Umculo wesintu |

Umculo wesintu, umlando womculo (Umculo we-English Folk, German Volksmusik, Volkskunst, French Folklore musical) - amazwi (ikakhulukazi ingoma, okomculo kanye nenkondlo), izinsimbi, izwi nezinsimbi kanye nomculo nomdanso wokusungula wabantu (kusukela kubazingeli bakudala, abadobi, abelusi bomdabu, abelusi nabalimi kuya kubasebenzi basemakhaya nasemadolobheni, ama-artisan, abasebenzi, amasosha kanye nendawo yentando yeningi yabafundi, i-industrial proletariat).

Abadali be-N.m. bebengaqondile nje kuphela. abakhiqizi bengcebo. Ngokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, kwavela ubungcweti obukhethekile babadlali (ngokuvamile abadali) bokukhiqiza. nar. ubuciko - ama-buffoons (spielmans) kanye ne-rhapsody. N. m. ixhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nempilo yabantu. Uyingxenye ebalulekile yezobuciko. ubuciko (izinganekwane), obukhona, njengomthetho, ngendlela yomlomo (engabhalwanga) futhi idluliselwa ngabadlali kuphela. amasiko. Inkolelo yendabuko engabhaliwe (ekuqaleni ngaphambi kokufunda) iyisici esichazayo sika-N. m. kanye nenganekwane jikelele. I-Folklore iwubuciko enkumbulweni yezizukulwane. Muses. umlando wendabuko waziwa yibo bonke abantu. ukwakheka okuqala ngemiphakathi yangaphambi kwesigaba (okuthiwa ubuciko bakudala) futhi kubandakanya nesimanje. umhlaba. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, igama elithi “N. m." – ebanzi kakhulu futhi jikelele, etolika N. m. hhayi njengenye yezingxenye zeNar. ubuciko, kodwa njengegatsha (noma impande) ye-muses eyodwa. isiko. Engqungqutheleni yoMkhandlu Wamazwe Ngamazwe Womculo Wabantu (ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1950) uN. yachazwa njengomkhiqizo weminyuziyamu. isiko, esakhiwe ngenqubo yokudluliselwa komlomo ngezici ezintathu - ukuqhubeka (ukuqhubeka), ukuhlukahluka (ukuhlukahluka) nokukhetha (ukukhethwa kwemvelo). Kodwa-ke, le ncazelo ayikhathaleli inkinga yokuqanjwa kwezinganekwane futhi ihlushwa ukungaqondakali komphakathi. H. m. kufanele kubhekwe njengengxenye yezinyuziyamu zomhlaba wonke. isiko (lokhu kunomthelela ekuhlonzweni kwezici ezivamile zomculo wamasiko axoxwayo nabhaliwe, kodwa kushiya emthunzini ubusuka balowo nalowo), futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ekuqanjweni kwe-nar. isiko - folklore. N. m. - organic. ingxenye yenganekwane (ngakho-ke, ukuhlonza okwaziwayo kwamagama athi “N. m” kanye “nezinganekwane zomculo” kusekelwe ngokomlando nangendlela yokusebenza). Nokho, kufakwe emlandweni inqubo yokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa komculo. isiko (inkolo nezwe, prof. kanye nenqwaba).

Imvelaphi ye-N. m. hamba uye emlandweni wangaphambili. okwedlule. Ubuciko. amasiko emiphakathi yokuqala. Ukwakheka kuzinze ngendlela eyisimanga, kuyaqina (kunquma imininingwane yomlando wezinganekwane emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka). Kuyo yonke inkathi yomlando ukukhiqizwa kuhlangene. okudala kakhulu, okuguquliwe, kanye nokusanda kwakhiwa (ngokwemithetho yesiko engabhalwanga). Bendawonye bakha lokho okubizwa. inganekwane yomdabu, okungukuthi, ikakhulukazi ezomculo nezinkondlo. i-art-in, idalwe futhi isakazwa yisizwe ngasinye. imvelo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngomlomo. Abantu bagcina enkumbulweni yabo namakhono okudlala umculo lokho okuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo ezibalulekile kanye nemizwelo. Traditional N. m. ukuzimela futhi ngokuvamile ephikisana no-prof. (“okwenziwayo” – artificialis) umculo wamasiko abhaliwe amancane. Ezinye zezinhlobo zika-prof. umculo omningi (ikakhulukazi, izingoma ezishisa izikhotha) uhlangana kancane nokubonakaliswa kwakamuva kwe-N. m. (umculo wansuku zonke, umlando wezintaba).

