I-Chromatism |

I-xromatismos yesiGreki - umbala, kusukela ku-xroma - umbala wesikhumba, umbala, upende; xromatikon – chromatic, okusho genos – genus

Isistimu ye-halftone (ngokusho kuka-A. Webrn, i-chromatism “iwukunyakaza ngama-halftones”). I-Chromatisms ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zesikhashana - i-Greek "chroma" yasendulo kanye ne-European chromatism.

1) "Chrome" - enye yezintathu eziphambili. “izinhlobo” ze-tetrachord (noma “izinhlobo zemiculo”) kanye nelithi “diatone” nelithi “enarmony” (bheka umculo wesiGreki). Kanye ne-enharmony (futhi ngokungafani ne-diatone) ye-chromium, ibonakala ngokuthi isamba sezikhawu ezimbili ezincane singaphansi kwenani lesithathu. "Iqoqo" elinjalo lezikhathi ezincane libizwa ngokuthi. I-pykn (i-pyknon yesiGreki, izinhlamvu - zigcwele, ngokuvamile). Ngokuphambene nama-enharmonics, izikhawu ze-chroma ezincane kunazo zonke ama-semitone, isibonelo: e1 – des1 – c1 – h. Ngokombono womculo wesimanje amathiyori wamaGreki. I-chroma empeleni ihambisana nezikali ezine-SW. okwesibili (ku-octave frets - ngemizuzwana emibili ekhuphukayo, njengase-aria yeNdlovukazi yaseShemakhan kusukela esenzweni sesibili se-opera I-Golden Cockerel ka-Rimsky-Korsakov) futhi iseduze ne-diatonic kune-chromatic. Ochwepheshe bemibono yamaGreki baphinde bahlukanise “ngemibala yokuzalwa” “ngemibala” (xroai), ukuhlukahluka kwesikhawu se-tetrachords yohlobo oluthile. Ngokuka-Aristoxenus, i-chrome “inemibala” emithathu (izinhlobo): ithoni (ngamasenti: 300 + 100 + 100), owodwa nengxenye (350 + 75 + 75) kanye nethambile (366 + 67 + 67).

I-Melodica chromatic. uhlobo lwabonwa njengolunemibalabala (ngokusobala, yingakho igama). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayebhekwa njengocwengiwe, "ohlanganisiwe". Ngokuqala kwenkathi yobuKristu, i-chromatic. izingoma zalahlwa njengezingagculisi. izidingo (uClement wase-Alexandria). ENar. umculo waseMpumalanga uhambisana ne-uv. imizuzwana (i-hemiolic) igcine inani layo ekhulwini lama-20. (Kusho uMohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). Ku-European melodic entsha i-X. inemvelaphi ehlukile futhi, ngokufanele, imvelo ehlukile.

2) Umqondo omusha we-X. uphakamisa ukuba khona kwe-diatonicism njengesisekelo, okuthi X. "imibala" (imiqondo ye-chroma, umbala kuMarchetto wasePadua; bheka uGerbert M., t. 3, 1963, p. 74B) . U-X. uhunyushwa njengongqimba lwesakhiwo sobude obuphakeme, esihluma kusuka empandeni ye-diatonic (umgomo wokuguqula; qhathanisa nomqondo wamazinga esakhiwo sika-G. Schenker). Ngokuphambene nesiGreki, umqondo omusha ka-X uhlotshaniswa nomqondo wemisindo engu-6 (izinyathelo zomculo) ku-tetrachord (amaGreki ayehlale enayo emine; umqondo ka-Aristoxenus we-tetrachord enomsindo ofanayo we-semitone. isakhiwo sahlala siwukufinyezwa kwethiyori) kanye nemisindo engu-12 ngaphakathi kwe-octave ngayinye. Umculo we-diatonicism "we-Nordic" ubonakala encazelweni ye-X. njengokuthi "ukucindezela" kwe-diatonic. izakhi, "ukushumeka" kumsuka we-diatonic. umugqa wesendlalelo sesibili (i-diatonic ngaphakathi kwayo) njengo-X. Ngakho isimiso se-chromatic systematics. izenzakalo, ezihlelwe ngokulandelana kokuminyana kwazo okwandayo, kusukela ku-chromaticity engavamile kakhulu ukuya kokuminyene kakhulu (A. Webern's hemitonics). X. ihlukaniswe yaba melodic. kanye ne-chord (isibonelo, ama-chords angaba yi-diaatonic kuphela, futhi ingoma ingaba yi-chromatic, njengaku-Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), i-centripetal (eqondiswe emisindweni ye-tonic. ., ekuqaleni kokuhluka koku-1 yengxenye yesi-2 ye-sonata yama-32 nguL. Beethoven wepiyano.). I-systematics yezenzakalo eziyinhloko X.:

I-Modulation X. yakhiwa ngenxa yokufinyezwa kwe-diatonic emibili, inqanyuliwe ngokuyinikezela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zokwakheka (L. Beethoven, isiphetho se-sonata yepiyano yesi-9, indikimba eyinhloko noguquko; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, “Okuphuzi Amakhasi” opiyano, No 7, nawo axutshwe nezinye izinhlobo ze-X.); i-chromatic imisindo isezinhlelweni ezihlukene futhi ingaba kude kakhulu. Isistimu engaphansi X. (ekuphambukeni; bona Isistimu engaphansi) imele imisindo yechromatic. ubudlelwano ngaphakathi kwesistimu efanayo (JS Bach, itimu ye-h-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier), ejiya u-X.

Ithoni yomthofu u-X. ivela ekwethulweni kwamathoni okuvula kunoma yimuphi umsindo noma i-chord, ngaphandle komzuzu wokushintshwa njengokuthuthela ku-uv. Ngizokwamukela (i-harmonic minor; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, No 3, PI Tchaikovsky, ingxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-1, ukuqala kwendikimba yesibili; okuthiwa "i-Prokofiev's dominant"). Ukuguqulwa X. kuhlotshaniswa nesici. Isikhathi ukuguqulwa kwe-diatonic. isici (umsindo, i-chord) ngesinyathelo sechromatic. i-semitone - uv. Ngizokwamukela, ngethulwe ngokucacile (L. Beethoven, 6th symphony, 5th movement, bar 4-56) noma ngishilo (AN Scriabin, Poem for upiano op. 57 No 32, imigoqo 2-1).

I-Mix X. iqukethe ukuxuba okulandelanayo noma ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezinto ze-modal, ngayinye eyingxenye yezinhlamvu ze-diatonic ezihlukene (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st movement, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", ukunyakaza okungu-1, imigoqo 1 -2; I-SS Prokofiev, i-sonata No 6 ye-pianoforte, ukunyakaza kokuqala, ibha 1; DD Shostakovich, i-symphony yesi-1, ukunyakaza kokuqala, izinombolo 7-1; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "I-Golden Cockerel", isingeniso se-orchestra ku-Act II; symmetrical ama-frets angasondela ku-X wemvelo.). I-Natural X. (“organic chromaticity” ngokusho kuka-A. Pusseru) ayinayo i-diatonic. izisekelo ezingaphansi (O. Messiaen, “35 ukubukwa …” upiyano, No 36; EV Denisov, piano trio, 20st movement; A. Webern, Bagatelli for upiyano, op. 3).

Ithiyori X. ngesiGreki. ongqondongqondo kwakuyincazelo yezikhawu zechromatic. hlunga nge-calculus mathematic. ubudlelwane phakathi kwemisindo ye-tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Express. uhlamvu (“ethos”) lwechroma njengohlobo olumnene, olucwengisisiwe, lwachazwa ngu-Aristoxen, uPtolemy, uPhilodem, uPachymer. Ukwenziwa kwakudala. X. ithiyori kanye nesiqalo seNkathi Ephakathi. ama-theorists kwakuyisethulo solwazi mayelana no-X., okungokuka-Boethius (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-6 AD). Izimo zentsha (ithoni yesethulo, i-transpositional) X., evele cishe. Ikhulu le-13, ekuqaleni kwakubonakala kungavamile kangangokuthi baqanjwa njengomculo “ongalungile” (musica ficta), umculo “oqanjiwe”, “wamanga” (musica falsa). Efingqa imisindo emisha ye-chromatic (kusukela ezinhlangothini eziyisicaba nezicijile), u-Prosdocimus de Beldemandis weza nomqondo wesikali sethoni enezinyathelo eziyi-17:

I-semitone yesingeniso "yokwenziwa" yezinga elincane yahlala iyifa elizinzile "lomculo we-ficta".

Endleleni eya ekuhlukaniseni i-anharmonic. amanani ethoni ku-con. Ikhulu le-16 kusukela kumbono we-X. branched microchromatics. Kusukela ku-theory yekhulu le-17 i-X. ithuthuka ngokuhambisana nezimfundiso zokuvumelana (futhi i-bass evamile). Ukuguquguquka kanye nesistimu engaphansi X. kuphathwa kakhulu. njengesikhungo sokudlulisa ubudlelwano. amaseli we-ladotonality abe ngaphansi kanye ne-peripheral.

References: 1) Ongaziwa, Isingeniso ku-Harmonics, Ukubuyekezwa Kwefilosofi, 1894, vol. 7, incwadi. 1-2; UPetr VI, Ezingomeni, izakhiwo nezindlela zomculo wasendulo wamaGreki, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Modern Arabic Folk Song, M., 1970; U-Paul O., u-Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

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Yu. H. Kholopov