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kusukela ku-kanon yesiGreki - evamile, ukubusa

1) E-Dr. Greece, ithuluzi lokufunda nokubonisa isilinganiso samathoni elakhiwe ngo-dec. izingxenye zentambo edlidlizayo; kusukela ngekhulu le-2 wathola igama elithi monochord. U-K. ubuye abize uhlelo lwamanani kakhulu lwezilinganiso zesikhawu ezisungulwe ngosizo lwe-monochord, ezikhathini ezilandelayo - amanye ama-muses. amathuluzi, ch. ar. okuhlobene ne-monochord ngokwedivayisi (isibonelo, i-psalterium), izingxenye zamathuluzi.

2) EByzantium. umkhiqizo we-hymnography we-polystrophic. i-complex light. imiklamo. K. uvele esitezi sokuqala. kwe1 c. Phakathi kwababhali bokuqala k. bango-Andrei waseKrethe, uJohane waseDamaseku, noCosma waseJerusalema (eMayum), abadabuka eSiriya. Kukhona okungaphelele K., okuthiwa. izingoma ezimbili, ezintathu-nezingoma ezine. I-Complete K. yayinezingoma ezingu-8, kodwa eyesi-9 yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha. I-Cosmas yaseJerusalema (Mayumsky) ayisayisebenzisi, nakuba yagcina i-nomenclature yama-odes ayisishiyagalolunye.

Kuleli fomu, u-K. ukhona kuze kube namuhla. Isigaba sokuqala sengoma ngayinye ye-K sithi i-irmos, okulandelayo (imvamisa 1-4) kubizwa. i-troparia. Izinhlamvu zokuqala zezigaba zakha i-acrostic, ekhombisa igama lombhali kanye nomqondo womsebenzi. Amasonto avela ngaphansi kwezimo zomzabalazo wombuso wokuhlonishwa kwezithombe futhi amelela “izingoma ezimbi nezishisayo” ( J. Pitra ) zemikhosi. umlingiswa, oqondiswe ngokumelene nokucindezela kwababusi be-iconoclast. K. yayihloselwe ukuculwa ngabantu, futhi lokhu kwanquma ukwakheka kombhalo wakhe kanye nemvelo yomculo. Isihloko Indaba ye-irmos kwakuyizingoma zesiHebheru. izinkondlo kanye nezikhathi ezingavamile zobuKristu empeleni, lapho ukusekelwa kukaNkulunkulu kubantu emzabalazweni wakhe ngokumelene namashiqela kwadunyiswa. I-troparia yancoma isibindi nokuhlupheka kwabalwi ngokumelene nobudlova.

Umqambi (owayephinde abe umbhali wombhalo) kwadingeka abekezelele isilabhasi i-irmos kuzo zonke izigaba zengoma, ukuze ama-muses. amagama aphimisela kuyo yonke indawo ayehambisana nencazelo yaleli vesi. Ihubo ngokwalo kwakufanele lingabi yinkimbinkimbi futhi liveze imizwa. Kwakunomthetho wokuqamba u-K.: “Uma noma ubani efuna ukubhala u-K., kufanele aqale azwakalise i-irmos, bese ethi i-troparia enohlamvu olufanayo nongwaqa ne-irmos, egcina umqondo” (ikhulu lesi-8). Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-9 iningi lababhali bezingoma baqamba u-K., besebenzisa i-irmoses kaJohn waseDamaseku kanye noCosmas waseMayum njengesibonelo. Amashuni ka-K ayengaphansi kwesistimu ye-osmosis.

Esontweni laseRussia, ukuhlanganiswa konkamisa baka-K. kwagcinwa, kodwa ngenxa yokwephulwa kwenkazimulo. ukuhunyushwa kwama-syllabics esiGreki. ama-irmoses kuphela ayekwazi ukucula ingoma yokuqala, kuyilapho i-troparia kwakufanele ifundwe. Okuhlukile yiPaschal K. - ezincwadini zokucula kukhona amasampula ayo, aphawulwe kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni.

