I-Sociology yomculo |

I-French sociology, lit. – imfundiso yomphakathi, kusukela lat. societas - umphakathi kanye nesiGreki. logos - izwi, imfundiso

Isayensi yokusebenzelana komculo nomphakathi kanye nomthelela wezinhlobo ezithile zokuphila kwawo komphakathi ekwakhiweni komculo, ukusebenza kanye nomphakathi.

S. m. ifunda amaphethini ajwayelekile okuthuthukiswa kwamamuse. amasiko nomlando wawo. i-typology, izinhlobo zomculo. impilo yomphakathi, dec. izinhlobo zemisebenzi yomculo (ochwepheshe kanye ne-amateur, i-folklore), izici zomculo. ukuxhumana ezimweni ezehlukene zomphakathi, ukwakheka kwamamuse. izidingo nezithakazelo ziyehluka. amaqembu omphakathi omphakathi, imithetho izokwenza. izincazelo zomculo. ukukhiqizwa, izinkinga zokufinyeleleka nokuthandwa komculo. umkhiqizo. I-Marxist sociology, isayensi yobuciko, kuhl. S. m., ubambe iqhaza ocwaningweni lwezinqubo zokwakhiwa kobuciko. okuthandayo ukuxazulula ngaphezu kwakho konke okusebenzayo. imisebenzi yobuhle. ukukhuliswa emphakathini we-socialist.

S. m. yasungulwa lapho kuhlangana khona i-musicology, i-sociology, psychology kanye ne-aesthetics. Njengenye yezigaba, ifakiwe ku-sociology of art. Theory kanye methodological isisekelo Marxist S. m. ingokomlando. kanye ne-dialectic. ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. S. m. kudinga ukucatshangelwa komculo njengento ehambisana nenhlalo, okuhlanganisa nocwaningo lokuthi impilo yomphakathi kanye nombono womhlaba womqambi kubonakala kanjani kokuqukethwe kanye nesimo sayo. Izimiso zeMethodological and methodical zokucatshangelwa okunjalo (okuthiwa isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, indlela) kwezomculo zaqala ukwakheka ngisho nangenkathi yangaphambi kweMarxist, kodwa kwakuyiMarxism eyayingokwesayensi ngempela. Isisekelo se-S.

Izikhombisi-ndlela ezintathu zingahlukaniswa ku-S. m. Ithiyori u-S. m. ibambe iqhaza ocwaningweni lwamaphethini ajwayelekile okusebenzelana phakathi komculo nomphakathi, uhlobo lweminyuziyamu. amasiko. Umlando S. m. ihlola futhi ihlanganise amaqiniso omlando weminyuziyamu. impilo yomphakathi. Emkhakheni we-empirical (ukhonkolo, osebenzayo noma osetshenzisiwe) S. m. kuhlanganisa ukufundwa kanye nokwenza okuvamile kwamaqiniso ahlobene nendima yomculo esikhathini samanje. umphakathi (ucwaningo lwemibiko yezibalo mayelana nokuba khona emakhonsathini, ukuthengiswa kwamarekhodi egilamafoni, umsebenzi wezimfundamakhwela, ukubhekwa okuqondile kwempilo yomculo, zonke izinhlobo zokuvota, uhlu lwemibuzo, izingxoxo, njll.). Ngakho, S.m. kudala ezesayensi. isisekelo senhlangano yomculo. ukuphila, ukuyiphatha.