Umbuzo wobudlelwano phakathi kuka-N. m. nomculo wezinkolo uyinkimbinkimbi futhi awufundeki kangako. inkolo. IBandla, naphezu komzabalazo oqhubekayo no-N. m., labhekana nethonya lalo elinamandla. NgeNkathi Ephakathi. EYurophu, lo mculo ofanayo wawungadlalwa ngokwezwe nangokwenkolo. imibhalo. Kanye nomculo wehlelo, isonto lasakaza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. izingoma zenkolo (ngezinye izikhathi belingisa ngamabomu izingoma zomdabu), emiphakathini eminingi efakwe kuyi-Nar. isiko lomculo (isibonelo, izingoma zikaKhisimusi ePoland, izingoma zikaKhisimusi zesiNgisi, i-German Weihnachtslieder, i-French Noll, njll.). Basebenza kabusha ngokwengxenye futhi bacabanga kabusha, baqala impilo entsha. Kodwa ngisho nasemazweni anethonya elinamandla lenkolo, imikhiqizo yezinganekwane. ngenkolo. izingqikithi zigqama ngokuphawulekayo kuNar. repertoire (nakuba amafomu axubile angase avele). Imisebenzi yezinganekwane iyaziwa, amacebo ayo abuyela ezinkolweni. imibono (bheka ivesi elingokomoya).

Umculo wesiko elidluliselwa ngomlomo wathuthuka kancane kakhulu kunalowo obhaliwe, kodwa ngesivinini esikhulayo, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zanamuhla nezanamuhla (ezinganekwaneni zaseYurophu, lokhu kubonakala uma kuqhathaniswa namasiko asemaphandleni nasemadolobheni). Kusukela ngoDisemba. amafomu kanye nezinhlobo ze-syncretism yakudala (ukwenziwa komkhuba, imidlalo, imidanso yezingoma ngokuhambisana nezinsimbi zomculo, njll.) kwakhiwe futhi kwathuthukiswa ngokuzimela. izinhlobo zomculo. i-art-va - ingoma, instr., umdanso - ngokuhlanganiswa kwawo okulandelayo ku-synthetic. izinhlobo zokusungula. Lokhu kwenzeka kudala ngaphambi kokuvela komculo obhaliwe. amasiko, futhi ngokwengxenye ahambisana nawo kanye namasiko amaningana ngaphandle kwawo. Okuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu umbuzo wokubunjwa kuka-prof. isiko lomculo. Ubungcweti buyisici hhayi kuphela esibhaliwe, kodwa futhi nomculo oxoxwayo. amasiko, wona, anezinhlobonhlobo. Kukhona oral (based) Prof. isiko elingaphandle kwendabuko, encazelweni. okungenani kuphambene nesiko lendabuko (ngokwesibonelo, Ind. ragi, Iranian dastgahi, Arab. makams). Ubuciko bomculo kaProf (neqembu lezenhlalo labaculi kanye nezikole eziculayo) nabo bavela phakathi kwabantu. ubuqambi njengengxenye yayo yezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa phakathi kwabantu ababengenakho ukuzimela, abahlukaniswe nenganekwane ka-prof. izicelo eYurophu. ukuqonda leli gama (isibonelo, phakathi Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Turkmens). Umculo wesimanje isiko lalaba bantu lihlanganisa izindawo ezintathu eziyinkimbinkimbi zangaphakathi - iminyuziyamu efanele. folklore (nar. izingoma zezinhlobo ezahlukene), folk. uphrof. ubuciko bosiko lomlomo (indabuko) (instr. Kui nezingoma) kanye nomsebenzi wakamuva womqambi wesiko elibhaliwe. Okufanayo e-Afrika yanamuhla: empeleni abantu (ubuciko bomuntu), bendabuko (ochwepheshe ekuqondeni kwe-Afrika) kanye no-prof. (ngomqondo waseYurophu) umculo. Emasikweni anjalo, N. m. wona ngokwawo awuhlukanisiwe ngaphakathi (isibonelo, umculo wephimbo udlalwa nsuku zonke, futhi isiko lesintu lezinsimbi lisebenza kakhulu). Ngakho, umqondo othi "N. m." ibanzi kunenganekwane yomculo efanele, njengoba ihlanganisa no-oral prof. umculo.

Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni komculo obhaliwe. amasiko kukhona ukuxhumana njalo ngomlomo nangokubhaliwe, nsuku zonke kanye prof. amasiko kanye namasiko angewona ezinganekwane emnyangweni. amasiko ezinhlanga, kanye nasenqubweni yokuhlanganiswa kwezizwe eziyinkimbinkimbi. othintana nabo, okuhlanganisa ithonya elifanayo lamasiko avela emazwenikazi ahlukene (isb, iYurophu ne-Asia kanye neNyakatho Afrika). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko ngalinye libona okusha (amafomu, repertoire) ngokuya ngemininingwane yalo. Izinkambiso, izinto ezintsha zisebenza kahle ngokwezinto eziphilayo futhi azibonakali zingavamile. Isiko lika-N. m. “umama” wesiko lomculo elibhaliwe.

Ch. nobunzima ekufundeni N. m. exhunywe ngokuyinhloko nesikhathi senkathi yokuthuthukiswa kwangaphambi kokufunda kweminyuziyamu. isiko, lapho izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-N. m. Ucwaningo lwalesi sikhathi lungenzeka ngokulandelayo. izikhombisi-ndlela: a) ngokwethiyori nangokungaqondile, ngokusekelwe kuzifaniso emikhakheni ehlobene; b) kodwa imithombo ekhona ebhaliwe kanye neyezinto ezibonakalayo (izincwadi zomculo, ubufakazi babahambi, umlando, umculo. amathuluzi nemibhalo yesandla, imivubukulo. ukumba); c) ngokuqondile. idatha yomculo womlomo. isiko elikwazi ukugcina amafomu kanye nabadali bamafomu. izimiso zeminyaka eyinkulungwane. Umculo. amasiko - organic. ingxenye ebalulekile yamasiko ezinganekwane zesizwe ngasinye. I-Dialectic. Ukuchazwa kwamasiko omlando kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kumbono kaMarxist. KUYA. UMarx wakhomba ukunqunyelwa kusengaphambili, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwamasiko, okungagcini nje ngokusikisela, kodwa futhi aqinisekisa ukuba khona kwawo: “Kuzo zonke lezi zinhlobo (ezihlangene), isisekelo sentuthuko siwukuvezwa kabusha kokwaziswa okunqunywe kusengaphambili (ngokwezinga elithile noma elinye). , ezakheka ngokwemvelo noma zavela ngokomlando, kodwa eseziphenduke isiko ) ubuhlobo bomuntu nomphakathi wakubo kanye nokuba khona kwakhe okuthile, okunqunyelwe kusengaphambili, kokubili ngokuphathelene nezimo zokusebenza, kanye nobuhlobo bakhe nezisebenzi akanye nazo, izizwana ezikanye naye. , njll. ngenxa yalokho lesi sisekelo silinganiselwe kusukela ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokususwa kwalo mkhawulo, kubangela ukwehla nokubhujiswa” (Marx K. kanye ne-Engels, F., Soch., vol. 46, h. I-1, k. 475). Nokho, ukuzinza kwamasiko kuyaguquguquka ngaphakathi: “Isizukulwane esinikeziwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, siqhubekisela phambili umsebenzi ozuzwe njengefa ngaphansi kwezimo ezishintshe ngokuphelele, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, silungisa izimo ezindala ngomsebenzi oshintshe ngokuphelele” (Marx K. kanye ne-Engels, F., Soch., vol. I-3, k. 45). Amasiko endabuko athatha indawo ekhethekile kwezamasiko. Abekho abantu abangenazo izinganekwane, kanjalo nabangenalo ulimi. Ukwakheka okusha kwezinganekwane akuveli njengokulula nokuqondile. ukubonakaliswa kwempilo yansuku zonke futhi hhayi kuphela kumafomu ayingxube noma ngenxa yokucabanga kabusha okudala, kodwa kudalwe ngokuphikisana, ukungqubuzana kwezinkathi ezimbili noma izindlela zokuphila kanye nemibono yazo. I-dialectic yentuthuko N. m., njengawo wonke amasiko, umzabalazo phakathi kwesiko nokuvuselelwa. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwendabuko neqiniso kuyisisekelo sokuguquguquka kwenganekwane yomlando. I-Typology yezinhlobo, izithombe, imisebenzi, amasiko, ubuciko. amafomu, izindlela ezivezayo, ukuxhumana kanye nobudlelwano enganekwaneni kuhambisana njalo nokusuka kwazo, ukucaciswa kwazo ekubonakalisweni ngakunye ngakunye. Noma yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa akwenzeki kuphela ngokumelene nesizinda se-typology, kodwa futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka lobudlelwano obujwayelekile, izakhiwo, imibono engaguquki. Isiko lezinganekwane lakha uhlobo lwalo futhi lwenziwa kulo kuphela. Nokho, azikho isethi yezici (ngisho nezibaluleke kakhulu, isb ukuqoqwa, umlingiswa oxoxwayo, ukungaziwa, ukwenziwa ngcono, ukuhluka, njll.) akukwazi ukuveza ingqikithi ka-N. m. Kuthembisa kakhulu ukutolika uN. m. (kanye nenganekwane ngokuvamile) njenge-dialectical. uhlelo lwamapheya ahlobanayo ezici eziveza ingqikithi yesiko lendabuko kusukela ngaphakathi (ngaphandle kwenganekwane ephikisayo kuya ekungeyona eyendabuko): isibonelo, hhayi nje ukwehluka, kodwa ukwehluka okubhangqwe nokuzinza, okungekho ngaphandle kwakho. Esimweni ngasinye esithile (ngokwesibonelo, ku-N. m. izinhlanga ezahlukene. amasiko kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-Nar efanayo. isiko leqhwa) ingxenye eyodwa noma enye yababhangqwana ingabusa, kodwa enye ngaphandle kwenye ayinakwenzeka. Isiko lezinganekwane lingachazwa ngohlelo lwezisekelo ezingu-7. ama-correlative pairs: ukuqoqa - ubuntu; ukuzinza - ukuhamba; izakhi eziningi - i-mono-element; ukusebenza-ukudala - ukusebenza-ukukhiqiza kabusha; ukusebenza - ukusebenza; uhlelo lwezinhlobo luwukucaciswa komnyango. izinhlobo; ulimi lwesigodi (i-dialect articulation) - i-supra-dialect. Lolu hlelo lunamandla. Isilinganiso samabhangqa asifani emlandweni ohlukene. izinkathi nasemazwenikazi ahlukene. ngoba imvelaphi ehlukile otd. amasiko eqhwa, izinhlobo м.

Ipheya yokuqala ihlanganisa ukuhlobana okufana nokungaziwa - ubunikazi, ubuhlakani obuzenzakalelayo bomdabu obungazi lutho - ukulinganisa - uprofesa wendabuko. "izikole", i-typological - ethize; okwesibili - ukuzinza - ukuhlukahluka, i-stereotype - ukuthuthukiswa, futhi maqondana nomculo - ophawuliwe - ongaphawuliwe; okwesithathu - ukwenza. i-syncretism (ukucula, ukudlala izinsimbi, ukudansa) - kuzokwenza. i-asyncretism. Kumlingiswa oxoxwayo ka-N. m., abukho ipheya ehambisanayo ehambisanayo phakathi kwenganekwane (ubudlelwane phakathi kobuciko bomlomo nobuciko obubhaliwe budlulela ngale kwenganekwane, engabhalwanga ngokwemvelo yayo, futhi ebonisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinganekwane nezingezona zendabuko).

