Inhlangano |

Late Lat. I-Organum, kusukela esiGrekini. i-organon - ithuluzi

Igama jikelele eziningana. izinhlobo zokuqala zaseYurophu. i-polyphony (ngasekupheleni kwe-9 - maphakathi nekhulu le-13). Ekuqaleni, yizwi elihambisana nalokhu kuphela elalibizwa ngokuthi O., kamuva leli gama laba igama lohlobo lwe-polyphony. Ngomqondo obanzi, i-O. ihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. i-polyphony; kwewumngcingo, amafomu ayo okuqala, aqinile (ukunyakaza okuhambisanayo kweyesine nengxenye yesihlanu, futhi nokwengezwa kwezandiso ze-octave yazo), ngokungafani nalezo ezithuthukiswe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-O. futhi bathola ezabo. amagama ezinhlobo nezinhlobo zama-polygol. izincwadi.

O. ihlanganisa eziningana. izikole ze-polygonal. izincwadi, ngaphezu kwalokho, azihlobene ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokofuzo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-O. (kanye nezigaba eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa kwayo komlando): ukuhambisana (ikhulu le-9-10); mahhala (ikhulu le-11 - phakathi nekhulu le-12); i-melismatic (ngekhulu le-12); i-metrized (ngasekupheleni kwe-12th - 1st ingxenye yekhulu le-13th).

Ngokomlando O., ngokusobala, wandulele okuthiwa. i-paraphony emculweni waseRoma wakamuva (ngokolwazi oluvela ku-Ordo romanum, 7-8 eminyaka; abanye babaculi be-Schola Cantorum kapapa babizwa ngama-paraphonists; kucatshangwa ukuthi bacula ngokuhambisana kwengxenye yesine neyesihlanu). Igama elithi “organicum melos”, elicishe libe nencazelo ethi “O.”, litholwa okokuqala nguJohn Scotus Eriugena (“De divisione naturae”, 866). Amasampuli okuqala e-O. ehlele kithi aqukethwe ngethiyori engaziwa. izihloko ezithi “Musica enchiriadis” nethi “Scholia enchiriadis” (ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye). U-O. usekelwe lapha emculweni wamakhwaya, ophindwa ngongwaqa abaphelele. Izwi elihola ingoma yamakhwaya, naz. i-principalis (vox principalis - izwi eliyinhloko), futhi (kamuva) i-tenor (i-tenor - ukubamba); ukuphindaphinda izwi - i-orgnalis (vox organalis - organ, noma i-organum, izwi). Isigqi asicacisiwe ncamashi, amazwi ane-monorhythmic (isimiso se-punctus contra punctum noma i-nota contra notam). Ngaphezu kokuhambisana okuholela kuquart noma yesihlanu, kukhona ukuphindwa kabili kwe-octave yamazwi (aequisonae - imisindo elinganayo):

Amasampula e-parallel organum avela encwadini ethi Musica enchiriadis (phezulu) kanye ne-Scholia enchiriadis (ngezansi).

Kamuva isiNgisi. Izinhlobonhlobo zika-O. - i-gimel (i-cantus gemellus; i-gemellus - i-double, twin) ivumela umnyakazo ngengxenye yesithathu (isampula eyaziwa kakhulu ye-gimel ihubo lika-St. Magnus Nobilis, humilis).

Esikhathini sika-Guido d'Arezzo, olunye uhlobo lwe-O. lwathuthukiswa - i-O. yamahhala, noma i-diaphonia (ekuqaleni, igama elithi “diaphonia” lalingokwesayensi nethiyori, kanye no-“O.” – incazelo engokoqobo yansuku zonke yento efanayo; ekuqaleni Ngekhulu le-12, amagama athi “diaphonia” kanye “o.” abe izincazelo zamasu ahlukahlukene wokuqamba). Futhi i-monorhythmic, kodwa amazwi akuyo akhululekile ngokomugqa; ukunyakaza okungaqondile, ukunyakaza, kanye nokuphambana kwamazwi kusetshenziswa kabanzi. Ukuvezwa kwezimiso nezibonelo ze-O. – ku-Guido d'Arezzo ku-Microlog (c. 1025-26), encwadini yaseMilanese i-Ad Organum faciendum (c. 1150), ku-John Cotton emsebenzini wakhe othi De musica ( cishe 1100); eminye imithombo iWinchester Troparion (ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1), imibhalo yesandla yezindela zaseSaint-Martial (Limoges, c. 11) kanye neSantiago de Compostela (c. 1150). I-O. yamahhala (kanye nokuhambisana) ivamise ukuba namazwi amabili.

Isampula ye-organum evela kusihloko esithi “Ad Organum faciendum”.

I-O. parallel kanye ne-O. mahhala, ngokohlobo olujwayelekile lokubhala, kufanele kubhekiselwe kakhulu ku-homophony (njengohlobo lwe-chord warehouse noma njengamazwi ayo adlulele) kune-polyphony ngomqondo ojwayelekile.

Kwazalelwa umculo omusha e-O. warehouse - polyphony esekelwe ekuvumelaneni kokuvumelana okuqondile. Lona umlando omkhulu inani le-O., eliphawule umugqa ocijile phakathi kwe-monodic ngokuyisisekelo. ukucabanga kusiko lomculo wabo bonke uDkt. umhlaba (kuhlanganise nenye iMpumalanga), kuyilapho izinhlobo zakuqala zikaKristu. ukucula (1st millennium AD), ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi kusekelwe kulokhu kuvumelana okusha (ngohlobo - polyphonic), isiko Elisha laseNtshonalanga, ngakolunye. Ngakho-ke, ukuqala kwekhulu le-9-10 kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emculweni. izindaba. Ezinkathini ezalandela (kuze kufike ekhulwini lama-20), umculo wabuyekezwa kakhulu, kodwa wahlala uyi-polyphonic. Ngisho nangaphakathi kohlaka lwe-O. yamahhala, kwaba khona ukuphikiswa komsindo owodwa we-principalis yabaningana ku-orgalis. Le ndlela yokubhala yaba eyinhloko ku-melismatic. A. Umsindo onwetshiwe we-tenor (punctus organicus, punctus organalis) ubalele eziningana. kuzwakala kumculo omude kakhulu:

I-Organum evela emibhalweni yesandla yesigodlo sezindela saseSaint-Martial.

