Okhestra |

kusukela ku-orxestra yamaGreki - inkundla eyisiyingi, eyakamuva ye-semicircular yaseshashalazini yasendulo, lapho, ukwenza ukunyakaza okunesigqi, i-chorus yenhlekelele namahlaya icula izingxenye zayo, kusukela ku-orxeomai - ngiyadansa.

Iqembu labaculi abadlala izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezihloselwe ukusebenza ngokuhlanganyela kwemisebenzi yomculo.

Kuze kube ser. Ikhulu le-18 igama elithi “Oh.” kuqondwa emandulo. umqondo, ohlobene nendawo yabaculi (Walther, Lexikon, 1732). Kuphela emsebenzini ka-I. Mattheson “Rediscovered Orchestra” (“Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre”, 1713) igama elithi “O.” kanye nencazelo endala wathola entsha. Okwesimanje kwaqala kwachazwa ngu-JJ Rousseau kusichazamazwi somculo (Dictionnaire de la musique, 1767).

Kunezimiso ezimbalwa zokuhlukanisa zika-O.: eyinhloko ukuhlukaniswa kuka-O. ngokusho kwe-instr. ukwakheka. Hlukanisa phakathi kwezingoma ezixubile, okuhlanganisa izinsimbi zamaqembu ahlukene (i-symphonic O., estr. O.), kanye ne-homogeneous (isibonelo, i-orchestra yeyunithi yezinhlamvu, ibhendi yethusi, izinsimbi zomculo we-O. ezishaywayo). Ukuqanjwa kwe-homogeneous kunezigaba zazo: isibonelo, insimbi yomculo weyunithi yezinhlamvu ingase iqukathe izinsimbi ezikhotheme noma ezihlutshiwe; Emoyeni O., ukwakheka okulinganayo kuyahlukaniswa - ukwakheka kwethusi ("igenge") noma okuxutshwe, nokwengezwa kwemimoya yokhuni, kwesinye isikhathi ukushaywa. Umgomo ka-O. wokuhlukaniswa usuka ekuqokweni kwabo eminyuziyamu. ukuzijwayeza. Kukhona, isibonelo, ibhendi yezempi, i-estr. O. Uhlobo olukhethekile luka-O. lumelwe eziningi. nat. ama-ensembles kanye no-O. Nar. amathuluzi, womabili ayafana ekwakhiweni (i-domrovy O.), futhi axutshiwe (ikakhulukazi, i-orchestra ye-Neapolitan, ehlanganisa ama-mandolin neziginci, i-taraf). Abanye babo baba ochwepheshe (i-Great Russian Orchestra, eyakhiwe ngu-VV Andreev, i-O. Uzbek folk instruments, ehlelwe yi-AI Petrosyants, nabanye). Okwa-O. nat. izinsimbi zomculo zase-Afrika nase-Indonesia ziphawuleka ngezingoma ezidlalwa kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo. gamelan, O. izigubhu, O. oxylophones. Emazweni aseYurophu uhlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lwe-joint instr. ukusebenza kwaba yi-symphonic. O., ehlanganisa izinsimbi ezikhotheme, umoya nezishaywayo. Zonke izingxenye zezintambo zenziwa nge-symphony. O. ngeqembu lonke (okungenani abaculi ababili); lo O. uhlukile ku-instr. ensemble, lapho umculi ngamunye edlala otd. iphathi.

Umlando we-symphony. O. ihlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17. Amathuluzi amakhulu amaqoqo ayekhona ngaphambili - emandulo, iNkathi Ephakathi, ku-Renaissance. Ngekhulu le-15-16. emikhosini. amacala aqoqwa adv. ama-ensembles, i-to-rye yayihlanganisa yonke imindeni yezinsimbi: izintambo ezikhotheme nezihlutshiwe, imimoya yokhuni neyethusi, amakhibhodi. Nokho, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-17. kwakungekho ama-ensembles asebenza njalo; ukudlalwa komculo kwanqunywa emikhosini neminye imicimbi. Ukubukeka kuka-O. incazelo yegama ihlotshaniswa nokuvela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17. izinhlobo ezintsha zomculo we-homophonic, njenge-opera, i-oratorio, i-solo wok. ikhonsathi, lapho u-O. aqala khona ukwenza umsebenzi wokuhambisana nezinsimbi zamazwi ezwi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqoqo afana no-O. ngokuvamile ayenamanye amagama. Yebo, isiNtaliyane. abaqambi con. 16 - cela. Ikhulu le-17 ngokuvamile lalichazwa ngamagama athi “ikhonsathi” (ngokwesibonelo, “Concerti di voci e di stromenti” y M. Galliano), “isonto”, “ikwaya”, njll.

Ukuthuthuka kuka-O. kwanqunywa abaningi. impahla kanye nobuciko. izici. Phakathi kwazo kukhona oku-3 okubaluleke kakhulu: ukuvela kwe-orc. izinsimbi (ukusungulwa kwezintsha, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindala, ukunyamalala kwezinsimbi ezingasasebenzi emisebenzini yomculo), ukuthuthukiswa kwe-orc. ukusebenza (izindlela ezintsha zokudlala, indawo yabaculi esiteji noma emgodini we-orc, abaphathi be-O.), lapho umlando wama-orcs ngokwawo uxhumeke. amaqoqo, futhi, ekugcineni, ushintsho ku-orc. ingqondo yabaqambi. Ngakho-ke, emlandweni we-O., izinto ezibonakalayo nezomculo zobuhle zihlangene eduze. Izingxenye. Ngakho-ke, uma sicubungula isiphetho sika-O., asisho kangako umlando wezinsimbi noma i-ork. izitayela, zingaki izingxenye ezibonakalayo zokuthuthukiswa kwe-O. Umlando ka-O. mayelana nalokhu uhlukaniswe ngokwemibandela ngezinkathi ezintathu: O. kusukela cishe ku-1600 kuya ku-1750; A. 2nd floor. 18 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 (cishe ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala 1-1914); O. Ikhulu lama-18 (ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe I).

O. esikhathini 17 – 1st floor. Ikhulu le-18 Kusukela ku-Renaissance, u-O. uthole ifa lokudlala elicebile ngokuya nokukhetha kwe-timbre ne-tessitura. Izimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukaniswa kwe-orc. amathuluzi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 kwakuyi: 1) ukuhlukaniswa kwamathuluzi ngokomzimba. ubunjalo bomzimba ozwakalayo ube yizintambo nomoya, okuhlongozwe u-A. Agazzari kanye noM. Pretorius; laba baphinde baqoka izigubhu. Kodwa-ke, ngokukaPretorius, inhlangano, isibonelo, izintambo zihlanganisa zonke izinsimbi “ezinezintambo ezinwetshiwe”, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihluke kangakanani ekukhiqizweni kwe-timbre nomsindo - ama-viol, ama-violin, amahabhu, izigubhu, amahabhu, icilongo, i-monochord, i-clavichord. , cembalo, njll. 2) Ukuhlukaniswa kwamathuluzi ngaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo ngokuya nge-tessitura enqunywa usayizi wawo. Yavela kanje imindeni yezinsimbi ezilinganayo, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa 4, ngezinye izikhathi izinhlobo eziningi ze-tessitura ezihambisana namazwi abantu (soprano, alto, tenor, bass). Zethulwa ematafuleni ezinsimbi engxenyeni 2 ye "Code of Musical Science" ("Syntagma musicum", ingxenye II, 1618). Abaqambi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16-17. ngakho-ke, babenemindeni yamagatsha yezintambo, imimoya nokushaywa. Phakathi kwemindeni yezintambo, ama-viols (i-treble, i-alto, i-bass enkulu, i-bass ephindwe kabili; izinhlobo ezikhethekile - i-viol d'amour, i-baritone, i-viola-bastard), amahabhu (kuhlanganise ne-da braccio), ama-violin (izintambo ezi-4 zezintambo, i-tenor, i-bass, IsiFulentshi esinezintambo ezi-3 - i-pochette, i-treble encane eshuniswe okwesine phezulu), izinsimbi (lute, theorbo, archilute, njll.). Izinsimbi zomculo womtshingo (umndeni wemitshingo yobude) zazivamile phakathi kwezinsimbi ezifuthwayo; izinsimbi ezinomhlanga ophindwe kabili: umtshingo (phakathi kwazo iqembu lamabhomu ukusuka ku-bass pommer kuya kumbhobho we-treble), izimpondo ezigwegwile - krummhorns; izinsimbi ze-embouchure: i-zinc yokhuni nethambo, i-trombones decomp. osayizi, amapayipi; i-percussion (i-timpani, amasethi ezinsimbi, njll.). Wok-instr. ukucabanga kwabaqambi bekhulu le-17 kusekelwe ngokuqinile esimisweni se-tessitura. Wonke amazwi nezinsimbi ze-treble tessitura, kanye nezinsimbi ze-alto, i-tenor ne-bass tessitura, zahlanganiswa ngazwi linye (izingxenye zazo zaqoshwa emgqeni owodwa).

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokuvela onqenqemeni lwekhulu le-16-17. isitayela se-homophonic, kanye ne-homophonic-polyphonic. izinhlamvu (JS Bach, GF Handel nabanye abaqambi), zaba yi-basso qhubeka (bona i-General bass); kulokhu, kanye ne-melodic. amazwi nezinsimbi (violin, violas, izinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene) kwavela okuthiwa. iqembu eliqhubekayo. Ithuluzi ukwakheka kwalo kushintshile, kodwa umsebenzi walo (ukwenza i-bass nokuvumelana kwe-polygonal ehambisanayo) ahlalanga angashintshile. Esikhathini sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwe-opera (isibonelo, izikole ze-opera yase-Italy), iqembu le-continuo lalihlanganisa i-ogani, i-cembalo, i-lute, i-orbo, nehabhu; esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 inani lamathuluzi akulo liyancipha kakhulu. Ezinsukwini zikaBach, Handel, abaqambi baseFrance. I-Classicism ilinganiselwe ensimbini yekhibhodi (emculweni wesonto - isitho, ukushintshana ne-cembalo, ezinhlotsheni zezwe - i-cembalos eyodwa noma ezimbili, ngezinye izikhathi i-theorbo ku-opera) kanye namabhesi - i-cello, i-double bass (Violono), ngokuvamile i-bassoon.

Okwe-O. 1st floor. Ikhulu le-17 elibonakala ngokungazinzi kwezingoma, okubangelwa izizathu eziningi. Enye yazo ukubuyekezwa kwamasiko eRenaissance ekukhetheni nasekuqoqweni kwezinsimbi. I-instrumentation ibuyekezwe kakhulu. Bawushiya umculo. imikhuba ye-lute, i-viol, i-violin exoshwa - izinsimbi zethoni enamandla. Amabhomu agcina enikeze ithuba kuma-bassoon athuthukiswe kusuka ku-bass pommer kanye nama-oboe akhiwa kabusha epayipini elinezintambo; i-zinc iphelile. Imitshingo yeLongitudinal ikhishwa imitshingo ephambanayo eyedlula yona ngamandla omsindo. Inani lezinhlobo ze-tessitura lehlile. Nokho, le nqubo ayizange iphele ngisho nangekhulu le-18; isibonelo, izintambo ezinjenge-violino piccolo, i-violoncello piccolo, kanye ne-lute, i-viola da gamba, i-viol d'amour, ngokuvamile ivela ku-orchestra ye-Bach.

UDkt isizathu sokungaqini kahle kwezingoma ukukhethwa okungahleliwe kwamathuluzi ku-adv. izindlu ze-opera noma ama-cathedrals. Njengomthetho, abaqambi babhala umculo hhayi ukwakheka okujwayelekile okwamukelekayo, okuzinzile, kodwa ukwakheka kwe-O. echaziwe. ithiyetha noma i-priv. amasonto. Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-17 ekhasini lesihloko lamaphuzu, kwakuvame ukubhalwa umbhalo othi: “buone da cantare et suonare” (“ukulungele ukucula nokudlala”). Kwesinye isikhathi kumaphuzu noma ekhasini lesihloko ukuqanjwa okwakukhona kule thiyetha kwalungiswa, njengoba kwakunjalo kumphumela we-opera kaMoneverdi u-Orfeo (1607), ayibhalela inkantolo. yaseshashalazini e-Mantua.

Ukushintsha amathuluzi ahlobene nobuhle obusha. izicelo, zibe negalelo kushintsho lwangaphakathi. izinhlangano O. Ukuzinza kancane kancane kwe-ork. izingoma zahamba ngokuyinhloko ngokulandelana kwemvelaphi yesimanje. nathi umqondo we-orc. iqembu elihlanganisa amathuluzi ahlobene ne-timbre kanye ne-dynamic. izakhiwo. Umehluko weqembu lezintambo ezikhotheme ze-timbre-homogeneous-violin ezinosayizi abahlukene-zenzeka ikakhulukazi ekusebenzeni (ngokokuqala ngqa ngo-1610 ku-opera ekhothame yaseParis ethi "24 Violins of the King"). Ngo-1660-85, iRoyal Chapel kaCharles II yahlelwa eLondon ngokusho kwemodeli yaseParis - insimbi ehlanganisa ama-violin angu-24.

