucijile namaflethi ku-bass clef, amaphethini afanayo ngokuphelele ayasebenza. Ngokuqondisa ku-Sharps, kufanele ukhumbule indawo yamanothi ukusuka “kusawoti” we-octave encane ukuya ku-“la” we-octave enkulu:

Ukuze uthole ukuma emafulethini, udinga ukukhumbula indawo yamanothi kusukela ku-“mi” ye-octave encane ukuya ku-“fa” ye-octave enkulu:

Njengoba usuqaphele kakade, ngokuhlelwa kwama-sharps namaflethi ekuqaleni komsebenzi eduze kwe-clef - i-treble noma i-bass - kuphela ababusi abakhulu babasebenzi abasetshenziswayo. Izingozi ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ukhiye.

Izingozi ezisho inothi elilodwa kuphela zibizwa ngokuthi ngokungahleliwe noma isibali, zenza ngesilinganiso esisodwa futhi zitholakala ngokushesha ngaphambi kwaleli nothi.

Futhi manje ake sithole ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze uma udinga ukukhansela okubukhali noma flat, ebekwe ekuqaleni kwesigxobo. Isidingo esinjalo singase siphakame ngesikhathi sokuguquguquka, okungukuthi lapho ushintshela kwenye ithoni. Lena indlela esemfashinini evamise ukusetshenziswa emculweni we-pop, lapho ikhorasi yokugcina noma ivesi nekhorasi kudlalwa ama-semitone angu-1-2 ngaphezu kwamavesi adlule kanye nezinqamuleli.

Kulokhu, kukhona olunye uphawu lwengozi: i-bekar. Umsebenzi wayo ukukhansela isenzo sama-sharps namaflethi. Ama-Bekars nawo ahlukaniswe abe yizinto ezingahleliwe nezibalulekile.

Imisebenzi yasemuva:

Ukuze ukwenze kucace kakhudlwana, bheka ukuthi ikuphi umsekeli ongahleliwe esigxotsheni:

Bheka manje lapho ukhiye wasemuvafuthi uzowuqonda ngokushesha umehluko:

Ake sicacise ukuthi ukuphawula ku-stave kusetshenziselwa isiginci nopiyano, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinsimbi zomculo, kodwa amathebhu owabona esithombeni esidlule ngaphansi kwesigxobo asetshenziselwa isiginci.

Amathebhu wesiginci anemigqa engu-6 ngokuya ngenani lezintambo zesigingci. Umugqa ophezulu ubonisa intambo encane kakhulu, ezoba phansi uma uthatha isiginci. Umugqa ophansi usho intambo yesiginci ewugqinsi, okuyintambo ephezulu uma ubambe isiginci ngezandla zakho. Izinombolo zikhombisa ukuthi iyiphi inkinga ongayicindezela lapho inombolo ebhalwe khona.

Ngokuphathelene nomfanekiso osekelweni olungahleliwe, siyabona ukuthi ekuqaleni kwakudingeka ukudlala "i-c-sharp", okuyi-fret yesibili yentambo yesi-2. Ngemuva kwe-bekar, okungukuthi, ukukhansela okubukhali, udinga ukudlala inothi elihlanzekile elithi "kuya", elisendaweni yokuqala yentambo yesi-2. Isifundo sokugcina sesifundo sethu sizonikezwa ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nesiginci, futhi sizokutshela ukuthi ungayibamba kanjani ngekhanda kalula indawo yamanothi ku-fretboard yesiginci.

Ake sihlanganise futhi sihlanganise lonke ulwazi lwezingozi esithombeni esilandelayo:

Uma usuvele ukwazi ukudlala insimbi yomculo, futhi manje unquma ukuthuthukisa ithiyori yakho, sincoma ukuthi ufunde isigaba 11 "Izimpawu Zokuguqulwa" encwadini kaVarfolomey Vakhromeev ethi "Elementary Theory of Music", lapho kunezibonelo zokwahlukanisa ukuphawula komculo [ V. Vakhromeev, 1961]. Siqhubekela phambili ekugcwaliseni izithembiso ezenziwe ngaphambilini futhi sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izihluthulelo maqondana nesigxobo.

Okhiye esigxotsheni

Sike sasebenzisa imishwana ethi “ku-treble clef” kanye “ku-bass clef”. Ake sikutshele ukuthi siqonde ukuthini. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-pitch ethile inikezwa ngokwemibandela ulayini ngamunye wabasebenzi. Ngenxa yokuthi kunezinsimbi eziningi zomculo emhlabeni ezikhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene, kwakudingeka “izikhombo” ezithile zephimbo, futhi indima yazo yanikezwa izihluthulelo.

Ukhiye ubhalwa ukuze umugqa lapho i-countdown eqala kuwo uwele endaweni eyinhloko. Ngale ndlela, ukhiye unikeza inothi elibhalwe kulo mugqa iphimbo eliqondile, elihlobene lapho iphimbo kanye namagama eminye imisindo kubalwa khona. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokhiye.

Okhiye - uhlu:

Ake asifanekise:

Qaphela ukuthi uma sekukhona okhiye abaningi “Ngaphambi”. Isihluthulelo esithi "Yenza" emgqeni wokuqala sasibizwa ngokuthi i-soprano, ngo-1 - mezzo-soprano, ngomhla ka-2 - i-baritone, futhi zazisetshenziselwa izingxenye zezwi ngokuya ngezigaba ezibonisiwe. Ngokuvamile, ama-clef ahlukene kumanothi ayadingeka ukuze kungenziwa imigqa yabasebenzi abengeziwe ngamanani adlulele kanye nokwenza lula ukubonwa kwamanothi. Ngendlela, ukwenza kube lula ukufunda umculo, kusetshenziswe izinombolo ezengeziwe, esizokhuluma ngazo manje.

