Ukufana |

Ukufana (kusuka kwelesiGreek parallnlos – parallel, lit. – etholakala noma ehamba eceleni) – ukunyakaza kwamazwi amabili noma ngaphezulu epholyphony yepholyfoni. noma umculo we-homophonic. izindwangu ngokulondolozwa kwesikhawu esifanayo noma izikhawu phakathi kwazo ("open" P.), kanye nezindlela ezithile zokunyakaza kwamazwi ohlangothini olulodwa ("okufihliwe" P.). U-P. kufanele ahlukaniseke ekuphindaphindeni izwi elifanayo libe i-octave ngisho nakuma-octave amaningana, asetshenziswa njalo ku-prof. umculo. I-P. iyisici sezinhlobo ezithile zemibhede. izimangalo zabantu abathile, umculo. izinhlobo (isibonelo, isiRashiya ne-Ukraine Kant). Eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo; amafomu okuqala ka-prof. i-polyphony yayisekelwe ekuhambeni okuhambisanayo kwamazwi, futhi hhayi kuphela ingxenye yesithathu, kodwa futhi ingxenye yesihlanu, ama-quarts, ngisho namasekhondi asetshenzisiwe (bheka i-Organum). Ngokulandelayo, ku-prof. umculo uthole uhlelo lokusebenza Ch. ar. P. wesithathu nesithupha. P. octaves kanye nesihlanu ekhulwini le-13-14. umculo wavalwa. ithiyori njengokwephula ukuzimela kokunyakaza kwezwi ngalinye. Ngekhulu le-18 leminyaka okuhlukile kulo mthetho kwasungulwa - ingxenye yesihlanu ehambisanayo yayivunyelwe lapho kuxazululwa i-fifth-sextakcord ye-VII degree kuya ku-tonic (okuthiwa "i-Mozartian fives"):

Ngekhulu le-17-18. umthetho wokuvinjelwa kwe-P. octave kanye nesihlanu kwaphinde kwanwetshwa emacaleni "okufihliwe" P. (ngaphandle kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "uphondo lwesihlanu") - ukunyakaza kwamazwi ohlangothini olulodwa kuya ku-octave noma yesihlanu, kanye nokuziphatha okunjalo. yamazwi, ane-octave ehambisanayo ye-Krom noma ingxenye yesihlanu yakheka ngamabhithi aqinile wezilinganiso (ngisho noma lezi zikhathi bezingazange zinakekelwe kuso sonke isilinganiso); ukushintshela ku-octave noma kwesihlanu ngokuhamba okuphambene kwamazwi nakho kwakunqatshelwe. Abanye osozinkolelo (G. Zarlino) babheka njengokungathandeki ukulandelana kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ezinkulu ezihambisanayo ngenxa ye-tritone eyakhiwe ithoni engezansi eyodwa kanye nethoni engenhla kwenye:

Ekusebenzeni, ngaphandle kokuqanjwa kwesitayela esiqinile namaphepha okufunda ngokuvumelana ne-polyphony, yonke le mithetho igcinwa ku-Ch. ar. maqondana namazwi angcono kakhulu azwakalayo we-muses. izindwangu.

Futhi kusukela ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka P. okwesihlanu kanye nongwaqa abaphelele bavame ukusetshenziswa ngamabomu abaqambi ukuze kuzuzwe ubuciko obuthile. umphumela (G. Puccini, K. Debussy, IF Stravinsky) noma ukudala kabusha uhlamvu lweNar. ukudlala umculo, umbala wasendulo (I-Verdi's Requiem).

References: I-Stasov VV, Incwadi eya kuMnu. Rostislav mayelana ne-Glinka, I-Bulletin Yeshashalazi ne-Musical, 1857, No 42 (futhi encwadini: VV Stasov. Izihloko Zomculo, ehlelwe ngu-VV Protopopov, ukukhishwa 1, M., 1974, pp. 352- 57); Tyulin Yu. N., Parallelisms in theory and practice, L., 1938; Ambros AW, Zur Lehre vom Quintenverbote, Lpz., 1859; Tappert, W., Das Verbot der Quinten-Parallelen, Lpz., 1869; Riemann H., Von verdeckten Quinten und Oktaven, Musikalisches Wochenblatt, 1840 (okufanayo ePräludien und Studien, Bd 2, Lpz., 1900); Lemacher H., Plauderei über das Verbot von Parallelen, “ZfM”, 1937, Bd 104; Ehrenberg A., Das Quinten und Oktavenparallelenverbot in systematischer Darstellung, Breslau, 1938.