Isifundo 3. Ukuvumelana emculweni

Omunye wemiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu emculweni ukuhambisana. Iculo nokuvumelana kuhlobene eduze. Kuyinhlanganisela evumelanayo yemisindo enikeza umculo ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi umculo.

Usuvele unalo lonke ulwazi oluyisisekelo oludingekayo kulokhu. Ikakhulukazi, uyazi ukuthi iyiphi ithoni, i-semitone kanye nezinyathelo zesikali, okuzokusiza ukuthi ubhekane nento eyisisekelo yokuvumelana njengezikhawu, kanye nezindlela ne-tonality.

Ngokuyimfihlo, ekupheleni kwalesi sifundo, uzobe usuzuze olunye ulwazi oluyisisekelo oludingayo ukuze ubhale umculo we-pop nowe-rock. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ake siqale ukufunda!

Kuyini ukuvumelana

Lezi zici zokuvumelana zihlobene eduze. Umculo uthathwa njengokuvumelana uma wakhiwe kucatshangelwa amaphethini athile ezinhlanganisela zomsindo. Ukuze siqonde la maphethini, sidinga ukujwayelana nezinto zokuvumelana, okungukuthi izigaba, indlela eyodwa noma enye ehlanganiswe nomqondo wokuthi "ukuvumelana".

Izikhawu

Into eyisisekelo yokuvumelana isikhawu. Isikhawu emculweni sisho ibanga lama-semitone phakathi kwemisindo emibili yomculo. Sihlangane nama-halftones ezifundweni ezedlule, ngakho-ke akumele kube khona ubunzima.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezikhawu ezilula:

Ngakho, izikhawu ezilula zisho izikhawu phakathi kwemisindo engaphakathi kwe-octave. Uma isikhawu sikhulu kune-octave, isikhawu esinjalo sibizwa ngokuthi isikhawu esiyinhlanganisela.

Izinhlobonhlobo zezikhawu ezihlanganisiwe:

Umbuzo wokuqala futhi oyinhloko: kanjani ukuyikhumbula? Empeleni akunzima kangako.

Kanjani futhi kungani ukukhumbula izikhawu

Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni okujwayelekile, cishe uyazi ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwenkumbulo kuqhutshwa ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono amahle emoto yeminwe. Uma uqeqesha amakhono emoto amahle kukhibhodi yepiyano, ngeke uthuthukise inkumbulo kuphela, kodwa futhi nendlebe yomculo. Sincoma uhlelo lokusebenza lwepiyano oluphelele, engalandwa ku-Google Play:

Khona-ke kusala kuwe ukuthi udlale njalo zonke izikhawu ezingenhla futhi uphimisele amagama azo ngokuzwakalayo. Ungaqala nganoma yisiphi isihluthulelo, kulokhu akunandaba. Kubalulekile ukubala ngokunembile inani lama-semitones. Uma udlala ukhiye owodwa izikhathi ezi-2 - lesi isikhawu sama-semitones angu-0, okhiye ababili abancikene - lesi isikhawu se-semitone engu-1, ngemva kokhiye owodwa - ama-semitone angu-2, njll. Sengeza ukuthi kuzilungiselelo zohlelo lokusebenza ungasetha inombolo okhiye esikrinini esilungele wena uqobo.

Umbuzo wesibili futhi ongasho kancane ukuthi kungani? Kungani udinga ukwazi nokuzwa izikhawu, ngaphandle kolwazi oluyisisekelo lwethiyori yomculo? Kodwa lapha akuyona indaba yethiyori kangako njengokwenza. Uma ufunda ukubona zonke lezi zikhawu ngendlebe, uzothatha kalula noma yimuphi umculo owuthandayo ngendlebe, kokubili wezwi nokudlala insimbi yomculo. Empeleni, iningi lethu lithatha isiginci noma ivayolini, lihlale phansi ophiyano noma kukhithi yesigubhu ukuze nje senze izingcezu esizithandayo.