I-Melismatic O. (diaphonie basilica) isivele ine-polyphonic ephinyisiwe. uhlamvu. Amasampula e-Melismatic. O. – kumakhodi eSantiago de Compostela, Saint-Martial, futhi ikakhulukazi isikole saseParis saseNotre Dame (ku-“Magnus liber organi” kaLeonin, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-optimus organista – i-oganista ehamba phambili, ngomqondo “we-ogani ehamba phambili ”). Ngokuvumelana. Ikhulu le-12, ngaphezu kwamasiko. enamazwi amabili (dupla) O., amasampula okuqala anamazwi amathathu (tripla) kanye namazwi amane (quadrupla) ayavela. Emazwini amaningana e-Organalis anamagama: i-duplum (i-duplum - yesibili), i-triplum (i-triplum - yesithathu) ne-quadruplum (i-quadruplum - yesine). I-Liturgich. i-tenor isayigcinile incazelo ye-ch. ivoti. Siyabonga nge-melismatic. ukuhlotshiswa kwethoni ngayinye eqhubekayo ye-tenor, isikali esiphelele sokwakheka sikhuphuka siphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi ubude.

Ukusabalala kwezigqi ze-modal kanye nokulinganisa okuqinile kwesonto (kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12) kufakazela ithonya lezici ezikude nesitayela salo sokuqala se-liturgical. izisekelo, futhi uxhume O. nge zezwe kanye Nar. ubuciko. Lokhu ukwehla kwesudi ka-O. Ku-organum kaLeonin, i-melismatic. izingxenye zokwakheka ziyashintshana nezinamamitha. Ngokusobala, i-metrization nayo yanqunywa ukwanda kwenani lamazwi: ukuhlelwa kwamazwi angaphezu kwamabili kwenza isigqi sawo sanemba kakhudlwana. ukuxhumanisa. I-Vershina O. – ezimbili-, ezintathu- ngisho nezine izingxenye ze-Op. I-Perotin (Isikole sase-Notre Dame), ebizwa ngokuthi i-optimus dis-cantor (i-disantist ehamba phambili):

I-Perotin. Kancane kancane “Izimiso zeSederunt” (c. 1199); i-organum quadruplum.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-O., kwavela isigqi se-modal nokulingisa (Saint-Martial, Notre-Dame), kanye nokushintshana kwamazwi (Notre-Dame).

Ngekhulu le-12-13. I-O. ihlanganisa ubuciko be-motet, izibonelo zayo zakuqala ezisondelene kakhulu ne-metrized O.

Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, u-O. – ukucula kukodwa futhi kuhlangene, hhayi ikwaya, esahlala i-monophonic (ngokukaG. Khusman). I-Two- and polyphony O. yayiwumhlobiso wesonto. amaculo, lawo maculo ekuqaleni ayeculwa kuphela emikhosini/emicimbini (isb. izinkonzo zikaKhisimusi). Ngokolwazi oluthile, i-O. yokuqala yenziwa ngokubamba iqhaza kwezinsimbi.

References: Gruber RI, Umlando Wamasiko omculo, vol. 1, ingxenye 1-2, M.-L., 1941; Riemann H., Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1898; Handschin J., Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Organum, “ZfMw”, 1926, Jg. 8, Heft 6; Chevallier L., Les theories harmoniques, encwadini: Encyclopédie de la musique …, (n. 1), P., 1925 (Ukuhunyushwa kwesiRashiya - Chevalier L., Umlando wemfundiso yokuvumelana, ed. kanye nezinezelo M V. .Ivanov-Boretsky, eMoscow, ngo-1932); Wagner R., La paraphonie "Revue de Musicologie", 1928, No 25; I-Perotinus: I-Organum quadruplum “Sederunt principes”, hrsg. v. R. Ficker, W.-Lpz., 1930; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, (1937); Georgiades Thr., Musik und Sprache, B.-Gott.-Hdlb., (1954); Jammers E., Anfänge der abendländischen Musik, Stras.-Kehl, 1955; Waeltner E., Das Organum bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, Hdlb., 1955 (Diss.); Chominski JM, Historia harmonii kanye kontrapunktu, t. 1, (Kr., 1958) (Inguqulo yesi-Ukrainian: Khominsky Y., History of harmony and counterpoint, vol. 1, Kiev, 1975); Dahlhaus G., Zur Theorie des frehen Organum, “Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch”, 1958, (Bd 42); eyakhe, uZur Theorie des Organum im XII. Jahrhundert, ibid., 1964, (Bd 48); Machabey A., Remarques sur le Winchester Troper, ku: Festschrift H. Besseler, Lpz., 1961; Eggebrecht H., Zaminer F., Ad Organum faciendum, Mainz, 1970; Gerold Th., Histoire de la musique…, NY, 1971; Besseler H., Güke P., Schriftbild der mehrstimmigen Musik, Lpz., (1); Reskow F., Organum-Begriff und frühe Mehrstimmigkeit, ku: Forum musicologicum. 1. Basler Studien zur Musikgeschichte, Bd 1973, Bern, 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov