Ubuciko be-troubadour: umculo nezinkondlo

Igama elithi "troubadour" lihunyushwa lisuka olimini lwesiProvençal ngokuthi "ukuthola", "ukusungula", ngoba izingoma nezingoma ziwuhlobo lokutholwa nokusungulwa. Ikakhulukazi ama-troubadour - abaculi abahambayo - bacula ezabo izingoma futhi abambalwa kuphela, sebeqambe ingoma, baphathisa ukucula kwabo ku-juggler.

Inhlangano yama-troubadour yaqala eProvence, indawo eseningizimu-mpumalanga “yemlando” yeFrance, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yaqala ukusabalala enyakatho yeFrance (lapho kamuva yaziwa ngokuthi ama-trouvères), nase-Italy naseSpain. Umlando uye walondoloza amagama ama-troubadour okuqala (okunemibandela) - laba bangochwepheshe abafana noGuiraut Riquier, Goselm Fedi, Guiraut de Borneil, Peyre Vidal.

Abacwaningi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi ummeleli wokuqala kakhulu kulobu buciko waqanjwa ngokuthi "Troubadour". Ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe yasebukhosini, wathola imfundo enhle kakhulu ngalezo zikhathi, futhi, ukholelwa noma cha, lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili wayekwazi ukufunda, ukubhala nokuxhumana ngesiLatini.

Ngokusho kwabantu besikhathi, izinkondlo zokuqala zikaGuillaume zabhalwa eneminyaka engu-10, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umnyuziyamu uhambisane nembongi enkulu nomculi wesikhathi esizayo. Nakuba ayengahlukaniswa ngempumelelo enkulu ezindabeni zezempi, uMbusi wayenamakhono amahle okudlala umculo futhi ethanda ukudansa nokulingisa. Uthando lokugcina lukaDuke lwamxabanisa nebandla (sikhuluma ngezikhathi zasendulo).

Abacwaningi bayaqaphela ukuphelela kwezinhlobo zezinkondlo zakhe, ngakho-ke kukholelwa ukuthi kwakunguGuillaume owanikeza umfutho ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwezinkondlo zama-troubadour kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinkondlo zaseYurophu.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ulimi lwesi-Occitan (ngamanye amazwi, isiProvençal), lapho ama-troubadour aqamba khona imisebenzi yawo, kwakuwukuphela kolimi lwezincwadi ezifundeni eziningi zase-Italy naseSpain enkathini ephakathi.

Ubani ongaba i-troubadour?

Phakathi kwama-troubadour kwakunabantu abaningi abafundile. Ikakhulukazi, ama-troubadour aba ama-knights athobekile ayesekelwa izinduna ezinkulu - ababusi abakhulu be-feudal. Amakhosi nezintokazi ezidumile zaseProvence naseLanguedoc zafuna ukunakekela abaculi abanekhono ababelwazi kahle ubuciko be-troubadour. Abaculi basenkantolo ngaleso sikhathi kwakudingeka babe namakhono alandelayo:

• dlala noma iyiphi insimbi yomculo;
• qamba izinkondlo ngokungaqondile kulabo abasezikhundleni eziphezulu;
• hlala wazi ngezindaba zakamuva enkantolo.

Amanye ama-troubadour adumile

Ngaphezu kwalokho osekushiwo u-Guillaume Aquinas, iNkathi Ephakathi YaseYurophu yabeka phambili inombolo yamanye amagama ama-troubadour adumile:

• - i-troubadour, izinkondlo zayo zigcwele inkanuko kanye ne-adventurism, umthuthukisi odumile wama-canzones othando kanye nama-sirvents ezepolitiki (lezi yizinhlobo zobuciko be-troubadour).
• – trouvere French owabamba iqhaza eziMpini Zenkolo. Zimbalwa kuphela izinkondlo zakhe ezisindile - ikakhulukazi ama-canzones, amaculo ekamu kanye nokubhuqa.
• - indodana yenceku evamile, eyaba imbongi edumile yesikhathi sakhe (ikhulu le-XII), ezinkondlweni zayo wahlabelela entwasahlobo nothando njengento enhle kakhulu.

Ama-troubadour adumile akuwona amadoda kuphela; ngeNkathi Ephakathi kwakukhona nezimbongi zesifazane - okwamanje kunama-troubadour wesifazane aziwayo angu-17. Igama lokuqala phakathi kwabo ngu

Izindikimba zenkantolo kwezobuciko be-troubadours

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-11, kwavela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinkondlo zenkantolo yama-troubadour - izinkondlo ze-knightly, lapho kwatshalwa khona uthando, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha owesifazane. Uvezwa emavesini anjalo njengohlobo oluhle, olufaniswa nesithombe seMadonna, ngesikhathi esifanayo sikhuluma ngowesifazane wenhliziyo odinga ukukhazinyuliswa nokuthandwa ngothando lwe-platonic.

Indima yenkosikazi enjalo yenhliziyo yayivame ukudlalwa owesifazane oshadile, futhi ngokuvamile ukucula isikhathi eside kwentokazi enhle empeleni kwakuyisandulela sokusondelana, okuvalwe ngaphakathi kwemithetho nezinhlaka ezithile; ukuqomisana isikhathi eside kulesi simo samasiko kwakusho isikhundla esiphezulu kulowo oshelayo.

Inkolo yentokazi enhle yaba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sengqondo ngabesifazane, ngoba ngaphambi kwalokho isonto laliveza ubulili besifazane njengendawo yokuzalela isono nokuxhwaleka. Futhi, ngenxa yesiko lenkantolo, imishado yothando yaqala ukwenzeka.

Umthelela wobuciko be-troubadour kusiko lomculo

Ubuciko bama-troubadour bube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwesiko laseYurophu ngokujwayelekile kanye nomculo ikakhulukazi. Umculo oqanjwe ama-troubadour ube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni Minnezanga - Izinkondlo zaseJalimane ze-knightly. Ekuqaleni, abaculi basezimayini bamane bahlanganisa izingoma zama-troubadour, futhi kamuva eJalimane bakha uhlobo oluhlukile lobuciko bomculo - minnesang (leli gama lihunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi ngokuthi "ingoma yothando").

Kufanele wazi mayelana nezinhlobo ezithile zomculo ezakhiwa emculweni wama-troubadours:

• wokwelusa - lolu uhlobo lwengoma, okuqukethwe kwengoma enjalo kuvame ukuzithoba: i-knight ikhuluma nomalusikazi olula, futhi, ngokungafani nezinkondlo zenkantolo, angeke kukhulunywe nganoma yimiphi imizwa ephakeme; ngaphansi kwesithunzi sokudlala ngothando, kuxoxwa ngezindaba “zothando lwenyama” kuphela.
• Alba ingoma lapho isimo sabathandi behlukana ekuseni sibongiwe: kufanele bahlukane, mhlawumbe kuze kube phakade (i-knight ingafela empini) ngokufika kokusa.
• iCanzona - ingoma yothando eqondiswe entombazaneni, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukucula kwe-canzona kumane kubonise inhlonipho kumphathi omkhulu, intombazane noma umngane; ezimweni ezinjalo, i-canzona ingenziwa ngama-knights amaningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.