Ifomu elinezingxenye ezintathu |

Ifomu elinezingxenye ezintathu – uhlobo lwesakhiwo sokuhlanganisa, kusukela esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 lasetshenziswa eYurophu. uphrof. umculo njengendlela yomdlalo wonke noma ingxenye yawo. T.f. ngencazelo ekhethekile yaleli gama akusho nje ukuba khona kwezintathu eziyinhloko. izigaba, kodwa nezimo eziningana eziphathelene nobudlelwano balezi zigaba kanye nesakhiwo sazo (izincazelo ze-T. izinkathi zokuqamba, nokho, izinhlobo ezifanayo emculweni wakamuva zivame ukuhluka kuhlobo lwakudala). Kukhona i-T.t elula neyinkimbinkimbi. Engxenyeni yokuqala elula ithoni eyodwa noma isikhathi sokumodula (noma ukwakhiwa okuthatha indawo yayo), ingxenye ephakathi, njengomthetho, ayinaso isakhiwo esizinzile, futhi ingxenye yesi-1 iyimpinda yokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi nge isandiso; kungenzeka futhi ezimele. isikhathi (T. F. engeyona impindelo). Kunzima T.f. Ingxenye yoku-3 ngokuvamile iyifomu elilula elinezingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu, ingxenye ephakathi iyafana ngesakhiwo neyoku-1 noma ngaphezulu yamahhala, kanti ingxenye yesi-1 iyimpinda yokuqala, eqondile noma eguquliwe (ku-wok. op. - ukuphindaphinda komculo, kodwa hhayi ngempela kanye nombhalo womlomo). Kukhona futhi ifomu eliphakathi phakathi kwe-tf elula neyinkimbinkimbi: ingxenye ephakathi (yesibili) - ngendlela elula enezingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu, futhi okwedlulele - ngesimo senkathi. Uma lesi sakamuva singekho ngaphansi ngosayizi kanye nenani engxenyeni ephakathi, khona-ke lonke ifomu liseduze ne-complex T. f. (Waltz op. 3 No 40 for upiyano by PI Tchaikovsky); uma isikhathi sisifishane, bese kuya kwesilula esinesingeniso nesiphetho esisenzayo (“Ingoma Yesivakashi SaseNdiya” kusukela ku-opera ethi “Sadko” ka-Rimsky-Korsakov). Isingeniso nesiphetho (ikhodi) zitholakala kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-T. f., kanye nezingxenye ezixhumayo phakathi kokuyinhloko. izigaba, ngezinye izikhathi ezisetshenziswayo (ikakhulukazi ku-T. f. eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesigaba esimaphakathi kanye nokuphindaphinda).

Ingxenye yokuqala ye-T.f. yenza umsebenzi wokuchaza (ngendlela yobuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi, enezici zokuthuthuka), okungukuthi, imele ukwethulwa kwesihloko. Phakathi (ingxenye yesibili) elula T. f. - ezikhathini eziningi ukuthuthukiswa kweminyuziyamu. impahla eyethulwe engxenyeni 2. Kunezingxenye eziphakathi nendawo ezakhelwe phezu kwendikimba entsha. impahla ephikisana nempahla yezingxenye ezidlulele (Mazurka C-dur op. 1 No 33 by Chopin). Ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye ephakathi iqukethe kokubili izinto ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqikithi yengxenye ye-3 (ingxenye yesithathu - i-nocturne - kusukela kuzintambo ze-1 ze-quartet ye-Borodin). Kunzima T.f. ingxenye ephakathi cishe njalo iphikisana nokudlulele; uma ibhalwe ngendlela yenkathi, elula enezingxenye ezimbili noma ezintathu, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-trio (ngoba ngekhulu le-3 nasekuqaleni kwele-2 yayivame ukwethulwa ngamagama amathathu). I-Complex T.f. ngengxenye enjalo ephakathi, i-preim. ngokusheshisa, ikakhulukazi umdanso, imidlalo; enengxenye emaphakathi engahlelekile, ewuketshezi kakhulu (isiqephu) - imvamisa ngezingcezu ezihamba kancane.