Futhi, ekugcineni, ukwazi amagama ngezikhathi, ungathola kalula ukuthi kuyini uma uzwa ukuthi ucezu lomculo lwakhiwe, isibonelo, kuma-chords wesihlanu. Lokhu, ngendlela, kuwumkhuba ovamile emculweni we-rock. Udinga nje ukukhumbula ukuthi okwesihlanu okumsulwa ama-semitones ayi-7. Ngakho-ke, vele wengeze ama-semitones angu-7 kumsindo ngamunye owenziwe yisiginci se-bass, futhi uthola izingoma zesihlanu ezisetshenziswa emsebenzini owuthandayo. Sincoma ukuthi ugxile kuma-bass, ngoba ngokuvamile azwakala ngokucacile, okubalulekile kwabaqalayo.

Ukuze uzwe umsindo oyinhloko (tonic), udinga ukusebenzela ukuthuthukiswa kwendlebe yomculo. Usuvele uqalile ukwenza lokhu uma ulande i-Perfect Piano futhi udlale izikhawu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungasebenzisa lolu hlelo lokusebenza noma insimbi yomculo yangempela ukuzama ukuzwa ukuthi iyiphi inothi ezwakala kanye ne-tonic (umsindo omkhulu) womculo owuthandayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, mane ucindezele izinkinobho zilandelana. ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ye-octave enkulu nencane, noma udlale wonke amanothi kusiginci, ucindezela iyunithi yezinhlamvu yesi-6 neyesi-5 (i-bass!) ngokulandelanayo ku-fret ngayinye. Uzoqaphela ukuthi elinye lamanothi lihambisana ngokucacile. Uma ukuzwa kwakho kungazange kwehluleke, lena yi-tonic. Ukuze wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi izindlebe zakho zilungile, thola leyo nothi i-octave eyodwa noma amabili phezulu bese uyidlala. Uma kuyi-tonic, uzophinde uhambisane nomculo.

Ngokuvamile ungathola ukuqokwa kwezikhawu hhayi kuma-semitone, kodwa ngezinyathelo. Lapha sicabanga ngezinyathelo eziyinhloko kuphela zesikali, okungukuthi “do”, “re”, “mi”, “fa”, “sol”, “la”, “si”. Izinyathelo ezikhulisiwe nezincishisiwe, okungukuthi ama-sharp namaflethi awafakiwe ekubalweni, ngakho inani lezinyathelo zesikhawu liyahluka enanini lama-semitones. Eqinisweni, izikhathi zokubala ngezinyathelo zilungele labo abazodlala upiyano, ngoba ekhibhodi izinyathelo eziyinhloko zesilinganiso zihambisana nezihluthulelo ezimhlophe, futhi lolu hlelo lubukeka lubukeka kakhulu.

Kungcono kakhulu ukuthi wonke umuntu acabangele izikhawu kuma-semitones, ngoba kwezinye izinsimbi zomculo izinyathelo eziyinhloko zesilinganiso azihlukaniswanga nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kodwa, isibonelo, ama-frets aqokonyiswa esigingci. Zinqunyelwe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amantongomane" atholakala ngaphesheya kwentamo yesiginci, lapho izintambo zeluliwe. Ukufakwa kwezinombolo okukhathazayo kuyaqhubeka kusuka ku-headstock:

Ngendlela, igama elithi "intambo" linezincazelo eziningi futhi lihlobene ngokuqondile nendikimba yokuvumelana.

Ama-Frets

Isici sesibili esimaphakathi sokuvumelana ukuhambisana. Njengoba ithiyori yomculo ithuthuka, izincazelo ezihlukene zemodi zazibusa. Kwaqondwa njengohlelo lokuhlanganisa amathoni, njengenhlangano yamathoni ekusebenzelaneni kwawo, njengohlelo lwephimbo lokuhlanganisa amathoni. Manje incazelo yemodi yamukelwa kakhulu njengesistimu yokuxhumana kwephimbo, ehlanganiswe ngosizo lomsindo omaphakathi noma ungwaqa.