I-crystallization yeqembu lezintambo ngaphandle kwama-viols namalute (ama-violin, i-violas, i-cellos, ama-bass aphindwe kabili) kwaba ukunqoba okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-opera yekhulu le-17, eyaboniswa ngokuyinhloko ekudaleni okusebenzayo. I-opera kaPurcell ethi Dido and Aeneas (1689) yayibhalelwe ihabhu elikhotheme eline-continuo; ukungezwa kwezinsimbi zomculo ezintathu eziphefumulayo - uCadmus noHermione kaLully (1673). Amaqembu e-woodwind nawethusi awakakabi sesimweni ku-baroque orthodoxy, nakuba zonke imimoya yokhuni eyinhloko, ngaphezu kwama-clarinets (umtshingo, ama-oboe, ama-bassoon), sezivele zethulwa ku-O. Kuzikolo zika-JB Lully, i-wind trio kuvame ukufakwa ohlwini: 2 oboes (noma 2 imitshingo) kanye bassoon, futhi F. Rameau's operas (“Castor and Pollux, 1737) iyiqembu elingaphelele lemimoya yokhuni: imitshingo, oboes, bassoon. Ku-orchestra ka-Bach, ukukhanga kwakhe ngokwemvelo ezinsimbini zekhulu le-17. kuphinde kuthinte ukukhethwa kwezinsimbi zomculo: izinhlobo zakudala ze-oboe - oboe d`amore, i-oboe da caccia (isibonelo sophondo lwesimanje lwesiNgisi) zisetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-bassoon noma ngemitshingo emi-2 ne-bassoon. Inhlanganisela yezinsimbi zethusi iphinde ithuthuke kusukela kumaqoqo ohlobo lweRenaissance (isibonelo, i-zinc nama-trombones angu-3 ku-Scheidt's Concertus Sacri) kuya emaqenjini endawo adlalwa ngethusi (amacilongo ama-3 nama-timpani ku-Bach's Magnificat, amacilongo angu-3 ane-timpani nezimpondo kweyakhe ikani. No. 205). Ubuningi. Ukwakheka kuka-O. kwakungakabi bikho ukwakheka ngaleso sikhathi. Izintambo. iqembu ngezinye izikhathi laliba lincane futhi lingaphelele, kuyilapho ukukhethwa kwezinsimbi ezifuthwayo ngokuvamile kwakungahleliwe (bheka Ithebula 1).

Kusukela esitezi sokuqala. Ukuhlukaniswa kwekhulu le-1 kwenziwa. izingoma eziphathelene nomsebenzi womphakathi womculo, indawo yokusebenza kwawo, izethameli. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingoma zibe yisonto, i-opera nekhonsathi nakho kwakuhlotshaniswa nemibono yesonto, i-opera nezitayela zegumbi. Ukukhethwa kanye nenani lamathuluzi ekuqanjweni ngakunye kusashintshashintsha kakhulu; nokho, i-opera opera (i-Handel's oratorios nayo yenziwa endlini ye-opera) yayivame ukugcwala izinsimbi eziphefumulayo kunekhonsathi. Mayelana ne-dif. ezimweni zesakhiwo, kanye nezintambo, imitshingo nama-obo, amacilongo kanye ne-timpani, ama-trombones ayevame ukuba khona kuwo (Esigcawini Sesihogo e-Monteverdi's Orpheus, kwasetshenziswa i-zinc ne-trombones). Ngezinye izikhathi kwakwethulwa umtshingo omncane (“Rinaldo” nguHandel); engxenyeni yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu le-18. kuvela uphondo. Esontweni. O. ifake isitho somzimba (eqenjini le-continuo noma njengethuluzi lekhonsathi). Esontweni. O. ku-op. I-Bach, kanye nezintambo, imimoya yokhuni (imitshingo, ama-oboe), ngezinye izikhathi amapayipi ane-timpani, izimpondo, ama-trombones, amazwi e-choir aphindwe kabili (cantata No 17), avame ukunikezwa. Njengasebandleni, kanjalo nasezidalweni ze-O. indima idlalwe yizinsimbi zokuzibophezela (bona i-Obligate) ezihambisana nokucula yedwa: i-violin, i-cello, umtshingo, i-oboe, njll.

Ukwakhiwa kwekhonsathi ye-O. kuncike ngokuphelele endaweni nemvelo yokudlala umculo. Okwemikhosi. i-adv. imikhosi ye-baroque (ukubekwa esihlalweni, umshado), ema-cathedrals kanye nezinkonzo zokukhulekela. kuzwakale umculo instr. amakhonsathi kanye nemidlalo yobumnandi eyenziwa yinkantolo. abaculi.

Imfihlo yezwe. amakhonsathi ayebanjelwa kokubili endlini ye-opera nasendaweni evulekile - kumasquerade, udwendwe, iziqhumane, "emanzini", kanye nasemahholo ezinqaba zomndeni noma izigodlo. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zamakhonsathi zidingeka ngoDisemba. amaculo O. kanye nenani labadlali. Ku-“Music for Fireworks” ka-Handel, odlalwa eGreen Park yaseLondon ngomhla ka-27 Apr. 1749, umoya nokushaywayo kuphela (ubuncane bezinsimbi ezingama-56); enguqulweni yekhonsathi, eyenziwa ngemva kwenyanga esibhedlela i-Foundling, umqambi, ngaphezu kwamacilongo angu-9, izimpondo ezingu-9, ama-oboes angu-24, ama-bassoon angu-12, i-percussion, futhi wasebenzisa izinsimbi zomculo. Ekuthuthukisweni kwe-conc yangempela. O. indima enkulu yadlalwa yizinhlobo zenkathi yeBaroque njenge-concerto grosso, solo concerto, orc. suite. Ukuncika komqambi kokutholakalayo - ngokuvamile okuncane - ukuqanjwa kuyaphawuleka nalapha. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nangaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, umqambi uvame ukubeka imisebenzi ekhethekile ye-virtuoso ne-timbre ehambisana nesitayela segumbi lamakhonsathi e-homophonic-polyphonic. isisekelo. Lawa ama-Concerto ayi-6 aseBrandenburg ase-Bach (1721), ngalinye linokwakheka komuntu ngamunye kwabadlali abacula yedwa, abalulwe kahle nguBach. Kwezinye izimo, umqambi ubonise ukuwohloka. okuhlukile kokuqanjwa kwe-ad libitum (A. Vivaldi).

Izidalwa. Ukwakheka kwe-orchestra yenkathi ye-Baroque kwathonywa izimiso ze-stereophonic (ngomqondo wesimanje) zomculo wamakwaya amaningi. Umqondo we-spatial juxtaposition of sounds wamukelwa ngekhulu le-17. kusukela ekwayeni. i-antiphonal polyphony yekhulu le-16. Indawo yamakwaya amaningana. kanye ne-instr. Izindlu zesonto emakwayani amakhulu adala umphumela wokuhlukaniswa kwendawo yesonority. Lo mkhuba waqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu eSontweni LaseSt Mark eVenice, lapho uG. Gabrieli ayesebenza khona, wayejwayelene noG. Schutz, owayefunda naye, kanye noS. Scheidt nabanye abaqambi. Ukubonakaliswa okwedlulele kwesiko le-multi-choir wok.-instr. Incwadi yenziwa ngo-1628 e-Salzburg Cathedral ngu-O. Benevoli, imisa lomkhosi, okwathatha amakhwaya angu-8 (ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi sakhe, ayekhona ngisho nayi-12). Umthelela womqondo wamakhwaya amaningi awuzange ubonakale kuphela ku-polyphonic yehlelo. umculo (i-Bach's Matthew Passion yabhalelwa amakhwaya ama-2 nama-opera ama-2), kodwa futhi nangezinhlobo zezwe. Umgomo we-concerto grosso ukuhlukaniswa kwenqwaba yabadlali emaqenjini amabili angalingani enza i-decomp. imisebenzi: i-concertino - iqembu labacula ngabodwana kanye ne-concerto grosso (ikhonsathi enkulu) - iqembu elihambisanayo, liphinde lasetshenziswa ku-O. oratorio, i-opera (Handel).

Isimo sabaculi baka-O. benkathi ye-1600-1750 sibonisa konke ukuthambekela okukhulunywe ngenhla. Ngokuqondene nemidwebo eyanikezwa izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zekhulu le-18 nemibhalo eqoshiwe isivumela ukuba sahlulele, indawo yabaculi be-O. yayihluke ngokuphawulekayo kuleyo eyasetshenziswa kamuva. Indawo yokuhlala yabaculi endlini ye-opera, conc. ihholo noma isonto lombhishobhi lalidinga izixazululo zomuntu ngamunye. Isikhungo se-opera opera kwakuyi-chambalo yomphathi webhendi kanye namabhesi anezintambo atholakala eduze kwayo - i-cello kanye namabhesi akabili. Kwesokudla somphathi webhendi kwakunezintambo. izinsimbi, ngakwesobunxele - izinsimbi zomoya (woodwinds nezimpondo), eziqoqwe eduze kwesibili, ezihambisana ne-cembalo. Izintambo zazikhona lapha. amabhesi, i-therbo, ama-bassoon, okuthi kanye ne-cembalo yesibili kwakha iqembu le-continuo.

Indawo yabaculi ku-orchestra ye-opera ngekhulu le-18. (kusuka encwadini: Quantz J., Versuch einer Anweisung, die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, Berlin, p. 134).

Ekujuleni (ngakwesokudla) amapayipi nama-timpani ayengafakwa. Ekwakhiweni kwekhonsathi, abacula ngabodwana babephambili eduze nomphathi webhendi, okube nesandla ebhalansini ye-sonority. Ukucaciswa kwelungiselelo elinjalo lokuhlala kwakuyinhlanganisela esebenzayo yezinsimbi ezakha imisindo eminingana ehlukaniswe ngokwendawo: amaqembu ama-continuo angu-2, iqembu le-concertino ekhonsathini, ngezinye izikhathi ku-opera, amaqembu amakhulu a-2 ahlukene (izintambo, awokhuni) azungeze ama-cembalo angu-2. . Isakhiwo esinjalo sasidinga ukuphathwa kwezigaba eziningi. Ingxenye yabaculi ilandele i-chambalo ehambisana nayo, u-O. wonkana, ilandele i-chambalo yomphathi weqembu. Indlela yokulawula okukabili nayo isetshenziswe kabanzi (bheka Ukwenza).

A. 2nd floor. 18 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 O. le nkathi, ehlanganisa ukubola okunjalo. izenzakalo zesitayela ezifana nesikole sakudala saseViennese, i-romanticism, ukunqoba ezothando. izitayela, impressionism futhi eziningi ezingafani nomunye, ababenabo. ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezikole zikazwelonke, nokho, kubonakala ngenqubo eyodwa evamile. Lokhu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-orc. amathuluzi, axhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa okucacile kokuthungwa ngokuma mpo ngesisekelo se-harmonic ye-homophonic. ukucabanga. Ithole ukuvezwa esakhiweni sokusebenza se-orc. indwangu (egqamisa imisebenzi yomculo, ibhesi, ukuvumelana okuqhubekayo, i-orc. i-pedal, i-counterpoint, umfanekiso kuyo). Izisekelo zale nqubo zibekwe ngesikhathi seminyuziyamu yaseViennese. ezakudala. Ekupheleni kwayo, kwadalwa i-orc. ama-apparatus (kokubili ngokubunjwa kwezinsimbi kanye nenhlangano yangaphakathi yokusebenza), okwaba njengokungathi, indawo yokuqala yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwama-romantics nabaqambi ngesiRashiya. izikole.

Isibonakaliso esibaluleke kakhulu sokuvuthwa yi-homophonic harmonic. izitayela ku-orc. ukucabanga komculo - kuyabuna ngekota yesi-3. Amaqembu e-basso continuo ekhulwini le-18 Umsebenzi ohambisanayo we-cembalo nesitho wangqubuzana nendima ekhulayo ye-orc efanele. ukuzwana. Bayanda i-alien orc. abantu besikhathi sakhe nabo babecabanga ukuthi i-timbre ye-harpsichord izozwakala. Noma kunjalo, ohlotsheni olusha - ama-symphonies - ithuluzi lekhibhodi elenza umsebenzi we-basso continuo (chembalo) lisavamile - kwamanye ama-symphonies esikole saseMannheim (J. Stamitz, A. Fils, K. Cannabih), ekuqaleni ama-symphonies ka-J. Haydn. Esontweni. Emculweni, umsebenzi we-basso continuo wasinda kwaze kwaba ngama-90s. Ikhulu le-18 (i-Mozart's Requiem, iMisa kaHaydn).

Emsebenzini wabaqambi be-Viennese classic. Isikole sicabanga kabusha ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto, ithiyetha nezingoma ze-O. Kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 igama elithi “isonto O.” empeleni yaphela amandla. Igama elithi “igumbi” laqala ukusetshenziswa ku-ensembles, ukuphikiswa i-orc. ukusebenza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umehluko phakathi kwezingoma ze-opera kanye nekhonsathi ye-opera waba nokubaluleka okukhulu. Uma ukwakheka kwe-opera O. kakade sekuyikhulu le-18. ehlukaniswa ngokuphelela nokuhlukahluka kwamathuluzi, bese kuba i-conc yangempela. ukwakheka, kanye nezinhlobo ze-symphony kanye nekhonsathi eyedwa ngokwazo, kwakusekuncane, kuphele ngo-L. Beethoven kuphela.

Ukwenziwa kwekristalu kwezingoma zika-O. kuqhubeke ngokuhambisana nokuvuselelwa kwezinsimbi. Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 ngenxa yoshintsho kubuhle. izimiso zomculo. imikhuba yashabalala. izinsimbi - theorbos, viols, oboes d'amore, imitshingo longitudinal. Kwaklanywa amathuluzi amasha acebisa isikali se-timbre ne-tessitura se-O. Ukuba khona kwendawo yonke ku-opera ngeminyaka yama-80s. Ikhulu le-18 lathola i-clarinet eyaklanywa (c. 1690) ngu-I. Denner. Ukwethulwa kwe-clarinet ku-symphony. O. iphele ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 ukwakheka umoya wokhuni. amaqembu. Uphondo lwe-basset (i-corno di bassetto), i-alto ehlukahlukene ye-clarinet, yasinda isikhathi esifushane sokuchuma. Efuna umoya ophansi. abaqambi be-bass baphendukela ku-contrabassoon (i-Haydn's oratorio).