Incazelo ye-reprise T. f. ngokuvamile iqukethe ukuvunywa main. isithombe somdlalo ngemva kokuqhathanisa noma ekukhiqizweni kabusha komculo oyinhloko. imicabango ngendlela ephelele ngemva kokuthuthukiswa kwe-otd yayo. izinhlangothi nezakhi; kuzo zombili izimo, ukuphindaphinda kunomthelela ekupheleleni kwefomu. Uma i-reprise ishintshiwe ukuze kudalwe izinga elisha lokungezwani kulo uma kuqhathaniswa nengxenye yokuqala yefomu, khona-ke i-T. f. ibizwa nge-dynamic (amafomu anjalo avame kakhulu phakathi kwe-T. f. elula kunalawo ayinkimbinkimbi). Kwesinye isikhathi ukuphindaphinda kwe-T.f elula. ayiqali kukhiye oyinhloko (“Forgotten Waltz” No. 1 yepiyano Liszt, “Fairy Tale” op. 1 No. 26 yepiyano Medtner). Kwesinye isikhathi ukhiye oyinhloko uyabuya, kodwa hhayi itimu yesigaba sokuqala (okuthiwa i-tonal reprise; "Ingoma engenamagama" g-moll No 3 ye-Mendelssohn).

T.f. inganwetshwa futhi inothiswe ngokuphindaphinda izingxenye zayo, ngqo noma ezihlukahlukene. Ngokulula T.f. isikhathi soku-1 sivame ukuphindwa, ngo-otd. amakesi anokuguqulwa noma ukuguqulwa okuyingxenye kwabanye okhiye (ingxenye yokuqala yoMngcwabo kaMashi - kufika kwabathathu - kusukela ku-Beethoven's Sonata No. 1 yepiyano; I-Forgotten Waltz No. 12 yopiyano luka-Liszt; etude op. 1 No. 25 ngu-Chopin; mashi op.11 No 65 upiyano Prokofiev). I-middle and reprise iphindaphindwa njalo. Uma ukuhluka okuphakathi noma kwesigaba sesi-10 ngesikhathi sokuphindaphinda kwabo kuhlotshaniswa noshintsho ku-tonality, khona-ke ifomu libizwa ngokuthi i-double double-part futhi isondela ku-rondo-shaped. Kunzima T.f. ekupheleni kwayo, i-trio nesigaba sesi-3 ziphindaphindiwe ngezikhathi ezithile ("March of Chernomor" kusukela ku-opera "Ruslan noLyudmila" kaGlinka); uma, esikhundleni sokuphindaphinda, i-trio entsha inikezwa, kuvela i-TF eyinkimbinkimbi kabili. (i-complex T. f. enama-trios amabili), kanye ne-rondo eseduze (“I-Wedding March” kusukela emculweni kuya emdlalweni wamahlaya kaShakespeare “Iphupho Lobusuku BaseMidsummer” ka-Mendelssohn).

Enkingeni ye-T.f. akuholeli kuphela ekuphindaphindweni kwezingxenye, kodwa nasekukhuleni kwazo kwangaphakathi: isikhathi sokuqala sokumodula kwe-T. f. ingathola izici zokuvezwa kwe-sonata, intuthuko ephakathi nendawo, kanye nefomu lonke - izici ze-sonata allegro (bheka ifomu le-Sonata). Kwezinye izimo, izinto ezintsha maphakathi ingxenye T. f. (elula noma eyinkimbinkimbi) inemininingwane kukhodi noma ekupheleni kokuphindaphinda ku-ch. i-tonality, edala isilinganiso sezindikimba ezijwayelekile ze-sonata ngaphandle kokuthuthukiswa.

Ngaphandle kokulula nokuba ngokwemvelo kwesakhiwo sayo esiyindilinga (ABA noma i-ABA1), i-T. f. izinhlobo ezichazwe zavela kamuva kunezingxenye ezimbili eyodwa futhi azinazo izimpande eziqondile nezisobala njengalesi sokugcina eNar. umculo. Umsuka T. f. ehlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nomculo. t-rum, ikakhulukazi nge-opera aria da capo.