Esitezi sesi-2. ngo-15 c. kwavela entsha, rus. isitayela K. Umsunguli wayo wayeyindela yakwa-Athos Pachomius Logofet (noma uPachomius Serb), owabhala cishe. 20 K., enikezelwe ngesiRashiya. amaholide nabangcwele. Ulimi lwama-canon of Pachomius lwahlukaniswa ngesitayela esihlotshisiwe, sokuziqhenya. Indlela yokubhala kaPachomius yalingiswa uMarkell Beardless, uHermogenes, inzalamizi yakamuva, kanye nabanye ababhali bezingoma zekhulu le-16.

3) Kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi, uhlobo lomculo we-polyphonic olusekelwe ekulingiseni okuqinile, okubambe zonke izigaba ze-proposta ku-rispost noma ama-risposts. Kuze kube ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwakunegama elithi fugue. Izici ezichazayo zika-K yinani lamavoti, ibanga kanye nesikhawu phakathi kokwethulwa kwazo, isilinganiso se-proposta ne-risposta. Okuvame kakhulu 2- kanye 3-izwi K., Nokho, kukhona K. for 4-5 amazwi. I-K. eyaziwa emlandweni womculo onenani elikhulu lamazwi imelela inhlanganisela ye-K embalwa elula.

Isikhawu esivame kakhulu sokungena yi-prima noma i-octave (lesi sikhawu sisetshenziswa ezibonelweni zakuqala zika-K.). Lokhu kulandelwa owesihlanu nowesine; ezinye izikhawu zisetshenziswa kancane, ngoba ngenkathi kugcinwa i-tonality, zibangela izinguquko zesikhawu endikimbeni (ukuguqulwa kwamasekhondi amakhulu abe amasekhondi amancane kuwo futhi ngokuphambene nalokho). Ku-K. kumazwi angu-3 noma ngaphezulu, izikhawu zokufakwa kwamazwi zingahluka.

Isilinganiso esilula samavoti ku-K. ukubanjwa ngqo kwe-proposta ku-rispost noma ama-risposts. Olunye lwezinhlobo ze-K. lwakhiwe “ngokunyakaza okuqondile” (canon yesiLatini per motum rectum). I-K. ingase ibalulwe kulolu hlobo ekwandeni (i-canon per augmentationem), ekuncipheni (i-canon per diminutionem), ngokubola. ukubhaliswa kwemethrikhi yamavoti (“mensural”, noma “proportional”, K.). Kwezimbili zokuqala zalezi zinhlobo, i-K. risposta noma i-risposta ihambisana ngokugcwele ne-proposta ngamatemu omculo. iphethini kanye nesilinganiso sobude, nokho, ubude besikhathi obuphelele bethoni ngayinye kubo buyanda noma buncishiswe ngokumbalwa. izikhathi (okuphindwe kabili, ukukhuphuka okuphindwe kathathu, njll.). "Mensural", noma "proportional", K. ihlotshaniswa nemvelaphi ne- mensural notation, lapho ukuchotshozwa kwezingxenye ezimbili (okungaphelele) nezingxenye ezintathu (okuphelele) kwezikhathi ezifanayo kuvunyelwe.

Esikhathini esedlule, ikakhulukazi enkathini yokubusa kwe-polyphony, i-K. enesilinganiso esiyinkimbinkimbi samazwi nayo yayisetshenziswa - ekusakazweni (i-canon per motum contrarium, konke 'okuphambene),' ku-countermovement (canon cancrisans), kanye nesibuko- udoti. I-K. ekusakazweni ibonakala yiqiniso lokuthi i-proposta yenziwa ku-risposta noma i-rispostas ngendlela ehlanekezelwe, okungukuthi, isikhawu ngasinye esikhuphukayo se-proposta sihambisana nesikhawu esifanayo sokwehla enanini lezinyathelo ku-risposta kanye ne-vice. ngokuphambene (bheka Ukuguquguquka Kwetimu). Ku-K. yendabuko, itimu ku-rispost idlula "ngokuhlehlayo" uma kuqhathaniswa ne-proposta, isuka emsindweni wokugcina ukuya kowokuqala. I-Mirror-crustaceous K. ihlanganisa izimpawu ze-K. ekuhambeni kanye ne-crustacean.