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 umqambi wayesancike ngokuqondile ekuqanjweni okutholakalayo kuka-O. Ngokuvamile ukwakheka kwe-classical yokuqala. O. 1760-70s. kuncishiswe kube ama-oboes ama-2, izimpondo ezi-2 nezintambo. Yayingahlanganisiwe eYurophu. O. kanye nenani lezinsimbi ezingaphakathi kwezintambo. amaqembu. i-adv. O., e-Krom bekunezintambo ezingaphezu kwe-12. izinsimbi, zazibhekwa njengezinkulu. Noma kunjalo, isesitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 mayelana nentando yeningi yomculo. impilo, isidingo sezingoma ezizinzile ze-O. sakhula. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-O., pl. okwathi kamuva kwaziwa kabanzi: O. “Amakhonsathi Okomoya” (concert spirituel) eParis, u-O. Gewandhaus eLeipzig (1781), amakhonsathi ka-O. Ob-va we-conservatory eParis (1828). (Bheka ithebula 2)

E-Russia, izinyathelo zokuqala ekudalweni kwe-O. zathathwa kuphela engxenyeni yesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 Ngo-1672, mayelana nokudalwa kwe-adv. t-ra eMoscow bamenywa kwamanye amazwe. abaculi. Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-18 uPeter I wethula umculo weqembu eRussia (bona Umculo Wezempi). Ngama-30s. Ikhulu le-18 ngesiRashiya Indawo yaseshashalazini nempilo yekhonsathi ithuthuka egcekeni. Ngo-1731, kwamiswa izifunda zenkantolo yokuqala eSt. O., ehlanganisa amazwe angaphandle. abaculi (kanye naye kwakukhona abafundi Russian). I-orchestra yayihlanganisa izintambo, imitshingo, ama-bassoon, iqembu lethusi elingenayo i-trombones, i-timpani, ne-clavi-chambalos (abantu abangafika kwabangu-40 sebebonke). Ngo-1735, umNtaliyane wamenywa eSt. iqembu le-opera eliholwa ngu-F. Araya, amaRussia adlala ku-O. adv. abaculi. Esitezi sesi-2. 18th century adv. U-O. uhlukaniswe waba amaqembu angu-2: “abaculi bekhamera be-O yokuqala.” (ngokusho kwezifundazwe ze-1791-47 abantu, umphelezeli u-K. Canobbio) kanye "nabaculi be-O. besibili bayigumbi lebhola elifanayo" (abantu abangu-43, u-VA Pashkevich). I-O. yokuqala cishe yayihlanganisa abantu bezinye izizwe, okwesibili - abavela eRussia. abaculi. Amaseva ayesabalele; abanye babo babengochwepheshe kakhulu. I-orchestra NP Sheremetev (izizinda Ostankino futhi Kuskovo, abaculi 43) wathola udumo olukhulu.

Ku-symph. umsebenzi ka-L. Beethoven wagcina ucwebezele "i-classical", noma "i-Beethovenian", ukwakheka kwama-symphonies. A: izintambo, ukwakheka okubhanqiwe kwemimoya yokhuni (imitshingo emi-2, ama-oboe ama-2, ama-clarinets ama-2, ama-bassoon ama-2), izimpondo ezi-2 (3 noma 4), amacilongo ama-2, i-timpani engu-2 (engxenyeni yesi-2 yekhulu le-19 yayihlukaniswa njengencane. uphawu lokuqamba O.). Nge-symphony yesi-9 (1824), u-Beethoven wabeka isisekelo sokwakheka okukhulu (ngencazelo yesimanje) yama-symphonies. A: izintambo, amapheya okhuni anezinsimbi ezengeziwe (imitshingo emi-2 nomtshingo omncane, ama-oboes angu-2, ama-clarinets angu-2, ama-bassoon angu-2 ne-contrabassoon), izimpondo ezi-4, amacilongo angu-2, ama-trombones angu-3 (asetshenziswe okokuqala ekugcineni kwe-symphony yesi-5), i-timpani , unxantathu, amasimbali, isigubhu sebhesi. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo. (1822) Ama-trombones angu-3 aphinde asetshenziswa ku-F. Schubert ethi “Unfinished Symphony”. Kuma-operas wekhulu le-18. mayelana nezimo zasesiteji kufakwe izinsimbi ebezingafakwanga ku-conc. ukwakheka kophawu A: piccolo, contrabassoon. Eqenjini le-percussion, ngaphezu kwe-timpani, ephethe isigqi. ukusebenza, ukuhlangana okuphikelelayo kwavela, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kuziqephu zasempumalanga (okuthiwa umculo waseTurkey noma “umculo weJanissary”): isigubhu sebhesi, amasimbali, unxantathu, kwesinye isikhathi isigubhu sogibe (“Iphigenia in Tauris” kaGluck, “The Ukuthunjwa kuSeraglio” nguMozart). Emnyangweni Kwezinye izimo, kuvela izinsimbi (Glcckenspiel, Mozart's Magic Flute), tam-toms (Gosseca's Funeral March for the Death of Mirabeau, 1791).

amashumi eminyaka okuqala ekhulu le-19. okuphawuleka ngokuthuthuka okukhulu komoya. amathuluzi asuse ukushiyeka okufana nephimbo elingamanga, ukuntuleka kwe-chromatic. izikali zezinsimbi zethusi. Umtshingo, futhi kamuva neminye imimoya yokhuni. izinsimbi zazifakwe umshini we-valve (ukusungulwa kwe-T. Boehm), izimpondo zemvelo namapayipi kwakufakwe umshini we-valve, okwenza isikali sawo sibe chromatic. Ngama-30s. U-A. Sachs uthuthukise i-bass clarinet futhi waklama izinsimbi ezintsha (ama-saxhorn, ama-saxophone).

Umfutho omusha ekuthuthukisweni kuka-O. unikezwe i-romanticism. Ngokuchuma komculo wohlelo, ukuma kwezwe nokumnandi. isici ku-opera, ukusesha kwe-orc kwagqama. umbala kanye nedrama. i-timbre expressiveness. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaqambi (KM Weber, P. Mendelssohn, P. Schubert) ekuqaleni bahlala ngaphakathi kohlaka lokubunjwa kwe-opera (ku-opera ngokubandakanyeka kwezinhlobonhlobo: umtshingo omncane, uphondo lwesiNgisi, njll.). Ukusetshenziswa ngokongayo kwezinsiza zika-O. kungokwemvelo ku-MI Glinka. I-Coloristic ingcebo ye-O. yakhe itholakala ngesisekelo sezintambo. amaqembu omoya namapheya (ngezinsimbi ezengeziwe); unamathisela ama-trombone ezimpondweni nasemapayipini (3, kuyaqabukela 1). U-G. Berlioz uthathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu ekusebenziseni amathuba amasha ka-O.. Ethula izimfuno ezandisiwe zedrama, isikali somsindo, u-Berlioz wandisa kakhulu ukwakheka kuka-O. Ku-Fantastic Symphony (1830), wandisa izintambo. iqembu, elibonisa inani eliqondile labadlali kumphumela: okungenani i-violin yokuqala engu-15 neyesibili engu-15, ama-viola angu-10, ama-cello angu-11, amabhesi aphindwe kabili angu-9. Kulokhu op. mayelana nokuhleleka kwakhe okugcizelelwe, umqambi wasuka emehlukweni oqinile wangaphambili phakathi kwe-opera nekhonsathi. izingoma ngokufaka uphawu. O. sici ngombala. amathuluzi wokuhlela, njengesiNgisi. uphondo, i-clarinet encane, amahabhu (2), izinsimbi. Ubukhulu beqembu lethusi banda, ngaphezu kwezimpondo ezi-4, amacilongo angu-2 nama-trombones angu-3, ​​kwakuhlanganisa ama-cornets-a-piston angu-2 nama-ophicleides angu-2 (kamuva athathelwa indawo ama-tubas).