Imicabango ehlukene mayelana nobudlelwano bomculo nemiphakathi. ukuphila kwase kuqukethwe kakade emibhalweni yasendulo. izazi zefilosofi, ikakhulukazi uPlato no-Aristotle. Babheka imisebenzi yezenhlalo yomculo, izoletha. indima, ubudlelwano bayo nezithameli, yaphawula indima yomculo ekuphathweni kombuso, enhlanganweni yemiphakathi. impilo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha. izici zobuntu. U-Aristotle wabeka phambili umbono wokusetshenziswa emiphakathini. impilo yomculo (“Ezombangazwe”) kanye noPlato (“Imithetho”) baphakamisa indaba ye-typology yomphakathi. Emisebenzini yeNkathi Ephakathi. Ababhali banikeza ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zomculo. art-va, esukela emisebenzini yezenhlalo kanye nezimo zokuba khona komculo (Johannes de Groheo, ngasekupheleni kwe-13 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14). Ku-Renaissance, umkhakha wemiphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa komculo kwande ngokuphawulekayo, umculo usuzimele. icala. Ngekhulu le-15-16. emisebenzini ye-Dutchman J. Tinktoris, amaNtaliyane B. Castiglione, C. Bartoli, E. Botrigari, izinhlobo ezithile zobukhona bomculo zazicatshangelwa. Spain. umqambi nombhali wemfundiso-nkolo uF. Salinas wachaza uDec. izinhlobo zabantu. nomculo wasekhaya, onesigqi. izici zazo ezazihlotshaniswa nombhali nenjongo yazo yokuphila. Isiko lokuchazwa kwemiphakathi. impilo yomculo yaqhubeka ngekhulu le-17. Isazi semfundiso-nkolo saseJalimane uM. Pretorius, owaphawula, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi izimpawu zokubola. izinhlobo zomculo zincike ekusebenzeni kwazo. Ngekhulu le-17-18. ngokuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi yomculo. impilo, ukuvulwa kwamakhonsathi omphakathi kanye ne-t-ditch, isimo senhlalo kanye nemibandela yomsebenzi wabadlali nabaqambi kuba yindaba yokubhekwa. Ulwazi mayelana nalokhu luqukethwe emisebenzini yabaculi abaningi (I. Kunau, B. Marcello, C. Burney, nabanye). Indawo ekhethekile yanikezwa umphakathi. Ngakho, u-E. Arteaga uchaze izinhlobo zomphakathi zabalaleli nababukeli. Izibalo zaseJalimane. kanye ne-French Enlightenment I. Scheibe, D'Alembert, A. Gretry wabhala mayelana nemisebenzi yomphakathi yomculo. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-Great French Revolution futhi ngenxa yokuvunyelwa konxiwankulu. isakhiwo eNtshonalanga. IYurophu ngokuhlanganyela. Ikhulu le-18-19 ubudlelwano phakathi komculo nomphakathi buthole umlingisi omusha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona ukuqhutshwa kwentando yeningi eminyuziyamu. impilo: umbuthano wabalaleli wanda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuncika kwabaculi kosomabhizinisi nabashicileli abaphishekela izinjongo zezohwebo kwanda kakhulu, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwecala kanye nezimfuno zonxiwankulu kwakhula. umphakathi. Ezihlokweni ze-ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, R. Schumann, ubudlelwano phakathi komqambi nomphakathi babonakala, ukuvinjelwa, isikhundla esihlazekile somculi wonxiwankulu saphawulwa. umphakathi. F. Liszt noG. Berlioz bayinaka ngokukhethekile le ndaba.

Ngokuvumelana. 19 - cela. Impilo yomculo yekhulu lama-20 dec. izinkathi kanye nabantu baba yisihloko sohlelo. funda. Izincwadi ziyavela. "Imibuzo Yomculo Yenkathi" ("Musikalische Zeitfragen", 1903) ka-G. Kretschmar, "Impilo Yomculo YaseJalimane. Isipiliyoni sokucatshangelwa komculo nenhlalo yabantu … “(“Das deutsche Musikleben …”, 1916) P. Becker, “Izinkinga zomculo zesikhathi sethu kanye nokulungiswa kwazo” (“Die musikalischen Probleme der Gegenwart und ihre Lösung”, 1920) K. Blessinger , to-rye BV Asafiev ebizwa ngokuthi "uhlobo lwe-propylaea ezinkingeni zomculo nezenhlalakahle", kanye nezincwadi zika-X. Moser, J. Combarier. Phakathi kokubi kakhulu. isazi somculo. imisebenzi yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, owachaza isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu. indlela emculweni, – indaba ethi “Symphony from Beethoven to Mahler” (“Die Sinfonie von Beethoven bis Mahler”, 1918) by Becker.

