I-paleography yomculo |

I-paleography yomculo (kusuka kuma-palaios wamaGreki - amadala, amadala kanye ne-grapo - ngiyabhala) - indawo yomculo womlando wama-XNUMX buXNUMXb, umlando okhethekile womculo. isiyalo. Ufunda izinhlelo zasendulo zokuqopha umculo, amaphethini wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamamuses. izimpawu, ukuguqulwa ihluzo zabo. amafomu, kanye nezikhumbuzo zeminyuziyamu. ukubhala (ch. arr. ukucula imibhalo yesandla ngezinjongo zehlelo) ngokwezinhlelo zomculo, isikhathi kanye nendawo yokudala, ubunikazi. Umthamo wokuhweba we P.m. kuhlanganisa ukufundwa kwama-watermark ephepha (filigrees), impahla kanye nefomethi yomculo. imibhalo yesandla. Ngomkhuba wesimanje wocwaningo uP.m. futhi yenza umthombo-vedch. imisebenzi: ukuhlonza, incazelo kanye nokuhlelwa kweminyuziyamu ebhalwe ngesandla. amatshe esikhumbuzo, incazelo yokuhlotshaniswa kohlobo lwazo, isifundo sokuvela kwezinhlobo ngokwazo, njll. P. m. ufunda amasistimu ahlukahlukene weminyuziyamu. amarekhodi: alfabhethi, idijithali, i-notolinear, esebenzisa izimpawu ezikhethekile ezivamile (ekphonetic, neumatic, znamenny, njll).

Umgomo omkhulu we-musical-paleographic. ucwaningo - ukucacisa izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zamamuse. ukuqoshwa nokuhumusha komculo. umbhalo wezikhumbuzo ezibhalwe ngesandla esikhathini samanje. umbhalo womugqa. Ngakho-ke, okubaluleke kakhulu okusebenzayo Umsebenzi we-P.m. ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu nezindlela ezisekelwe ngokwesayensi zokufunda umculo. imibhalo yemibhalo yesandla yasendulo, ukudalulwa kwezici ezingokomfanekiso zephimbo leminyuziyamu. izilimi zezinkathi ezahlukene. Mayelana nalokhu, uP. uhlola ama-semantics eminyuziyamu. izincwadi, okuhlanganisa (esicini esingokomlando) izinkinga zomculo wokubhala amakhodi. ulwazi. P. m. futhi ibhekana nenani lezinkinga zomlando ojwayelekile. kanye nomculo. ukuhleleka - i-genesis yezinhlelo zama-muses. amarekhodi, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo kanye nokusebenzisana enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imvelo yalokhu kuguquguquka, ukusebenzelana kwenkulumo kanye neminyuziyamu. amathekisthi, ukuxhumana okungokomfanekiso kwezizwe zonke kwamamyuziyemu. isiko lesiko elibhaliwe kanye nendabuko, indlela yokufunda iminyuziyamu ebhalwe ngesandla. izikhumbuzo.

Ukucacisa kanjani. ingxenye ye-P.m. ifakiwe kumlando kanye nefilosofi. i-paleography, isebenzisa izindlela zayo zokutadisha izinto ezibhalwe ngesandla. P. m. njengesayensi. isiyalo sakhiwa lapho kuhlangana khona umlando. umculo, i-paleography nomculo. izifundo zomthombo, ngakho-ke, ku-Pm izindlela ze-paleographic zihlangene, zomculo kanye nokuhlaziya. nomculo-mlando. ucwaningo, kusetshenziswe ithiyori. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezindlela zezibalo, ithiyori yolwazi, nezinye isayensi neziyalo.

Ucwaningo lomculo. impahla ebhalwe ngesandla idlula ubuchwepheshe obulandelayo. izigaba:

1) isifundo somthombo (ukuhlonza itshe lesikhumbuzo, incazelo yalo kanye nezigaba);

I-2) i-paleographic jikelele (i-paleographic isifundo sombhalo wesandla: izici zangaphandle, ukuphola, ubunikazi, ukulondolozwa, isitayela sokubhala semibhalo yomlomo neyomculo, ukuhlukanisa, njll.);

3) umculo we-paleographic (izici zokuhlobana kwemibhalo yomlomo neyomculo, ukuhlukaniswa kwesistimu yokuqoshwa komculo, ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo kanye nokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zezithombe nezinto eziqoshiwe zomculo, njll.). Umculo-paleographic. isigaba socwaningo sibandakanya ukusetshenziswa komlando wokuqhathanisa, umculo kanye nethiyori, izibalo. nezinye izindlela, umbuthano wazo okhulayo njengoba izinto ziqoqwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-P.m. ngokwayo njengomculo-ubuchwepheshe. iziyalo.