Ukuzinza okubili okuhambisanayo - ukuhamba kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kuthinta into esemqoka esikweni lendabuko - ingaphakathi layo. amandla. Isiko akukona ukuthula, kodwa ukunyakaza kohlobo olukhethekile, okungukuthi, ibhalansi ezuzwa umzabalazo wezinto eziphikisanayo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuzinza nokuhlukahluka (ukuhlukahluka), i-stereotype (ukugcinwa kwamafomula athile) kanye nokuthuthukiswa okukhona ngesisekelo salo. . Ukwehluka (indawo ebalulekile yomlando wezinganekwane) olunye uhlangothi lokuzinza. Ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka ukuzinza kuphenduka kube ngumshini. ukuphindaphinda, okungajwayelekile kunganekwane. Ukuhlukahluka kuwumphumela wemvelo yomlomo kanye nokuqoqwa kwe-N. m. kanye nombandela wokuba khona kwayo. Umkhiqizo ngamunye uveza izindlela zendabuko akuyona into engaqondakali, unohlelo oluphelele lokuhlukahluka okuhlobene nesitayela kanye nesemantiki okuyisici somdlali. amandla N.m.

Lapho ufunda i-N. m., nobunzima buphakama mayelana nokusetshenziswa kochwepheshe bomculo kukho. izigaba (ifomu, imodi, isigqi, uhlobo, njll.), ezivame ukunganeli ekuziqapheleni komuntu ngamunye. amasiko omculo awahambisani nemiqondo yawo yendabuko, empiric. izigaba, kanye Nar. itheminology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, N. M. cishe akalokothi abe khona ngendlela ehlanzekile, ngaphandle kokuxhumana nezenzo ezithile (zabasebenzi, isiko, i-choreographic), nesimo senhlalo, njll. Ubuciko buwumkhiqizo hhayi wobuciko kuphela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi womphakathi wabantu. Ngakho-ke, isifundo sika-N. m. akukwazi ukulinganiselwa kuphela olwazini lweminyuziyamu yakhe. uhlelo, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqonda imininingwane yokusebenza kwalo emphakathini, njengengxenye yencazelo echaziwe. ama-folklore complexes. Ukucacisa umqondo othi “N. m." ukuhlukaniswa kwesifunda kanye nohlobo kudingekile. Isici somlomo sika-N. m. kuwo wonke amazinga ahlelwa ngokohlelo (kusuka ohlotsheni lomsebenzi womculo nohlelo lohlobo kuya endleleni yokuphimisa, ukwakha insimbi, nokukhetha ifomula yomculo) futhi kwenzeka ngokuhlukile. Ku-typology (okungukuthi, ekuqhathaniseni amasiko omculo ahlukene ukuze kutholwe izinhlobo), kuhlukaniswa izenzakalo ezivame cishe kuwo wonke amamuse. amasiko (okubizwa ngokuthi ama-universal musical), avamile esifundeni esithile, iqembu lamasiko (okuthiwa izici zendawo) kanye nendawo (okubizwa ngokuthi izici zolimi lwesigodi).