Ngalesi sikhathi, Observations eziningi zezenhlalo zanqwabelana futhi Rus. wacabanga ngomculo. Ngakho, AN Serov emsebenzini "Music. Ukubuyekezwa kwesimo samanje sobuciko bomculo eRussia nakwamanye amazwe "(1858) kwaphakamisa imibuzo ehlobene nemisebenzi yomculo emphakathini. impilo yansuku zonke kanye nomthelela wezimo zokuphila kokuqukethwe nesitayela somculo. lokusungula, waphendukela enkingeni yethonya mutual of uhlobo kanye nesitayela somculo. umkhiqizo. U-VV Stasov no-PI Tchaikovsky endaweni ebucayi. isebenza kwesokunxele imidwebo bukhoma iminyuziyamu. impilo dec. izigaba zabantu. Indawo enkulu ekugxekweni komculo waseRussia kwakunombono womculo womphakathi. Ngokuvumelana. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 liqala ukuthuthukiswa komculo othile wezenhlalo. izinkinga ohlelweni lwetiyetha.

Ngo-1921, kwashicilelwa incwadi ngomunye wabasunguli bonxiwankulu. S. m., okusho ukuthi. ithonya ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Western-European. i-sociology of Culture, - M. Weber "Izisekelo ezinengqondo nezenhlalo zomculo." Njengoba u-AV Lunacharsky aphawula (“Ngendlela yezokuhlalisana kwabantu emlandweni kanye nethiyori yomculo”, 1925), umsebenzi ka-Weber “wawuyi-etude kuphela, indlela yokufinyelela imingcele evamile yesihloko.” Waheha abacebile eqinisweni. izinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wahlushwa ukuthintwa kwenhlalo yabantu enenhlamba kanye nendlela enephutha. izimiso (neo-Kantianism). EZap. EYurophu, imibono kaWeber iye yathuthukiswa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s kanye nama-60s, lapho imisebenzi eminingi ku-S. m. Iningi laseNtshonalanga Yurophu. ososayensi bayenqaba ukuchaza uS. m. njengozimele. isayensi futhi uyibheke njengegatsha le-musicology, empiric. isayensi yezenhlalo noma umculo. ubuhle. Ngakho, u-K. Blaukopf (Austria) uhumusha umculo womculo njengemfundiso yezinkinga zomphakathi zomlando kanye nethiyori yomculo, okufanele ihambisane namasiko. izindawo ze-musicology. A. Zilberman, G. Engel (Germany) batadisha ukusatshalaliswa nokusetshenziswa komculo emphakathini kanye nesimo sengqondo ngawo ukuwohloka. imiphakathi. izendlalelo zezethameli. Baye baqongelela izinto ezingokoqobo zezenhlalo nezomnotho. isikhundla sabaculi abangasekho. era (“Music and Society” G. Engel, 1960, njll.), kodwa wayiyeka ithiyori. generalizations empirical. impahla. Emisebenzini kaT. Adorno (eJalimane), S. m. ithole ngokuyinhloko ithiyori. ukukhanyisa isiko layo. umcabango wefilosofi ngomculo futhi oncibilikisiwe emculweni. ubuhle. Ezincwadini zakhe "Philosophy of New Music" ("Philosophie der Neuen Musik", 1958), "Isingeniso Sokuhlalisana Kwezenhlalo Yomculo" (1962) u-Adorno ucabangele imisebenzi yezenhlalo yomculo, uhlobo lwezilaleli, izinkinga zesimanje. impilo yomculo, imibuzo yokuzindla emculweni wesakhiwo sekilasi lomphakathi, imininingwane yokuqukethwe nomlando, ukuvela komnyango. izinhlobo, uhlobo lomculo lukazwelonke. ubuhlakani. Wanaka ngokukhethekile ukugxekwa konxiwankulu. "isiko lobuningi". Kodwa-ke, yagxekwa kakhulu ngu-Adorno ngokombono womvikeli wezinhlobo zobuciko eziphakeme.