I-T.f elula. isetshenziswa njengefomu ku. – l. isigaba non-cyclic. umkhiqizo. (i-rondo, i-sonata allegro, i-complex tf, njll.), kanye nasezindabeni zothando, i-opera arias ne-arioso, umdanso omncane nezinye izingcezu (isibonelo, kuma-preludes, etudes). Indlela ifomu elizimele ngayo. idlala i-T.f elula. yanda esikhathini sangemva kukaBeethoven. Kwesinye isikhathi ibuye itholakale njengendlela yengxenye ehamba kancane yomjikelezo (ekhonsathini yevayolini ka-Tchaikovsky; isibonelo esinemininingwane eminingi sisekhonsathini yesi-2 yepiyano ka-Rachmaninov). I-Dynamic elula i-T.f. ikakhulukazi ku-F. Chopin, PI Tchaikovsky, AN Scriabin.

I-Complex T.f. esetshenziswa emdansweni. imidlalo namamashi, ama-nocturnes, i-impromptu nezinye i-instr. izinhlobo, futhi njengohlobo lwenombolo ye-opera noma ye-ballet, engavamile kakhulu ezothando ("Ngikhumbula isikhathi esimnandi", "Ngilapha, Inezilla" ka-Glinka). I-Complex T. t. ivame kakhulu. ezingxenyeni ezimaphakathi ze-sonata-symphony. imijikelezo, ikakhulukazi esheshayo (scherzo, minuet), kodwa futhi nenensayo. Amasampula athuthuke kakhulu e-complex T. f. umele i-symph nek-ry. U-Beethoven's Scherzo, Funeral March kusukela ku-Symphony yakhe ethi “Heroic”, i-symphony. scherzo ngabanye abaqambi (isibonelo, izingxenye 2 ze-symphonies yesi-5 neyesi-7 kaShostakovich), kanye nezihlukene. izingcezu ngabaqambi bothando (isibonelo, i-Chopin's Polonaise op. 44). Kwakukhona no-T. f. uhlobo olukhethekile, isb. enezingxenye ezeqisayo ngendlela ye-sonata allegro (i-scherzo evela ku-symphony yesi-9 ka-Beethoven kanye ne-symphony yokuqala ye-Borodin).

Emisebenzini yetiyetha yokuhlukanisa u-T. f. kwezinye izinhlobo zomculo. amafomu achazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, enanini lamabhukwana, i-complex T.f. ngesiqephu sihlobene nezinhlobo ze-rondo. Kunobunzima benhloso ekuhlukaniseni i-T.f elula. nge-middle, ithuthukisa ukunyakaza kwe-1st, kanye nefomu elilula lokuphindaphinda elinezingxenye ezimbili. Njengomthetho, ukuphindaphinda ekubuyiselweni kwenkathi yonke yokuqala kubhekwa njengobufakazi obuyinhloko befomu lezintathu, futhi umusho owodwa - izingxenye ezimbili (kulokhu, izindlela ezengeziwe nazo zicatshangelwa). E. I-Prout ibheka zombili lezi zinhlobo zamafomu njengezingxenye ezimbili, njengoba phakathi nendawo ayinikezi umehluko, ijwayele ukuphindaphinda futhi ivame ukuphindwa kanye nayo. Ngokuphambene, u-A. Schoenberg uhumusha zombili lezi zinhlobo njengamafomu anezingxenye ezintathu, njengoba ziqukethe i-reprise (okungukuthi, ingxenye yesi-3), ngisho noma isifushanisiwe. Kubonakala kufaneleka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi lokhu noma lowo mehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezicatshangelwayo, ukuzihlanganisa ngaphansi komqondo ovamile wefomu elilula lokuphindaphinda. Izilinganiso zeminye imikhiqizo. azihambisani negama lohlobo lwefomu eziyingxenye yazo (ngokwesibonelo, ku-T. f. enekhodi, kungase kube nezingxenye ezilinganayo ezingu-4). UMn. iziqalo eziyingxenye emithathu ngomqondo ojwayelekile wegama ngokuvamile azibizwa ngokuthi T. f. ngokukhethekile incazelo yaleli gama. Okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ama-opera anezenzo ezintathu, ama-symphonies ahamba-ntathu, amakhonsathi, njll., ama-strophic. uk. izingoma eziqukethe izitanza ezintathu zombhalo ezinomculo ohlukene, njll.

References: bona ku-Art. Ifomu lomculo.