Imiphumela yomculo-paleographic. izifundo zibonakala ekushicilelweni, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zefeksi zamamnyuziyamu. amatshe esikhumbuzo anocwaningo lwesayensi nokuphawula, okuvame ukuqukatha ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokuchaza nokuhumusha umculo. umbhalo uye kumbhalo womugqa.

Ngo P. M., isiRashiya singahlukaniswa. i-chanter paleography, umculo waseByzantine (isiGreki). i-paleography, umculo wesiLatini (uGregorian). paleography, ingalo. I-paleography yomculo nezinye izindawo. Ukuhlukaniswa kusekelwe kumfanekiso, ku-syntactic. nezinye izici zomculo. amarekhodi ezindaweni zesikhumbuzo. Indawo ngayinye efundiwe ye-P.m. kuhambisana nesiyingi semibhalo yesandla, njengomthetho, olimini oluthile, olunolimi oluthile. izici ezinhlelweni ezisetshenzisiwe zomculo. amarekhodi. Ngokuzayo, ngobungcweti obukhulu kanye nokuqoqwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, izinhlobo ezintsha ze-P. m zingagqama.

Njengesayensi ekhethekile, uP. yaqala ukumila ngeminyaka yama-50s. Ikhulu le-19 Leminyaka Ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyimisebenzi yamaFulentshi. usosayensi u-EA Kusmaker, owasungula ucwaningo lweNkathi Ephakathi. ukubhalwa komculo ngesisekelo esiqinile sesayensi futhi kwaphika imibono engenasisekelo mayelana nemvelaphi yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. nevm. Kamuva, u-X. Riemann, O. Fleischer, P. Wagner waba negalelo elikhulu ekucwaningeni nasekuchazeni imibhalo ehunyushiwe, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - uP. Ferretti, J. Handshin, E. Yammers nabanye. Ngo-1889-1950 eFrance, ngaphansi kokuhlelwa kwe-. U-A. Mokro (kusukela ngo-1931 - J. Gazhar) washicilela iqoqo elibanzi lezikhumbuzo zokubhala okuphelelwe ingqondo ngocwaningo oluningiliziwe. ukuhlaziya (“Paleographie musicale” – “Musical paleography”, 19 vols.). Izici zeNkathi Ephakathi yaseByzantine. imibhalo yaqala ukuvezwa kabanzi emisebenzini ka-A. Gastuet no-JB Thibaut ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20; nokho, impumelelo ewujuqu yafinyelelwa kule ndawo ngeminyaka yama-20s kanye nama-30s. sibonga ucwaningo luka-E. Welles, GJW Tilyard no-K. Hög. Bakwazi ukuchaza ngokuphelele i-Middle Byzantine notation, eyavula indlela yokuqonda izikhumbuzo ze-Paleo-Byzantine notation. Kusukela ngo-1935, uchungechunge lwe-Monumentae musicae byzantinae (Izikhumbuzo Zomculo WaseByzantine) luye lwashicilelwa, oluhlanganisa izincwadi eziphawulwe ngokwesayensi kanye nezifundo ezikhethekile. Emibhalweni yesimanje Emisebenzini yesayensi, umbono wokufana kwezisekelo zaseByzantine uthola ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe. kanye nokubhala okungezona ubugebengu eNtshonalanga Yurophu kanye nethuba lokudala i-P. m. eyodwa yendawo yonke, ehlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zeNkathi Ephakathi. ukubhala umculo.