ENtshonalanga Yurophu. amazwe kanye ne-USA athuthukise inani lemibuzo i-S. m, kuhlanganisa. indlela kanye nokuhlotshaniswa kwemithombo yezokuxhumana nezinye iziyalo - T. Adorno, A. Zilberman, T. Kneif, H. Eggebrecht (Germany); imisebenzi yezenhlalo yomculo ngenkathi ye-imperialism kanye nesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. izinguquko - T. Adorno, G. Engel, K. Fellerer, K. Maling (eJalimane), B. Brook (USA); isakhiwo somculo. isiko lobunxiwankulu. amazwe, imiphakathi, ezomnotho. kanye nenhlalo-ngqondo. isikhundla sabaqambi nabaculi abaculayo - A. Zilberman, G. Engel, Z. Borris, V. Viora (Germany), J. Muller (USA); isakhiwo nokuziphatha komphakathi, isimo somculo somphakathi. okuthandayo - A. Zilberman, T. Adorno (Germany), P. Farnsworth (USA) no-J. Leclerc (Belgium); ubudlelwano phakathi komculo nemithombo yezindaba (ucwaningo ludidiyelwe yi-International Institute of Audio-Visual Communication and Cultural Development e-Vienna, umeluleki wesayensi - K. Blaukopf); impilo yomculo dec. uhlaka lomphakathi - K. Dahlhaus (Germany), P. Willis (Great Britain), P. Bodo (France); izinkinga zomculo wezenhlalo. i-folklore – V. Viora (Germany), A. Merriam, A. Lomax (USA), D. Carpitelli (Italy). Eminye yale misebenzi kukhona okucebile okuyiqiniso, kodwa iningi lazo lisekelwe ezindleleni zefilosofi ze-eclectic.

S. m. e-USSR nakwamanye ama-socialist. amazwe. Ku-Sov. Inyunyana yama-20s. kwaba yisiqalo sokuthuthukiswa kwe-S. m. Iqhaza eliwujuqu kulokhu ladlalwa yizinqubo ezenzeka emiphakathini. ukuphila. Iqembu lamaKhomanisi kanye nezwe laseSoviet kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zika-Oct. Revolution ka-1917 babeka isiqubulo esithi: "Ubuciko kubantu!". Wonke amandla obuciko. i-intelligentsia yahlanganiswa ukuze yenze inqubomgomo yamaLeninist yenguquko yamasiko. Ezikhovaneni muz.-sociological. imisebenzi yama-20s. izinkinga ezijwayelekile mayelana nemiphakathi ziyabekwa phambili. uhlobo lomculo kanye nemithetho yomlando wawo. ukuthuthukiswa. Okubaluleke kakhulu imisebenzi ka-AV Lunacharsky. Ngokusekelwe esimweni esisebenzayo sobuciko. ukucabanga, wacabangela okuqukethwe iminyuziyamu. ubuciko obuwumphumela wokusebenzelana kobuntu bomqambi nendawo yezenhlalo. Esihlokweni esithi "The Social Origins of Musical Art" (1929), uLunacharsky wabuye wagcizelela ukuthi ubuciko buyindlela yokuxhumana emphakathini. Ezihlokweni ezithi "Olunye ushintsho emlandweni wobuciko" (1926), "Imvelaphi yezenhlalo yobuciko bomculo" (1929), "Izindlela ezintsha ze-opera ne-ballet" (1930), wachaza okuyinhloko. imisebenzi yomculo emphakathini, okuhlanganisa ubuhle nokufundisa. U-Lunacharsky wagcizelela ikhono lomculo, kanye nobuciko ngokujwayelekile, ukwakha nokuguqula i-psychology yomphakathi, wagcizelela ukuthi umculo kuzo zonke izinkathi wawuyindlela yokuxhumana. U-BL Yavorsky unamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuxhumaneni phakathi kokusungula nomphakathi. ukuqonda. Kusho ngisho nangokwengeziwe. indawo yathathwa yizinkinga zika S. m. emisebenzini ye-BV Asafiev. Esihlokweni esithi “On the Immediate Tasks of the Sociology of Music” (isandulela sencwadi ethi “Music of the Medieval City” kaG. Moser, ehunyushwe sisuka kusiJalimane, 1927), u-Asafiev waqala waveza izingqinamba ezimbalwa uS. m. kufanele ibhekane, futhi phakathi kwayo - nemiphakathi. imisebenzi yomculo, umculo omningi. isiko (kuhlanganise nomculo wansuku zonke), ukuxhumana kwedolobha nezindawo zasemaphandleni, amaphethini okuqonda komculo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komculo. "umnotho" kanye "nokukhiqiza" (ukudlala, izinsimbi, izinhlangano zekhonsathi nethiyetha, njll.), indawo yomculo empilweni yemiphakathi ehlukene. amaqembu, ukuvela kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini. izinhlobo kuye ngezimo zokuba khona komculo. Ezihlokweni eziningi zama-20s. U-Asafiev uthinte izimo zezenhlalo zokuba khona komculo ngezikhathi ezahlukene, isimo sezinhlobo zendabuko nentsha yasendlini edolobheni nasemaphandleni. Incwadi ethi “Musical Form as a Process” ka-Asafiev (1930) yayiqukethe imicabango enezithelo ngobudlelwano phakathi kokusungula nokuqonda enqubweni yokuphimisa, ibonise indlela umkhuba wemiphakathi. ukwenza umculo kungaba nomthelela ekusunguleni. Esanduleleni sencwadi yakhe. "Umculo WaseRussia Kusukela Ekuqaleni Kwekhulu Le-1930" (XNUMX) U-Asafiev uhlole izinhlobo zezici zokwenza umculo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezahlukahlukene. ukwakheka.