Uma lokhu kusenzima, cabanga nje, ngokufanisa nezwe langaphandle, lokho kuvumelana emculweni yilapho imisindo ibonakala ihambisana nomunye nomunye. Njengoba nje eminye imikhaya kungathiwa iphila ngokuzwana, kanjalo nemisindo ethile yomculo kungathiwa ivumelana nomunye nomunye.

Ngomqondo osetshenziswayo, igama elithi “imodi” livame ukusetshenziswa maqondana nokuncane nokukhulu. Igama elithi "okuncane" livela kwelesiLatini elithi mollis (elihunyushwa ngokuthi "elithambile", "elimnene"), ngakho izingcezu ezincane zomculo zithathwa njengezinomculo noma ezidabukisayo. Igama elithi "okukhulu" livela kwelesiLatini elikhulu (elihunyushwe ngokuthi "elikhudlwana", "eliphezulu"), ngakho-ke imisebenzi emikhulu yomculo ibonwa kakhulu njengokugomela nokuba nethemba.

Ngakho, izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezindlela zincane futhi zinkulu. Imakwe ngokuluhlaza ukuze kucace izinyathelo (amanothi) frets, ezehlukene kwezincane nezinkulu:

Ezingeni lamaphilistine, kune-gradation eyenziwe lula kanye nesici esinjalo somntwana njengokuthi "ukudabukisa", futhi omkhulu ngokuthi "ujabule". Lokhu kunemibandela kakhulu. Akudingekile nakancane ukuthi ucezu oluncane luhlale ludabukile, futhi umculo omkhulu uyohlale uzwakala ujabulisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhuba ungalandelelwa okungenani kusukela ngekhulu le-18. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi kaMozart othi “Sonata No. 16 in C Major” uzwakala uphazamisa kakhulu ezindaweni, futhi ingoma eshisa izikhotha ethi “A Grasshopper Sat in the Grass” ibhalwe ngokhiye omncane.

Zombili izindlela ezincane nezinkulu ziqala nge-tonic - umsindo oyinhloko noma isinyathelo esiyinhloko semodi. Okulandelayo kuza inhlanganisela yemisindo ezinzile nengazinzile ngokulandelana kwayo ku-fret ngayinye. Lapha ungakwazi ukudweba isifaniso nokwakhiwa kodonga lwezitini. Odongeni, kokubili izitini eziqinile kanye nengxube ye-semi-liquid binder kuyadingeka, ngaphandle kwalokho isakhiwo ngeke sithole ukuphakama okufunayo futhi ngeke kugcinwe esimweni esinikeziwe.

Kokubili kokukhulu nokuncane kunezinyathelo ezi-3 ezizinzile: 1st, 3rd, 5th. Izinyathelo ezisele zibhekwa njengezingazinzile. Ezincwadini zomculo, umuntu angathola amagama anjengokuthi “amandla adonsela phansi” emisindo, noma “isifiso sokuzwakala kahle.” Ukukubeka kalula, umculo awukwazi ukunqanyulwa ngomsindo ongaqinile, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele ugcwaliswe kulowo ozinzile.

Kamuva esifundweni, uzohlangana negama elithi “chord”. Ukuze ugweme ukudideka, masisho ngokushesha ukuthi izinyathelo zesikali ezizinzile nezinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokuhlanganisa akuwona imiqondo efanayo. Labo abafuna ukuqala ngokushesha ukudlala insimbi yomculo kufanele baqale basebenzise iminwe ye-chord eyenziwe ngomumo, futhi izimiso zokwakha zizocaca njengoba ufunda amasu okudlala nezingoma ezilula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezincwadini zomculo ezikhethekile, ungase uhlangane namagama emodi efana ne-Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian kanye ne-Locrian. Lezi yizindlela ezakhiwe ngesisekelo sesilinganiso esikhulu, futhi enye yezinga lesikali isetshenziswa njenge-tonic. Zibizwa nangokuthi zemvelo, i-diatonic noma isiGreki.