IsiRashiya. I-paleography eculayo ihlola izikhumbuzo ezibhalwe ngesandla ze-Slavic-Russian ze-12 - ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-18 (imibhalo yesandla ehlukene - kuze kufike ekhulwini lama-20): I-Kondakari, i-Stihirari, i-Irmologii, i-Oktoikhi, njll. Kule mibhalo yesandla, njengomthetho, izinhlelo ze-ideographic (znamenny) ze-muses zisetshenziswa. amarekhodi: i-kondakar, insika, ukuhamba, njll Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Russian singing paleography ibheka ukubhala kwe-notolinear, okwakukhona ngekhulu le-17. eqondile eRussia. izici (okuthiwa i-Kiev banner, izici zazo ezingakafundwa ngokugcwele), kanye nemibhalo yesandla ye-banner-notolinear ye-con. 17 - cela. Ikhulu le-18 (bheka. Isibhengezo esiphindwe kabili), sinikeza ithuba lokuqhathanisa. ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlelo ezimbili zomculo ezihlukene ngokwemiqondo ehlukene. iphimbo. Ucwaningo lokubhala kukaZnamenny lwaqalwa ngu-VM Undolsky (1846) kanye ne-IP Sakharov (1849). Umculo-paleographic. ucwaningo lwenziwa ngu-VF Odoevsky no-VV Stasov. Isiteji esisha, esanikeza ukujwayelekile okubalulekile komlando kanye nesayensi. ukuhlelwa kwezinto, kwakuyimisebenzi ka-DV Razumovsky. Umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinkinga zaseRussia. I-paleography yokucula yethulwa ngu-SV Smolensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky, futhi kamuva ngu-VM Belyaev, MV Brazhnikov, ND Uspensky, nabanye. UBrazhnikov wadlala indima evelele ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi. izisekelo Russian ukucula paleography. Wakha izifundo ezikhethekile zomculo womculo zabafundi bezomculo, azifundisa eLeningrad Conservatory kusukela ngo-1969 kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe (1973). Wakha wona kanye umqondo wesiRashiya. ukucula i-paleography njengesayensi. isiyalo (phambilini, izici zayo eziningi zazicatshangelwa ngomlando womndeni waseRussia noma imivubukulo yokucula isonto). Esigabeni sanamuhla sokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sayensi saba umthombo ofanele kakhulu, we-methodological kanye ne-muz.-paleographic. Izinkinga. Indlela yokuchaza imibhalo yesandla yokucula iye yathuthukiswa ngokujwayelekile (i-Brazhnikov), kodwa izindaba zokuhlela nokuhlukanisa isiRashiya azikakaxazululwa. izikhumbuzo zomculo, ukuvela kwezinhlobo zokucula; inkinga yemvelaphi yesiRashiya ayizange ixazululwe. izinhlelo zomculo. urekhoda kokubili kusukela ohlangothini lwe-syntactic kanye nasohlangothini lwe-semantics. Okuhlobene nenkinga ye-genesis yizinkinga zama-coding muses. ulwazi ezinhlelweni ze-znamenny kanye nokuvela kwezinhlelo ze-znamenny ngokwazo. Esinye sezici zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuwumbuzo womlando. ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi kweskripthi se-Znamenny (i-Brazhnikov ihlongozwa ukuba i-paleographic periodization isekelwe ekuguquleni ihluzo zamabhanela); ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo ze-znamenny kuyathuthukiswa.

Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ze-paleography yokucula yaseRussia - ukuchaza uhlamvu lwe-Znamenny lwesikhathi esingamakiwe (bheka i-Kryuki). Ezincwadini zesayensi, izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokuxazulula le nkinga zikhonjwe. Enye yazo indlela “esuka kokwaziwayo iye kokungaziwa”, okungukuthi, kusukela ezinhlotsheni zakamuva ze-hook notation, enenani elihlobene lephimbo (“okumakiwe” kanye “nokubhalwa kwesignesha”), iye kweyangaphambili engakenziwa ngokugcwele. kuqondisiwe. Le ndlela yabekwa phambili nguSmolensky, kamuva yavikelwa nguMetallov, Brazhnikov, nakwamanye amazwe ngu-I. Gardner. Enye indlela elandelwa yinani lososayensi baseNtshonalanga (M. Velimirovic, O. Strunk, K. Floros, K. Levi) isekelwe ekuqhathaniseni izinhlobo zakudala zokubhala kuka-Znamenny no-Kondakar nge-Paleo-Byzantine notation. Ayikho kulezi zindlela iyodwa engaholela esiphethweni. ukuxazulula inkinga, nokuzuza umphumela omuhle, ogqugquzelwa ngokwesayensi, ukuxhumana kwabo kuyadingeka.

Ingalo. I-paleography yomculo ihlola izinhlelo zasendulo zama-muses. amarekhodi ezikhumbuzo ze-Armenian. amasiko omculo wekhulu le-5-18. (kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 - ukuphawula kwe-khaz). Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, Ababhali baphawula ukuthi uhlelo oluzimele lokubhala lwenziwa e-Armenia, olwalune-nat ethile. izici. Ingalo yasendulo. imibhalo yesandla yomculo iyaqoqwa futhi ifundwe eSifundazweni. inqolobane yemibhalo yesandla yakudala ngaphansi koMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe Bezikhali. I-SSR (Matenadaran), ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Phakathi kwezinkinga eziyinhloko zengalo. i-paleography yomculo ihlanganisa ukubhalwa kwezikhathi zemibhalo yesandla yokuqala, i-Genesis of Arm. notation kanye nokusesha ama-prototypes we-haz notation, ukucacisa, ukufunda ubudlelwano beNkathi Ephakathi. uphrof. kanye noNar. umculo, njll.

Ukuthuthukiswa komculo-paleographic. Izinkinga ze-paleography yomculo wase-Armenia zihlotshaniswa namagama kaGr. Gapasakalyan, E. Tntesyan, Komitas. Lesi sakamuva saphakamisa izinkinga ze-genesis kanye nokuvela kwe-haz notation, kwaqala ngokwesayensi. umculo-paleographic. ukutadisha izikhumbuzo ze-Armenian. isiko lomculo; izinkinga zethiyori zicatshangelwa emisebenzini ye-XS Kushnarev, PA Atayan, NK Tagmizyan.

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GA Nikishov