Ku-Folkloristics yesimanje ayinawo umbono owodwa mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwesifunda kwe-N. m. Ngakho, u-Amer. usosayensi u-A. Lomax (“Isitayela sengoma yesintu namasiko” – “Isitayela sengoma yabantu kanye namasiko”, 1968) ukhomba izifunda zomhlaba ezinesitayela somculo: iMelika, iziqhingi zasePacific, i-Australia, i-Asia (amasiko asendulo athuthuke kakhulu), I-Afrika, iYurophu , iwachaza ke ngokusho kwamamodeli wesitayela akhona: isibonelo, i-6 europ. amasiko - emaphakathi, entshonalanga, empumalanga kanye neMedithera ehlobene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye ababhali be-folklorists baseSlovak (bona i-Slovak Musical Encyclopedia, 3) abakhethi 1969, kodwa 3 Europ. amasiko - aseNtshonalanga (nezikhungo zezindawo zolimi lwesiNgisi, isiFulentshi nesiJalimane), iScandinavia, iMedithera kanye neMpumalanga (enezikhungo zeCarpathian ne-East Slavic; iBalkan nayo ixhunywe lapha, ngaphandle kwezizathu ezanele). Ngokuvamile, iYurophu iyonke iphikisana ne-Asia, kodwa abanye ochwepheshe bayakuphikisa lokhu: isibonelo, u-L. Picken ("Umlando we-Oxford Womculo" - "Umlando Omusha we-Oxford Womculo", 4) uphikisana neYurophu neNdiya eMpumalanga Ekude. insimu esuka eShayina kuya eziqhingini zaseMalay Archipelago iyonke yomculo. Akulungile futhi ukuqoka i-Afrika yonkana ngisho nokuphikisa iNyakatho. I-Afrika (enyakatho yeSahara) iyindawo eshisayo, futhi kuyo - eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga. Indlela enjalo yenza kube nzima ukwehluka kwangempela nobunkimbinkimbi beminyuziyamu. indawo yase-Afrika. Izwekazi, i-to-ry okungenani inezizwe nabantu abangu-1959. Isigaba esiqinisekisa kakhulu sisuka kwezinhlanga ezibanzi. izifunda kuya ku-intrathnic. izilimi zesigodi: isibonelo, East-European, bese East-Slav. kanye nezifunda zaseRussia ngokuhlukaniswa kweziqephu ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho, entshonalanga, enkabeni, eningizimu-Russian, iVolga-Ural, iSiberia kanye nezifunda zaseMpumalanga Ekude, nazo zihlukaniswe izifunda ezincane. Ngakho, N., m. ikhona encazelweni. insimu nangesikhathi esithile esingokomlando, okungukuthi, silinganiselwe yisikhala nesikhathi, okudala uhlelo lwezilimi zesigodi zomculo nezendabuko ku-Nar ngayinye. isiko lomculo. Noma kunjalo, isiko lomculo ngalinye lakha uhlobo lwesitayela somculo esiphelele, esihlangene ngesikhathi esifanayo. ngendabuko enkulu kanye ne-ethnographic. izifunda, i-to-rye ingahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela ehlukene. Isilinganiso se-intra-dialect kanye ne-supra-dialect, intra-system kanye nezici ze-inter-system zithinta ingqikithi ye-N. m. amasiko. Isizwe ngasinye okokuqala siyawubona futhi siyawazisa umehluko (yini ehlukanisa i-N. m. kwezinye), nokho, iningi labantu. amasiko omculo afana kakhulu futhi aphila ngokuvumelana nemithetho yendawo yonke (uma izindlela zomculo ziyisisekelo, zitholakala emhlabeni wonke).

Lawa maphethini kanye nezigigaba zomhlaba wonke aziveli ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa okuvela kunoma yimuphi umthombo owodwa. Njengomthetho, akhiwa phakathi kwabantu abahlukene nge-polygenetically futhi akhona yonke indawo ngokwemibandela ye-typological. umqondo, okungukuthi okungenzeka. Lapho uhlukanisa izici ezithile noma imithetho ye-N. m. emhlabeni jikelele, ngokwesayensi. ukulunga. UMnyango. izakhi zomculo. amafomu acatshangelwa kuma-statics omculo naku-dynamics yethoni yokudlala bukhoma awafani. Esimweni sokuqala, bangase babonakale bevamile kubantu abaningi, okwesibili bahluke kakhulu. Emculweni wabantu abahlukene, ukuhlonzwa kokuhlangana kwangaphandle (okubonakalayo-notational) akwamukelekile, ngoba imvelo yabo, indlela yokusebenza kanye nemvelo yokuzwakala kwangempela kungase kuhluke kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, inhlanganisela ye-triadic ekuculweni kwamakwaya kwabaThwa base-Afrika namaBushmen nabaseYurophu. i-harmonic polyphony . ishede). Ezingeni lomculo-acoustic (izinto zokwakha ze-N. m.) - cishe yonke into ikhona yonke indawo. Express. izindlela ngokwazo zimile ngakho-ke zingamanga jikelele. Ubuhlanga buzibonakalisa ngokuyinhloko ku-dynamics, okungukuthi, emithethweni yokwakha ifomu yesitayela esithile se-N. m.

Umqondo womngcele wolimi lwesigodi somculo wesintu uwuketshezi phakathi kwabantu abahlukene: izindawo zesigodi ezincane ziwumkhiqizo wezolimo ezizinzile. isiko, kuyilapho imizulane ixhumana endaweni enkulu, okuholela olimini olukhulu lwe-monolithic (olwezwi nolomculo). Ngakho-ke ubunzima obukhulu nakakhulu ekuqhathaniseni i-N. m. emiphakathini eyahlukene. ukwakheka.