Umsebenzi kaR. Wagner waba inkathi emlandweni ka-O. Koloristich. ukucinga nokulwela ukuminyana kokuthungwa osekuvele kuse-Lohengrin kuholele ekwenyukeni kwe-orc. kuze kufike ekuqanjweni okuphindwe kathathu (imvamisa imitshingo emi-3 noma imitshingo emi-2 nomtshingo omncane, ama-oboes ama-3 noma ama-obo ama-2 nophondo lwesiNgisi, ama-clarinets ama-3 noma ama-clarinets ama-2 nama-bass clarinet, ama-bassoon ama-3 noma ama-bassoon angu-2 kanye ne-contrabassoon, izimpondo ezi-4, amacilongo ama-3, 3 itrombone, bass tuba, izigubhu, izintambo). Ngawo-1840 waqeda ukwakheka kwesimanje. iqembu lethusi, elihlanganisa izimpondo ezi-4, amacilongo angu-2-3, ama-trombones angu-3 ne-tuba (okokuqala kwethulwa ngu-Wagner ku-Faust overture naku-opera Tannhäuser). Ku-"Ring of the Nibelung" u-O. waba yilungu elibaluleke kakhulu leminyuziyamu. idrama. Indima ehamba phambili ye-timbre kuzici ze-leitmotif kanye nosesho lwamadrama. inkulumo kanye namandla. Amandla omsindo ashukumise umqambi ukuthi ethule isikali se-timbre esihlukaniswe ngokukhethekile sibe ngu-O. (ngokwengeza izinhlobo ze-tessitura zezinsimbi zomoya zokhuni namapayipi). Ukwakheka kwe-O., ngaleyo ndlela, kwenyuke kwaba kane. U-Wagner uqinise iqembu lethusi ngequartet yophondo lwesiFulentshi (noma "Wagner") amashubhu aklanywe ngendlela yakhe (bheka i-Tuba). Izimfuno ezenziwe umqambi kuhlelo lwe-virtuoso orc zikhule kakhulu. abaculi.

Indlela eshiwo u-Wagner (ingxenye eqhutshwe ngu-A. Bruckner ohlotsheni lwe-symphony) kwakungeyona yodwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo emsebenzini ka-I. Brahms, J. Bizet, S. Frank, G. Verdi, phakathi kwabaqambi baseRussia. Isikole besisaqhubeka sithuthukisa umugqa "wakudala" we-orchestration futhi sicabanga kabusha inqwaba yezothando. izitayela. Ku-orchestra ye-PI Tchaikovsky, ukucinga kwengqondo. ukugqama kwe-timbre kwahlanganiswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-ork okonga kakhulu. izimali. Yenqaba ukunwetshwa kwe-orc. Imishini kuma-symphonies (ukwakheka kwepheya, ngokuvamile okuhlanganisa imitshingo emi-3), umqambi osebenza ohlelweni kuphela, kuma-opera akamuva nama-ballet aphendukela kumphelelisi. imibala ye-orc. ama-palettes (isb. uphondo lwesiNgisi, i-bass clarinet, ihabhu, i-celesta ku-The Nutcracker). Emsebenzini ka-NA Rimsky-Korsakov, eminye imisebenzi iyamangalisa. umbala, okubonwayo kugqugquzele umqambi ukuthi asebenzise kabanzi (ngaphandle kokudlulela ngale kwezingoma eziphindwe kathathu nezikathathu) kokubili okuyinhloko nesici sokuhlanganisa i-O. K. i-clarinet encane, izinhlobonhlobo ze-alto zomtshingo necilongo zengezwa ezinsimbini zomculo, inani lezinsimbi ezishaywayo eziphethe imisebenzi yokuhlobisa nokuhlobisa landa, amakhibhodi aqaliswa (ngokwesiko le-Glinka - fp., Kanye nesitho). Ukuhunyushwa kwe-orchestra nguNA Rimsky-Korsakov, eyamukelwa isiRashiya. abaqambi besizukulwane esisha (AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky esikhathini sokuqala lokusungula), waba nethonya emkhakheni we-orc. umbala kanye nomsebenzi we-Western-European. abaqambi - O. Respighi, M. Ravel.

Indima enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kokucabanga kwe-timbre ekhulwini lama-20. kudlalwa i-orchestra ka-C. Debussy. Ukwandisa ukunaka kombala kuholele ekudlulisweni komsebenzi wetimu kokuhlukile. izisusa noma ukuthungwa-ingemuva kanye nombala. izakhi zendwangu, kanye nokuqonda fonich. izinhlangothi O. njengesici sefomu. Lokhu kuthambekela kunqume ukuhlukaniswa okucashile kwe-orc. ama-invoyisi.

Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokuthambekela kukaWagnerian kwaholela ekugcineni kwekhulu le-19-20th. ekusungulweni kwenani labaqambi (G. Mahler, R. Strauss; Rimsky-Korsakov eMlada, AN Scriabin, kanye noStravinsky ku-The Rite of Spring) yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-super-orchestra - yandiswe uma iqhathaniswa ukwakheka okuphindwe kane kuka-O. Mahler noScriabin baphendukela ekuqanjweni kwe-orchestra enkulu ukuze baveze imibono yabo yomhlaba. imiqondo. I-apogee yalo mkhuba kwakungumculi. ukwakheka kwe-symphony yesi-8 ka-Mahler (abacula yedwa abangu-8, amakhwaya axubile angu-2, ikhwaya yabafana, inhlanganisela emihlanu ye-symphony enkulu ye-O. enezintambo eziqinisiwe, inani elikhulu lezinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo nezihlobisayo, kanye nesitho somculo).

Izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo ekhulwini le-19 azizange zakhe inhlangano ezinzile. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 iqembu lokuhlobisa i-percussion liye landa ngokuphawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwe-timpani, yayihlanganisa izigubhu ezinkulu neziwugibe, ithamborini, amasimbali, unxantathu, ama-castanets, ama-tom-toms, izinsimbi, i-glockenspiel, i-xylophone. Ihabhu (1 kanye no-2), i-celesta, i-pianoforte, ne-organ ngokuvamile yayifakwe ku-O. enkulu, kancane kancane - "izinsimbi zomcimbi": i-rattle, umshini womoya, i-clapperboard, njll. Phakathi nendawo. kanye ne-con. Ama-orcs amasha ekhulu le-19 ayaqhubeka nokwakheka. ama-ensembles: I-New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1842); Ikholomu ye-orchestra eParis (1873); I-Orchestra ye-Wagner Festival e-Bayreuth (1876); I-Boston Orchestra (1881); i-orchestra yaseLamoureux eParis (1881); Court Orchestra (“Court Musical Choir”) e-St. Petersburg (1882; manje Academic Symphony of O. Leningrad Philharmonic).

Ngekhulu le-19 O., ngokungafani no-O. wenkathi ye-Baroque, i-monochoirism ibusa. Kodwa-ke, emculweni weBerlioz, i-multi-choir iphinde yathola isicelo. Ku-Tuba mirum evela kweka-Berlioz ethi “Requiem”, ebhalelwe iqoqo elikhulisiwe lama-symphonies amakhulu. O., abadlali bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-5: i-symphony. O. kanye namaqembu angu-4 wezinsimbi zethusi atholakala emakhoneni ethempeli. Ku-opera (eqala ngoDon Giovanni kaMozart) ukuthambekela okunjalo kwavela: O. "esiteji", "ngemuva kwesiteji", amazwi abahlabeleli kanye ne-instr. eyedwa “ngemuva kwesiteji” noma “esitezi esiphezulu” (Wagner). Ukuhlukahluka kwezikhala. ukubekwa kwabadlali kutholwe intuthuko ku-orchestra ka-G. Mahler.