Ngawo-1920 eSov. I-Union, kanye ne-theory evuliwe ekhonkolo yezenhlalo. ucwaningo lomculo. isiko. Ngaphansi kwe-Institute of the History of Art e-Leningrad, ngokokuqala ngqá ekusebenzeni komhlaba, iKhabhinethi Yezocwaningo Lweminyuziyamu yasungulwa. impilo (KIMB). U-RI Gruber wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuhleleni nasekusebenzeni kwayo. Naphezu kwempumelelo, emisebenzini eminingi, izikhova. izazi zomculo zeminyaka yawo-1920s zazikhona ukuthambekela kokwenza lula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, zinganaki imininingwane ethile yobuciko. ubuhlakani, ukuqonda okuthile okuqondile kokuncika kwesakhiwo esiphezulu kwezomnotho. isisekelo, okungukuthi lokho ngaleso sikhathi okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-vulgar sociologism.

Ku-S.m., inkolelo-mbono ka-Asafiev ye "intonation Dictionary yenkathi" ngokuthi "imfihlo" yokuthandwa nemiphakathi yazuza ukubaluleka okukhulu. ukusebenza kokukhiqizwa, kanye ne-hypothesis "yezinkinga ze-intonation", echazwe encwadini yakhe. “Ifomu lomculo njengenqubo. Incwadi yesibili. "Intonation" (1947). Umbuzo wobudlelwano phakathi kobuciko bomqambi kanye "nesikhwama sohlobo" lwale nkathi lwathuthukiswa ngeminyaka yama-30s. AA Alshvang. Wezwakalisa umbono onezithelo mayelana “nokwenziwa ngokujwayelekile ngohlobo”, owabuye wathuthukiswa ku-monograph yakhe ku-PI Tchaikovsky (1959). Umbuzo othi "uhlobo" njengomculo nezenhlalo. isigaba sabuye sathuthukiswa ngu-SS Skrebkov (isihloko esithi "Inkinga Yohlobo Lomculo kanye Neqiniso", 1952).