Babizwa ngokuthi amaGreki ngoba amagama abo avela ezizweni nasezizweni ezazihlala endaweni yaseGrisi Lasendulo. Empeleni, amasiko omculo angaphansi kwemodi ngayinye ebizwa ngokuthi i-diatonic bebelokhu bebalela phansi kusukela ngalezo zikhathi. Uma uhlose ukubhala umculo esikhathini esizayo, ungase ufune ukubuya kulo mbuzo kamuva, lapho uqonda ukuthi ungakha kanjani isikali esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyafaneleka ukutadisha indaba “I-Diatonic Frets yabaqalayo» ngezibonelo ezilalelwayo zomsindo wabo ngamunye [Shugaev, 2015]:

Okwamanje, ake sifingqe imiqondo yezindlela ezinkulu nezincane ezisebenza kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Ngokuvamile, lapho sihlangabezana nemisho ethi "imodi enkulu" noma "imodi encane", sisho izindlela ze-harmonic tonality. Ake sithole ukuthi i-tonality iyini ngokujwayelekile kanye ne-harmonic tonality ikakhulukazi.

Key

Ngakho yini ithoni? Njengamanye amagama amaningi omculo, kunezincazelo ezahlukahlukene zokhiye. Igama ngokwalo lisuselwa egameni lesiLatini elithi tone. Ku-anatomy kanye ne-physiology, lokhu kusho ukugqugquzelwa isikhathi eside kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nokushuba kwemisipha yemisipha ngaphandle kokuholela ekukhathaleni.

Wonke umuntu uqonda kahle ukuthi igama elithi "ukuba sesimweni esihle" lisho ukuthini. Emculweni izinto ziyefana. Iculo nokuvumelana, uma kuqhathaniswa, kusesimweni esihle kuso sonke isikhathi sokuqanjwa komculo.

Sesivele sazi ukuthi noma iyiphi imodi - encane noma enkulu - iqala nge-tonic. Zombili izindlela ezincane nezinkulu zingacushwa kunoma yimuphi umsindo ozothathwa njengomsindo oyinhloko, okungukuthi i-tonic yomsebenzi. Indawo yokuphakama ye-fret nereferensi yayo ekuphakameni kwe-tonic ibizwa ngokuthi i-tonality. Ngakho, ukwakheka tonality kungancishiswa ifomula elula.

Ifomula yethoni:

Ukhiye = tonic + fret

Yingakho incazelo ye-tonality ivame ukunikezwa njengesimiso semodi, isigaba esiyinhloko okuyi-tonic. Manje ake siphinde.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokhiye:

Isho ukuthini le fomula ye-tonality kanye nalezi zinhlobo ze-tonality ekusebenzeni? Ake sithi sizwa isiqephu somculo esincane, lapho isikali esincane sakhiwe ngenothi elithi “la”. Lokhu kuzosho ukuthi ukhiye womsebenzi uthi “A minor” (Am). Ake sithi ngokushesha ukuthi ukuqoka ukhiye omncane, i-Latin m yengezwa ku-tonic. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ubona igama elithi Cm, lithi “C minor”, ​​uma i-Dm ithi “D minor”, ​​Em – ngokulandelana, “E minor”, ​​njll.

Uma ubona kukholamu ethi “tonality” izinhlamvu ezinkulu nje ezisho inothi elithile - C, D, E, F nezinye - lokhu kusho ukuthi ubhekene nokhiye omkhulu, futhi unomsebenzi kukhiye othi “C major ”, “D enkulu”, “E enkulu”, “F enkulu”, njll.

Ukuncipha noma ukukhuphuka okuhlobene nesinyathelo esiyinhloko sesikali, i-tonality iboniswa yizithonjana ezibukhali neziyisicaba ezaziwa nguwe. Uma ubona ukhiye ofakiwe ngefomethi, isibonelo, F♯m noma G♯m, lokhu kusho ukuthi unocezu kukhiye othi F obukhali omncane noma G ocijile omncane. Ukhiye oncishisiwe uzoba nophawu oluyisicaba, okungukuthi A♭m (A-flat minor”), B♭m (“B-flat minor”), njll.