Ezinhlelweni zezihlalo zabaculi O. esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 ngisho nangekhulu le-19. Okulondolozwe ngokwengxenye ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwezakhiwo ze-timbre, okuyisici se-Baroque O. I-violin yokuqala neyesibili yayitholakala kwesokudla nakwesobunxele somqhubi emgqeni owodwa, ama-violas ahlukaniswe abe izingxenye ezimbili futhi enza umugqa olandelayo, umoya. amathuluzi abekwe ngemuva kwawo ekujuleni. Ngalesi sisekelo, indawo ye-orc yavela kamuva. abaculi, okwasabalala endaweni ye-1775 kanye nasesitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu lama-19 futhi kamuva lathola igama lendawo yokuhlala "yaseYurophu": amaviyolini okuqala - kwesokunxele somqhubi, okwesibili - kwesokudla, ama-violas nama-cellos - ngemuva kwawo, ama-woodwinds - kwesokunxele somqhubi, ithusi. - kwesokudla (ku-opera) noma emigqeni emibili: owokuqala wokhuni, ngemuva kwabo - ithusi (ekhonsathini), ngemuva - izigubhu, amabhesi aphindwe kabili (bheka umfanekiso ongenhla).

O. ekhulwini lama-20. (ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala 1-1914).

Ikhulu lama-20 lenze izindlela ezintsha zokwenza. prakthiza O. Kanye nendabuko. Ama-opera omsakazo nethelevishini kanye nama-studio opera avele njenge-opera namakhonsathi ekhonsathi. Nokho, umehluko phakathi kwamakhonsathi omsakazo ne-opera kanye namakhonsathi e-symphony, ngaphezu kwalawo asebenzayo, usezilungiselelweni zokuhlala zabaculi kuphela. Izingoma ze-Symphonic. Amadolobha amadolobha amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni cishe ahlangene ngokuphelele. Futhi nakuba amaphuzu eqhubeka nokubonisa inani elincane lezintambo ukuze ku-Op. ingenziwa futhi ngo-O. omncane, i-symphony enkulu. O. Ikhulu lama-20 libandakanya iqembu labaculi abangama-80-100 (ngesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu).

Ekhulwini lama-20 izindlela ezi-2 zokuvela kwezingoma ze-O zihlanganisiwe. Enye yazo ihlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamasiko. uphawu olukhulu. A. Abaqambi bayaqhubeka nokuphendukela ekubunjweni kwababili (P. Hindemith, "Artist Mathis", 1938; DD Shostakovich, Symphony No. 15, 1972). Indawo enkulu yayithathwe ukwakheka okuphindwe kathathu, okuvame ukunwetshwa ngenxa yezengezo. izinsimbi (M. Ravel, opera "Child and Magic", 1925; SV Rachmaninov, "Symphonic Dances", 1940; SS Prokofiev, symphony No. 6, 1947; DD Shostakovich, i-symphony No. 10, 1953; V. symphonyslavsky, Inombolo 2, 1967). Ngokuvamile, abaqambi baphinde baphendukele ekuqanjweni kwe-quadruple (A. Berg, i-opera Wozzeck, 1925; D. Ligeti, Lontano, 1967; BA Tchaikovsky, i-symphony No 2, 1967).

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, mayelana nezitayela ezintsha ze-ideological kanye nesitayela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwavela i-orchestra yegumbi. Ngezimpawu eziningi. futhi wok.-symp. izingoma zisebenzisa ingxenye kuphela yokwakheka kwe-symphony enkulu. O. - okuthiwa. non-normative, or individualized, composition of O. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-Stravinsky's "Symphony of Psalms" (1930) kusukela kwendabuko. ama-clarinets, ama-violin nama-viola athathwa ngamanani amakhulu.

Ngekhulu lama-20 ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kweqembu lokushaya kuyisici, i-to-rye yazibiza njenge-orc egcwele. inhlangano. Ngama-20-30s. shaya. izinsimbi zaqala ukuphathiswa hhayi kuphela ngesigqi, coloristic, kodwa futhi thematic. imisebenzi; baye baba ingxenye ebalulekile yokuthungwa. Mayelana nalokhu, iqembu lezigubhu okokuqala ngqa lathola ukuzimela. incazelo emfanekisweni. O., ekuqaleni ku-O. yokungajwayelekile kanye nokwakheka kwegumbi. Izibonelo ekaStravinsky Indaba Yesosha (1918), Umculo kaBartók Wezintambo, I-Percussion kanye ne-Celesta (1936). Kuvele ukwakheka okunomculo odlalwa kakhulu noma okukhethekile kubo: isibonelo, i-Les Noces kaStravinsky (1923), ehlanganisa, ngaphezu kwabacula ngabodwana nekhwaya, amapiyano ama-4 namaqembu okushaywa angu-6; "Ionization" kaVarèse (1931) yayibhalelwe izinsimbi zomculo kuphela (abadlali abangu-13). Iqembu lokushaywa libuswa izinsimbi ezingachazwanga. ama-pitches, phakathi kwawo izinsimbi ezingafani zohlobo olufanayo (iqoqo lezigubhu ezinkulu noma amasimbali, ama-gongs, ama-wood blocks, njll.) sezisabalele. Konke R. futhi ikakhulukazi i-2nd floor. I-hit yekhulu lama-20. iqembu lithathe indawo elinganayo ngentambo kanye namaqembu omoya kokubili kokujwayelekile (“Turangalila” kaMesiaen, 1946-48) kanye nasezingomeni ezingajwayelekile zika-O. (“Antigone” ka-Orff, 1949; “Colours of the I-Heavenly City” ka-Mesiaen nge-piano solo, ama-clarinets angu-3, ​​ama-xylophones angu-3 nezinsimbi ezishaywayo zensimbi, 1963; Luka Passion kaPenderecki, 1965). Emnyangweni Iqembu le-percussion ngokwalo landile. Ngo-1961, kwahlelwa isipesheli eStrasbourg. iqoqo le-percussion (izinsimbi ezingu-140 nezinto ezihlukahlukene ezinomsindo).