Ngokwesakhiwo, zimbili eziyisisekelo. thayipha u-K. - K., ophela kanyekanye kuwo wonke amazwi, kanye no-K. ngokuqedwa okungezona ngesikhathi esisodwa komsindo wamazwi. Esimweni sokuqala, kuzophetha. i-cadence, i-warehouse yokulingisa iphukile, okwesibili igcinwa kuze kube sekupheleni, futhi amazwi athule ngokulandelana okufanayo angena kuwo. Icala lingenzeka lapho, ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwayo, amazwi ka-K. alethwa ekuqaleni kwawo, ukuze aphindwe izikhathi eziningana, okwenza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. I-canon engapheli.

Kukhona nenani lezinhlobo ezikhethekile zama-canon. I-K. enamazwi amahhala, noma engaphelele, exutshwe u-K., iyinhlanganisela ka-K. ku-2, 3, njll. amazwi anamaphimbo amahhala, angelokulingisa kwamanye amazwi. K. ezihlokweni ezimbili, ezintathu noma ngaphezulu (okukabili, kathathu, njll.) iqala ngokungena ngesikhathi esisodwa kweziphakamiso ezimbili, ezintathu noma ngaphezulu, okulandelwa ukufakwa kwenombolo ehambisanayo yama-risposts. Kukhona no-K., ezihamba ngokulandelana (uchungechunge lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli), isiyingi, noma i-spiral, K. (i-canon per tonos), lapho isihloko sishintshashintsha, ukuze sidlule kancane kancane kuzo zonke izihluthulelo zesiyingi sesihlanu.

Esikhathini esidlule, i-proposta kuphela eyabhalwa ku-K., ekuqaleni kwayo, enezinhlamvu ezikhethekile noma ezikhethekile. incazelo ibonise ukuthi amavoti kufanele angene nini, ngakuphi ukulandelana kwamavoti, ngaziphi izikhawu futhi ngaluphi uhlobo ama-risposts okufanele angene ngalo. Isibonelo, eMiseni likaDufay elithi “Se la ay pole” kubhaliwe ukuthi: “Cresut in triplo et in duplo et pu jacet”, okusho ukuthi: “Ikhula ngokuphindwe kathathu futhi kabili futhi njengoba ilele.” Igama elithi "K". futhi lisho inkomba efanayo; ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwaba yigama lefomu ngokwalo. Emnyangweni amacala e-proposta akhishwe ngaphandle kwe-c.-l. izinkomba zemibandela yokungena ku-rispost - kwakudingeka zinqunywe, "ziqagelwe" ngumdlali. Ezimweni ezinjalo, okuthiwa. I-canon enigmatic, eyavumela eziningana ezahlukene. okuhlukile kokungena kwe-risposta, naz. i-polymorphic.

Ezinye eziyinkimbinkimbi neziqondile nazo zasetshenziswa. izinhlobo ze-K. - K., lapho kuphela u-dec. izingxenye ze-proposta, K. ngokwakhiwa kwe-risposta kusuka emisindweni ye-proposta, ehlelwe ngokulandelana kokwehla kobude besikhathi, njll.

Izibonelo zakuqala zama-chime wezwi angu-2 zibuyela emuva kukhulunyaka le-12, futhi ezinamazwi ama-3 zibuyela emuva kukhulunyaka le-13. "I-Summer Canon" evela ku-Reading Abbey eNgilandi yaqala cishe ngo-1300, okubonisa isiko eliphezulu lokulingisa i-polyphony. Ngo-1400 (ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-ars nova) u-K. wangena emculweni wehlelo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-15 kukhona abokuqala K. abanamaphimbo akhululekile, K. ngokwanda.

Ama-Dutch J. Ciconia kanye no-G. Dufay basebenzisa ama-canon kuma-motets, ama-canzone, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngobuningi. Emsebenzini ka-J. Okegem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Despres kanye nalabo ababephila ngesikhathi sabo, i-canonical. ubuchwepheshe bufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.