Ubude besikhathi samanothi

Lapho esifundweni sokuqala sifunda izici zomzimba zomsindo, safunda ukuthi ngomsindo womculo, ubude bawo buyisici esibalulekile. Uma ubheka abasebenzi, umculi akufanele aqonde kuphela ukuthi iyiphi inothi okufanele ayidlale, kodwa futhi kufanele izwakale isikhathi esingakanani.

Ukwenza kube lula ukuzulazula, inothi imibuthano ingaba mnyama noma ibe mnyama (ingenalutho noma ibe nomthunzi), ibe “nemisila” eyengeziwe, “izinti”, “imigqa” nokunye. Uma ubheka lawa ma-nuances, kuyacaca ngokushesha ukuthi ngabe lokhu kuyinothi eliphelele noma inothi elinguhhafu, noma enye into. Kusele ukuthola ukuthi kusho ukuthini inothi elithi "lonke", "isigamu", njll.

Ungabala kanjani ubude besikhathi:

Kuyacaca ukuthi ungakwazi ukubala ngesivinini esihlukile, ngakho-ke idivayisi ekhethekile isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ukubala: i-metronome. Lapho, ibanga phakathi kwemisindo lilinganiswa ngokucacile futhi idivayisi, njengokungathi, ibala esikhundleni sakho. Manje kunezinhlelo ezingenakubalwa ezinomsebenzi we-metronome, zombili ezizimele futhi ezinale nketho njengengxenye yezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zabaculi.

Ku-Google Play, ungathola, isibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Soundbrenner metronome, noma ungalanda uhlelo lokushuna isiginci se-Guitar Tuna, lapho esigabeni esithi “Amathuluzi” kuzoba khona “I-Chord Library” kanye ne-“Metronome” (ungakhohlwa vumela uhlelo lokusebenza ukufinyelela imakrofoni). Okulandelayo, ake sithole ukuthi ubude bamanothi buboniswa kanjani.

Ubude (amanothi):

Kubonakala sengathi isimiso sicacile, kodwa ukuze kucace, sikunikeza umfanekiso olandelayo:

Uma amanothi we-8, 16, 32 ehamba ngokulandelana, kuyisiko ukuwahlanganisa ngamaqembu futhi hhayi "ukukhanya" ngenani elikhulu "lemisila" noma "amafulegi". Kulokhu, okubizwa ngokuthi "ubambo" kusetshenziswa. Ngenani lemiphetho, ungakwazi ukuqonda ngokushesha ukuthi yimaphi amanothi ahlanganiswe eqenjini lokulahlekelwa.

Ukuhlanganisa amanothi abe yiqembu:

Kanjalo kubukeka:

Ngokuvamile, amanothi ahlanganiswa ngaphakathi kwesilinganiso. Khumbula ukuthi ukushaya ngamanothi kanye nezimpawu ezihambisana nazo phakathi kwemigqa emibili eqondile, ebizwa ngokuthi imigqa ye-stroke:

Njengoba ubonile, ukuzola kungabheka phezulu noma phansi. Kunemithetho lapha.

Isiqondiso esizolile:

Ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nobude bamanothi lungatholakala ku-Vakhromeev ethi "Elementary Theory of Music" [V. Vakhromeev, 1961].

Futhi, ekugcineni, kunoma iyiphi iculo kukhona imisindo nokuma phakathi kwakho. Ake sixoxe ngazo.

Ima isikhashana

Ukumiswa kukalwa ngendlela efanayo nobude benothi. Ukuphumula kungase kufane ncamashi nakho konke, uhhafu, njll. Kodwa-ke, ukuphumula kungathatha isikhathi eside kunenothi eliphelele, futhi amagama akhethekile asungulelwe izimo ezinjalo. Ngakho-ke, uma ukuphumula kuthatha izikhathi ezi-2 kunenothi lonke, kubizwa ngokuthi i-brevis, uma ubude obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-4, yi-longa, futhi izikhathi ezingu-8 ubude, buyi-maxim. Uhlu oluphelele lwezihloko ezinamagama lungatholakala ku ithebula elilandelayo:

Ngakho-ke, esifundweni sanamuhla, uye wajwayelana nokuphawula komculo kusukela ekuqaleni, wathola umbono mayelana nezingozi, ukubhala amanothi, ukumisa isikhashana neminye imiqondo ehlobene nalesi sihloko. Sicabanga ukuthi lokhu kungaphezu kokwanele umsebenzi owodwa. Manje kusele ukuhlanganisa amaphuzu abalulekile esifundo ngosizo lokuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa.

Isivivinyo sokuqonda isifundo

Uma ufuna ukuhlola ulwazi lwakho esihlokweni salesi sifundo, ungathatha isivivinyo esifushane esihlanganisa imibuzo embalwa. Inketho engu-1 kuphela engalungela umbuzo ngamunye. Ngemva kokukhetha enye yezinketho, isistimu idlulela ngokuzenzakalela embuzweni olandelayo. Amaphuzu owatholayo athintwa ukunemba kwezimpendulo zakho kanye nesikhathi esichithwe ukudlulisa. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi imibuzo ihlukile isikhathi ngasinye, futhi izinketho ziyashova.

Futhi manje siphendukela esifundweni sokuvumelana emculweni.