Njengozimele. iziyalo zesayensi S.m. kusukela ngawo-60s. waqala ukuthuthukiswa emisebenzini ka-AN Sohor. Ezihlokweni zakhe eziningi futhi ikakhulukazi encwadini. "I-Sociology and Musical Culture" (1975) ichaza isihloko sesimanje. Umculo womculo we-Marxist, uchaza imisebenzi yawo, isakhiwo, nezindlela, uchaza uhlelo lwemisebenzi yomphakathi yomculo, ufakazela uhlelo lwe-typology lomphakathi womculo wesimanje. Ngohlelo luka-Sohor, izingqungquthela eziningi ze-All-Union kanye nezamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nezinkinga ze-S. m. Iqembu lama-museum labonisa umsebenzi omkhulu emkhakheni we-S. m. isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu eMoscow. iminyango ye-CK RSFSR, efunda umculo. okuthandwa yintsha yaseMoscow (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev). Encwadini. "Music and the Listener" ka-VS Tsukerman (1972) ifingqa idatha evela ezifundweni ezithile zomculo. Ukuphila kwe-Urals, kwenziwa umzamo wokuchaza imiqondo enjengama-muses. isiko lomphakathi, umculo. izidingo zabantu. Imibuzo yemisebenzi yezenhlalo yomculo kanye nezinguquko zawo emculweni wesimanje ziyathuthukiswa. izimo, i-typology yamaqembu abafundi, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemfundo yezenhlalakahle. indima yomculo osakazwa emsakazweni nakuthelevishini (GL Golovinsky, EE Alekseev, Yu. V. Malyshev, AL Klotin, AA Zolotov, G. Sh. Ordzhonikidze, LI Levin). Izinkinga zomculo wezenhlalo. I-folklore ibhekwa emisebenzini ka-II Zemtsovsky, VL Goshovsky nabanye. kanye nenhlalo-ngqondo. E. Yebo. Burliva, EV Nazaykinsky nabanye basebenza ezinkingeni zokubona umculo. ukusebenza ohlelweni lokusakazwa kwemidiya yomculo kuxoxwa ngakho ezihlokweni ze-LA Barenboim, GM Kogan, NP Korykhalova, Yu. V. Kapustin nabanye. classical kanye nezikhova. i-musicology iyisiko lokufunda izinhlobo zomculo mayelana nenjongo yazo ebalulekile nezimo zokusebenza. Lezi zinkinga zixazululwa ngokwesimanjemanje, kanye nangokomlando. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yalolu hlobo, imisebenzi ye-AN Sohor, MG Aranovsky, LA Mazel, VA Tsukkerman ivelele.

Izimpumelelo ezibalulekile emkhakheni we-S. m. ziye zafezwa ososayensi bamanye amasocialist. amazwe. E. Pavlov (Bulgaria), K. Niemann (GDR), kanye nabanye basungula indlela yokutadisha umphakathi nobuhlobo bawo nezindlela zendabuko nezintsha zokusakaza umculo. Imisebenzi ka-I. Vitania (eHungary) izinikele emculweni. impilo yobusha, J. Urbansky (Poland) - ezinkingeni zomculo emsakazweni nakumabonakude. E-Romania (K. Brailoiu kanye nesikole sakhe) kuye kwasungulwa izindlela zokuhlalisana kwabantu. izifundo zomculo. inganekwane. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yethiyori - "Isingeniso ku-sociology yomculo" ka-I. Supipic (Yugoslavia, 1964), ehlanganisa izinkinga eziningi zalesi sayensi, kuhlanganise nokucaciswa kwayo, indlela yokusebenza, ukuhlobana nendabuko. umculo wezomculo. Ngaphansi kokuhlelwa kwe-Supicic, umagazini ushicilelwe kusukela ngo-1970. "Ukubuyekezwa Komhlaba Wonke Kwe-Aesthetics kanye Nezenhlalakahle Zomculo", Zagreb. Ezinye izindaba ezijwayelekile ze-S.m. ososayensi L. Mokri, I. Kresanek, I. Fukach, M. Cerny. Z. Lissa (Poland) wanikela ngezindlela. iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkinga ezifana nesimo senhlalo kanye nomlando. ukuhlukahluka komculo. umbono, umphakathi. ukuhlolwa komculo, amasiko omculo namasiko. U-J. Uyfalushshi no-J. Maroti (eHungary) bafunda indlela yokuhlalisana yabalaleli.

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AH Coxop, Yu. V. Kapustin