Kukhiye omkhulu, kuzoba nophawu olubukhali noma oluyisicaba eduze kwegama le-tonic ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu ezengeziwe. Isibonelo, i-C♯ (“C-sharp major”), D♯ (“D-sharp major”), A♭ (“A-flat major”), B♭ (“B-flat major”), njll. Wena ingathola ezinye izincazelo zokhiye. Isibonelo, uma igama elikhulu noma elincane lenezelwa kunothi, futhi esikhundleni sophawu olucijile noma oluyisicaba, kwenezelwa igama elibukhali noma elithi flat.

Lezi izinketho zokwethulwa. okhiye abancane:

Ezinye izinketho zokuphawula okhiye abakhulu:

Zonke lezi zihluthulelo ezingenhla ziyi-harmonic, okungukuthi zinquma ukuvumelana komculo.

Ngakho-ke, i-harmonic tonality iyisistimu enkulu-encane yokuvumelana kwamathoni.

Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zamathoni. Ake sizibale zonke.

Izinhlobonhlobo zamathoni:

Ezinhlobonhlobo zokugcina, sathola igama elithi "tertia". Ngaphambilini sithole ukuthi eyesithathu ingaba encane (3 semitones) noma enkulu (4 semitones). Lapha sifika kumqondo onjenge "gamma", okudingeka kubhekwane nawo ukuze ekugcineni uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izindlela, izihluthulelo nezinye izingxenye zokuvumelana.

Scales

Wonke umuntu wezwa ngezikali okungenani kanye, lapho omunye wabajwayele bafunda naye esikoleni somculo. Futhi, njengomthetho, ngezwa esimweni esibi - bathi, kuyakhathaza, kuyakhathaza. Futhi, ngokuvamile, akucaci ukuthi kungani befunda. Okokuqala, ake sithi isikali siwukulandelana kwemisindo kukhiye. Ngamanye amazwi, uma wenza ngokulandelana yonke imisindo ye-tonality, kuqala nge-tonic, lokhu kuzoba isikali.

Ukhiye ngamunye - omncane nomkhulu - wakhiwe ngokuya ngamaphethini awo. Lapha sidinga futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi yini i-semitone nethoni. Khumbula, ithoni inamasemitone ama-2. Manje ungaya ku ukwakha i-gamma:

Khumbula lokhu chungechunge lwezilinganiso ezinkulu: ithoni-ithoni-semitone-ithoni-ithoni-ithoni-semitone. Manje ake sibone ukuthi singakha kanjani isikali esikhulu usebenzisa isibonelo sesikali "C major":

Usuwazi kakade amanothi, ngakho ungabona esithombeni ukuthi isikali esikhulu sika-C sihlanganisa amanothi C (do), D (re), E (mi), F (fa), G (sol), A (la) , B (si), C (kuya). Asiqhubekele phambili izikali ezincane:

Khumbula uhlelo lokwakha izikali ezincane: ithoni-semitone-ithoni-ithoni-semitone-ithoni. Ake sibone ukuthi singakha kanjani isikali esikhulu usebenzisa isibonelo sesikali "La Minor":

Ukwenza kube lula ukukhumbula, sicela uqaphele ukuthi esikalini esikhulu, kuqala kufika eyesithathu enkulu (ama-semitone angu-4 noma amathoni angu-2), bese kuba encane (ama-semitone angu-3 noma i-semitone + ithoni). Esikalini esincane, kuqala kufika okwesithathu okuncane (ama-semitone ama-3 noma ithoni + i-semitone), bese kuba eyesithathu enkulu (ama-semitone angu-4 noma amathoni angu-2).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungabona ukuthi isikali "A minor" sihlanganisa amanothi afanayo "C enkulu", siqala kuphela inothi "A": A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A. A. ngaphambili kancane, sicaphune lezi zikhiye njengesibonelo salezo ezihambisanayo. Kubonakala sengathi manje yisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuhlala kokhiye abahambisanayo ngokuningiliziwe.

Sithole ukuthi okhiye abahambisanayo bangokhiye abanamanothi aqondana ngokuphelele futhi umehluko phakathi kwethonikhi yokhiye abancane nabakhulu ama-semitones angu-3 (isithathu esincane). Ngenxa yokuthi amanothi ahambisana ngokuphelele, okhiye abahambisanayo banenombolo efanayo kanye nohlobo lwezimpawu (ezibukhali noma amaflethi) kukhiye.