Isifiso sokucebisa isikali sika-O. se-timbre siholele ku-episodic. ukufakwa kuphawu. O. amathuluzi amandla. Anjalo “amagagasi eMartenot” akhiwa ngo-1928 (A. Honegger, “Joan of Arc at the stake”, 1938; O. Messiaen, “Turangalila”), electronium (K. Stockhausen, “Prozession”, 1967), ionics ( B. Tishchenko, i-symphony yokuqala, i-1). Imizamo iyenziwa yokuhlanganisa ukuqanjwa kwe-jazz ku-O.. Eminyakeni yama-1961-60s. ukuqoshwa kwe-tape kwaqala ukwethulwa ku-apparatus ye-O. njengenye yezingxenye zomsindo (EV Denisov, The Sun of the Incas, 70). U-K. Stockhausen (Mixtur, 1964) uchaze ukunwetshwa okunjalo kokwakheka kuka-O. ngokuthi “i-live electronics.” Kanye nokulangazelela ukuvuselelwa kwe-timbre ku-symphony. O. kukhona ukuthambekela ekuvuseleleni amathuluzi kanye ne-otd. izimiso O. Baroque. Kusukela ku-1964st quarter 1th century oboe d'amore (C. Debussy, “Spring Dances”; M. Ravel, “Bolero”), i-basset horn (R. Strauss, “Electra”), i-viol d'amour (G. Puccini, "Chio -Chio-san"; SS Prokofiev, "Romeo noJuliet"). Mayelana nokubuyiselwa ekhulwini lama-20. amathuluzi omculo we-Renaissance awazange abonakale futhi amathuluzi ekhulu le-20-15. (M. Kagel, “Music for Renaissance Instruments”, 16; ihlanganisa abadlali abangu-1966, A. Pärt, “Tintinnabuli”, 23). Ngekhulu lama-1976 le-O. kutholwe ukucabangisisa kanye nomgomo wokwakheka kokuhlukahluka. Ch. U-Ives usebenzise uguquko engxenyeni yesakhiwo sika-O. emdlalweni othi Umbuzo Ushiywe Ungaphendulwa (20). Ukuzikhethela kwamahhala kokubunjwa ngaphakathi kwamaqembu e-O. abekwe amaphuzu kunikezwa ku-Ozveny ka-L. Kupkovich. Umqondo we-stereophonic ka-O wathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala engxenyeni yendawo ye-O. eka-Ives (“Umbuzo Oshiywe Ungaphendulwanga”, 1908th Symphony). Ngama-4s. ubuningi bemithombo yomsindo butholakala ngo-diff. izindlela. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-orc yonke. izixuku “ngamakhwaya” amaningana noma “amaqembu” (ngehlukile kunangaphambili – hhayi i-timbre, kodwa incazelo yendawo) isetshenziswa ngu-K. Stockhausen (“Amaqembu” ka-70 O., 3; “Kappe” ka-1957 O. kanye nekhorasi , 4). Ukwakhiwa kwe-O. "Iqembu" (abantu abangu-1960) ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu ezifanayo (ngayinye inomqhubi wayo), ehlelwe nge-U-shape; izihlalo zabalaleli zisesikhaleni esakhiwe phakathi kwama-orchestra. 109. UMatus ku-opera ethi The Last Shot (3, esekelwe endabeni ka-BA Lavrenyov ethi The Forty-First) wasebenzisa ama-O. amathathu atholakala ku-orc. umgodi, ngemuva kwezithameli nangemuva kwesiteji. J. Xenakis ku-“Terretektor” (1967) wabeka abaculi abangu-1966 be-orchestra enkulu ye-symphonic ngendlela efana ne-ray ngokuphathelene nombhidisi ophakathi nendawo; izethameli azimi kuphela eduze no-O., kodwa futhi phakathi kwama-consoles, ukuxubana nabaculi. “I-stereophony ehambayo” (ukunyakaza kwabaculi ngezinsimbi ngesikhathi sokudlala) isetshenziswa ku-“Klangwehr” ka-M. Kagel (88) kanye ne-symphony yesi-1970 ka-AG Schnittke (2).

Ithebula 3.

Amalungiselelo okuhlala abantu ngabanye abaculi baka-O. asetshenziswa uma kusetshenziswa. op. ukwakheka okungajwayelekile; Kulezi zimo umqambi wenza izinkomba ezifanele kumphumela. Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okuvamile kwe-O. njengenhlanganisela eyodwa ye-monochoric esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu lama-1 ilungiselelo lezihlalo “zaseYurophu” elichazwe ngenhla lalikhona. Kusukela ngo-20, uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi "okuthiwa" uhlelo olwethulwa nguL. Stokowski lwaqala ukwethulwa kabanzi. I-Amer. izihlalo. I-violin yoku-1945 neyesi-1 atholakala kwesokunxele se-conductor, ama-cellos nama-violas angakwesokudla, amabhesi akabili angemuva kwawo, izinsimbi zomoya ziphakathi nendawo, ngemuva kwezintambo, izigubhu, isidlali sopiyano sivuliwe. kwesobunxele.

Inikeza ukuqina okukhulu komsindo weyunithi yezinhlamvu kurejista ephezulu ethi "Amer." uhlelo lwezihlalo alukho ngaphandle, ngokombono wabanye abaqhubi, futhi luyanqatshelwa. izinhlangothi (isibonelo, ukwenza buthaka ukuthintana okusebenzayo kwama-cellos nama-bass aphindwe kabili atholakala kude komunye nomunye). Kulokhu, kukhona ukuthambekela kokubuyisela "i-European" indawo yabaculi O. Umsebenzi we-symphony. O. ezimeni zesitudiyo (umsakazo, ithelevishini, ukuqoshwa) ibeka phambili inani lemininingwane. izidingo zokuhlala. Kulezi zimo, ibhalansi yomsindo ilawulwa hhayi kuphela ngumqhubi, kodwa futhi ne-tonemaster.

Ukuqina kwezinguquko u-O. abhekana nazo ekhulwini lama-20 kufakazela iqiniso lokuthi useyithuluzi eliphilayo lokudala. intando yabaqambi futhi iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokunezithelo kokubili ekuqanjweni kwayo okujwayelekile nokubuyekeziwe (okungajwayelekile).

References: U-Albrecht E., Isikhathi esedlule nesamanje se-orchestra. (Indatshana ekhuluma ngesimo senhlalo sabaculi), eSt. Petersburg, ngo-1886; Umculo nempilo yomculo yaseRussia yakudala. CO., L., 1927; Pindeizen Nick., Izindatshana zomlando womculo eRussia kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-2, (i-vol. 1928), M.-L., 29-2; Izinto zokwakha kanye nemibhalo ngomlando womculo, vol. 1934-XVIII ekhulwini, ed. MV Ivanov-Boretsky. Moscow, 1. Shtelin Jakob von, Izvestiya o musik v Rossii, trans. kusukela ku-German, ngo-Sat: Ifa lomculo, no. 1935, M., 1935; yena, Umculo ne-ballet eRussia ngekhulu le-1961, trans. kusukela eJalimane., L., 1969; Rogal-Levitsky DR, Izingxoxo mayelana ne-orchestra, M., 1969; I-Barsova IA, Incwadi mayelana ne-orchestra, M., 1971; I-Blagodatov GI, Umlando we-orchestra ye-symphony, L., 1973; I-Musical Aesthetics yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu ku-1973th-3th Centuries, Sat, comp. VP Shestakov, (M., 1975); Levin S. Ya., Izinsimbi zomoya emlandweni wesiko lomculo, L., XNUMX; Fortunatov Yu. A., Umlando wezitayela ze-orchestra. Uhlelo lwamakhono omculo nabaqambi bamanyuvesi omculo, M., XNUMX; Zeyfas HM, Concerto grosso in baroque music, in: Izinkinga Zesayensi Yomculo, vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

IA Barsova