X. de Lantins. Ingoma yekhulu le-15

Indlela yeCanonical yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yama-muses. lokusungula 2nd floor. ngo-15 c. futhi libe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. ikhono. Ubuciko. ukuqonda umculo. amathuba ehlukene. izinhlobo zama-canon ziholele, ikakhulukazi, ekwakhiweni kweqoqo lama-canon. inqwaba dec. ababhali (nesihloko esithi Missa ad fugam). Ngalesi sikhathi, ifomu elicishe lanyamalala lalokho okuthiwa lalivame ukusetshenziswa. I-proportional canon, lapho itimu ku-risposta ishintsha uma iqhathaniswa ne-risposta.

Ukusetshenziswa k. ngezinhlobo ezinkulu ekhulwini le-15. ifakazela ukuqaphela okugcwele kwamandla ayo - ngosizo luka-K., ubunye bokuvezwa kwawo wonke amazwi kwafinyelelwa. Kamuva, uhlelo lwamaDashi lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli aluzange luthuthuke. Kuya. kwakuqabukela isetshenziswe njengozimele. ifomu, kancane kancane - njengengxenye yefomu lokulingisa (Palestrina, O. Lasso, TL de Victoria). Noma kunjalo, u-K. ufake isandla ekuhlanganiseni i-ladotonal, eqinisa ukubaluleka kwezimpendulo zangempela ze-quint kanye nethoni ekulingiseni kwamahhala. Incazelo yokuqala eyaziwayo ye-K. ibhekisela ku-con. ngo-15 c. (R. de Pareja, “Musica practica”, 1482).

U-Josquin Despress. U-Agnus Dei secundum ovela kunqwaba “L'Homme arme super voces”.

Ngekhulu le-16 inqubo yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli iqala ukufakwa ezincwadini zokufunda (G. Zarlino). Nokho, k. liphinde lichazwe ngegama elithi fuga futhi liphikisana nomqondo wokulingisa, owawubonisa ukusetshenziswa okungahambisani kokulingisa, okungukuthi, ukulingisa mahhala. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemiqondo ye-fugue ne-canon kuqala kuphela engxenyeni yesi-2. Ikhulu le-17 Ngenkathi yeBaroque, isithakazelo ku-K. siyanda; K. ingena ngaphakathi. umculo, uba (ikakhulukazi eJalimane) inkomba yekhono lomqambi, njengoba ufinyelele inani eliphakeme kakhulu lomsebenzi ka-JS Bach (ukucubungula okuseBhayibhelini kwe-cantus firmus, izingxenye ze-sonatas noquqaba, ukuhlukahluka kweGoldberg, “Umnikelo womculo”). Ngezinhlobo ezinkulu, njengamafugues amaningi enkathi ye-Bach kanye nezikhathi ezalandela, i-canonical. inqubo isetshenziswa kaningi ku-stretch; I-K. isebenza lapha njengesibonisi esigxilisiwe setimu-isithombe, esingenawo amanye amaphuzu aphikisayo ngokujwayelekile.

А. Кальдара. “Asambe siye e-cococia.” 18 ku.

Uma kuqhathaniswa no-JS Bach, ezakudala zase-Viennese zisebenzisa i-K. kancane kakhulu. Abaqambi bekhulu le-19 uR. Schumann kanye no-I. Brahms baphendukela ngokuphindaphindiwe esimweni sika-k. Intshisekelo ethile ku-K. iyisici sekhulu lama-20 ngezinga elikhulu nakakhulu. (M. Reger, G. Mahler). U-P. Hindemith no-B. Bartok basebenzisa amafomu ohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli ngokuphathelene nesifiso sokubusa isimiso esinengqondo, ngokuvamile ngokuhlobene nemibono ye-constructivist.