Sigxila kulokhu ngoba ezincwadini eziyisipesheli umuntu angathola incazelo yokhiye abahambisanayo njengalabo abanenombolo efanayo kanye nohlobo lwezimpawu kukhiye. Njengoba ubona, lezi yizinto ezilula futhi eziqondakalayo, kodwa ezishiwo ngolimi lwesayensi. Uhlu oluphelele lwamathoni anjalo ethulwe ngezansi:

Kungani sikudinga lokhu kwaziswa ekwenzeni umculo ongokoqobo? Okokuqala, kunoma yisiphi isimo esingaqondakali, ungadlala i-tonic yokhiye ofanayo futhi uhlukanise umculo. Okwesibili, ngale ndlela uzokwenza kube lula kuwe ukukhetha ingoma nezingoma, uma ungakahlukanisi ngendlebe wonke ama-nuances omsindo womculo. Ngokwazi ukhiye, uzomane ukhawulele usesho lwakho lwamaculo afanelekile kulawo alingana nalo khiye. Ukuchaza kanjani? Lapha okudingeka ukwenze izincazelo ezimbili:

Lolu hlelo lubizwa ngokuthi umbuthano wekota yesihlanu ngoba imisindo eyinhloko yezinkinobho ihlukaniswa ngokwewashi ukusuka komunye nomunye ngeyesihlanu (ama-semitones angu-7), futhi ngokuphambene newashi - okwesine okuphelele (5 semitones). 7 + 5 = 12 amasemitone, okungukuthi indilinga enonya yakha i-octave:

Ngendlela, indlela efana nokuhlela ama-chords aseduze ingasiza abaqambi be-novice abavuse uthando lokubhala, kodwa ukutadisha ithiyori yomculo kusesekuqaleni. Futhi abaqambi asebezuze udumo nabo bayayijwayela le ndlela. Ukuze kucace, sethula izibonelo ezimbalwa.

Ukukhetha amachords engoma “Inkanyezi Ebizwa Ilanga” Iqembu le-Kino:

Futhi nazi izibonelo zomculo wesimanje we-pop:

Ukukhethwa izingoma zengoma ethi "Disarmed" eyenziwe nguPolina Gagarina:

Futhi i-premiere yakamuva ka-2020 ikhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi lo mkhuba uyaphila:

Ukukhetha amachords engoma "Naked King" ibungazwe ngu-Alina Grosu:

Kulabo abajahile ukuqala ukudlala, singabaluleka ividiyo ku-frets nezikali kusukela kumculi nothisha onolwazi u-Alexander Zilkov:

Futhi kulabo abafuna ukujula kulo mbono futhi bafunde kabanzi mayelana nokuvumelana emculweni, sincoma incwadi ethi "Essays on Modern Harmony", eyabhalwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule umhlaziyi wezobuciko, uthisha we-Moscow Conservatory u-Yuri Kholopov, futhi okusabalulekile [Yu. Kholopov, 1974].

Sincoma ukuthi wonke umuntu enze ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa futhi, uma kunesidingo, agcwalise izikhala olwazini ngaphambi kokudlulela esifundweni esilandelayo. Lolu lwazi luzofika kahle, ngakho-ke sikufisela inhlanhla!

Isivivinyo sokuqonda isifundo

Uma ufuna ukuhlola ulwazi lwakho esihlokweni salesi sifundo, ungathatha isivivinyo esifushane esihlanganisa imibuzo embalwa. Inketho engu-1 kuphela engalungela umbuzo ngamunye. Ngemva kokukhetha enye yezinketho, isistimu idlulela ngokuzenzakalela embuzweni olandelayo. Amaphuzu owatholayo athintwa ukunemba kwezimpendulo zakho kanye nesikhathi esichithwe ukudlulisa. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi imibuzo ihlukile isikhathi ngasinye, futhi izinketho ziyashova.

Manje ake siqhubekele ku-polyphony nokuxuba.