IsiRashiya. abaqambi bakudala abazange bakhombise intshisekelo enkulu k. njengefomu elizimele. isebenza, kodwa evame ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo zecanonical. ukulingisa ku-fugues noma i-polyphonic. ukuhlukahluka (i-MI Glinka - fugue kusukela esingenisweni esithi "Ivan Susanin"; PI Tchaikovsky - ingxenye yesi-3 ye-quartet yesi-2). K., kuhl. engapheli, evame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokubopha, egcizelela izinga lokungezwani elifinyelelwe (i-Glinka - i-quartet "Yeka umzuzu omuhle" kusukela esithombeni sokuqala sesenzo sokuqala sika "Ruslan noLyudmila"; Tchaikovsky - i-duet "Izitha" kusukela esithombeni sesibili - isenzo sesi-1 sika-"Eugene Onegin"; uMussorgsky - ikhorasi "Umhlahlandlela" ovela ku-"Boris Godunov"), noma ukuveza ukuzinza kanye "nendawo yonke" yemizwa (AP Borodin - Nocturne kusukela ku-quartet yesi-1; AK Glazunov - Izingxenye ezi-2 -I kanye neyesi-2 ze-symphony yesi-2; i-SV Rachmaninov - ingxenye ehamba kancane ye-symphony yokuqala), noma ngendlela ye-canonical. ukulandelana, kanye naku-K. ngokushintsha kohlobo olulodwa luka-K kuya kolunye, njengendlela yokuguquguquka. ukwanda (i-AK Glazunov - ingxenye yesi-1 ye-symphony yesi-2; i-SI Taneev - ingxenye yesi-5 ye-cantata "uJohn waseDamaseku"). Izibonelo ezivela ku-quartet yesi-1 ye-Borodin kanye ne-symphony yokuqala ye-Rachmaninov nazo zibonisa i-k. esetshenziswa yilaba baqambi abanezimo ezishintshayo zokulingisa. Amasiko Russian. ezakudala zaqhubeka emisebenzini yezikhova. abaqambi.

N. Yebo. UMyaskovsky noDD Shostakovich bane-canon. amafomu athole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi (i-Myaskovsky - ingxenye yokuqala ye-1 kanye nesiphetho se-symphonies yama-24, ingxenye yesi-27 ye-quartet No. 2; i-Shostakovich - izintambo ze-fugues emjikelezweni wepiyano "ama-preludes angu-3 nama-fugues" op. 24, 87- I ingxenye ye-symphony yesi-1, njll.).

N. Yebo. I-quartet ye-Myaskovsky yesi-3, ingxenye 2, ukuhluka kwe-3.

Amafomu e-Canonical awabonisi nje kuphela ukuguquguquka okukhulu, ukuwavumela ukuthi asetshenziswe emculweni wezitayela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa futhi acebile kakhulu ngezinhlobonhlobo. IsiRashiya. nezikhova. Abacwaningi (SI Taneev, SS Bogatyrev) banikele ngemisebenzi emikhulu ngethiyori ka-k.

References: 1) Yablonsky V., Pachomius the Serb kanye nemibhalo yakhe ye-hagiographic, SPB, 1908, M. Skaballanovich, Tolkovy typikon, vol. 2, K., 1913; Ritra JV, Analecta sacra spicilegio Solesmensi, parata, t. 1, eParis, ngo-1876; Wellesz E., Umlando womculo waseByzantine kanye ne-hymnography, Oxf., 1949, 1961.

2) Taneev S., Doctrine of the Canon, M., 1929; Bogatyrev S., I-Double canon, M. - L., 1947; Skrebkov S., Incwadi ye-polyphony, M., 1951, 1965, Protopopov V., Umlando we-polyphony. Umculo waseRussia wakudala nowamaSoviet, M., 1962; yakhe, Umlando we-polyphony ezimweni zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ezakudala zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, M., 1965; Klauwell, OA, Die historische Entwicklung des musikalischen Kanons, Lpz., 1875 (Diss); Jöde Fr., Der Kanon, Bd 1-3, Wolfenbüttel, 1926; eyakhe, Vom Geist und Gesicht des Kanons in der Kunst Bachs?, Wolfenbüttel, 1926; Mies R., Der Kanon im mehrstzigen klassischen Werk, “ZfMw”, Jahrg. VIII, 1925/26; Feininger LK, Die Frühgeschichte des Kanons bis Josquin des Prez (um 1500), Emsdetten ngo-W., 1937; Robbins RH, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kontrapunkts von Zarlino bis Schütz, B., 1938 (Diss); Blankenburg W., Die Bedeutung des Kanons in Bachs Werk, “Bericht über die wissenschaftliche Bachtagung Leipzig, 1950”, Lpz., 1951; Walt JJ van der, Die Kanongestaltung im Werk Palestrinas, Köln, 1956 (Diss.).

HD Uspensky, TP Muller