Ekugcineni, i-historicism izoqhathanisa. ukukhanyisa komculo. inganekwane yabo bonke abantu bebonke ihilela ukucabangela ukuhlukahluka komlando. impilo yobuzwe. amasiko. Isibonelo, iminyuziyamu emikhulu yasendulo. amasiko aseningizimu-mpumalanga. I-Asia ingeyabantu okwathi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka besendleleni besuka enhlanganweni yezizwe beya ku-feudalism evuthiwe, okwakubonakala ngokuhamba kancane kwentuthuko yabo yamasiko nomlando. ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyilapho abasebasha baseYurophu. abantu esikhathini esifushane baye badlula endleleni yomlando enezivunguvungu nenqala. ukuthuthukiswa - ukusuka emphakathini wezizwe kuya kuma-imperialism, nasemazweni aseMpumalanga. IYurophu - ngaphambi kwe-socialism. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sekwephuzile kangakanani ukuthuthukiswa Nar. amasiko omculo uma kuqhathaniswa nokushintsha komphakathi.-economic. ukwakheka, nokho eYurophu kwakushube kakhulu kunaseMpumalanga, futhi kwafinyelela izici eziningana. emisha. Ngasinye umlando isigaba sokuba khona N. m. inothisa isiko lezinganekwane ngendlela ethile. njalo. Ngakho-ke, akukho emthethweni ukuqhathanisa, isibonelo, ukuvumelana kwesiJalimane. nar. Izingoma zesi-Arabhu kanye nomculo. ama-makam ngobuqili be-modal: kuwo womabili amasiko kukhona ama-clichés athile kanye nezambulo ezihlakaniphile; umsebenzi wesayensi ukuveza izici zabo ezithile.

N. m. decomp. izifunda zobuzwe zidlule endleleni yentuthuko ehlukile ngomfutho, kodwa ngokwemibandela evamile, ezintathu ezibalulekile zingahlukaniswa. isiteji ekuthuthukisweni komculo. inganekwane:

1) inkathi yakudala kakhulu, umsuka wayo obuyela emuva emakhulwini eminyaka, kanye nomlando ophezulu. umngcele uhlotshaniswa nesikhathi sokwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni kombuso othile. inkolo eyathatha indawo yezinkolo zobuqaba zemiphakathi yezizwe;

2) iNkathi Ephakathi, inkathi ye-feudalism - isikhathi sokugoqana kwezizwe kanye nokuduma kwalokho okuthiwa. i-classical folklore (yabantu baseYurophu - umculo wendabuko wabalimi, ovame ukuhlotshaniswa no-N. m. ngokujwayelekile, kanye nobungcweti bomlomo);

3) yesimanje. inkathi (entsha neyakamuva); ngoba abantu abaningi baxhumene nokuguqukela konxiwankulu, ngokukhula kwezintaba. isiko elaqala ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Izinqubo ezenzeka ku-N. m. ayaqina, amasiko amadala ayaphulwa, futhi kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zamabhanga. ubuciko bomculo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile akukona okomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Arab. umculo akwaziwa ukuthi uqinisekile. umehluko phakathi komlimi nezintaba. amasiko, njengaseYurophu; ngokuvamile baseYurophu. umlando wokuvela kwe-N. m. - ukusuka edolobhaneni ukuya edolobheni, emculweni wesiCreole wamazwe aseLat. IMelika "ibheke phansi", njengeYurophu. ukuxhumana kwezinganekwane zamazwe ngamazwe - ukusuka kubantu kuye kubantu - lapha kuhambisana nokuqondile. uxhumano: europ. osonhlamvukazi - lat.-amer. idolobha - lat.-amer. isigodi. EYurophu N. M. ezintathu zomlando. Izikhathi ziyahambisana futhi uhlobo-stylistic. I-periodization yayo (ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo zakudala kakhulu ze-epic and ritual folklore - esikhathini soku-1, ukuthuthukiswa kwalokhu kanye nokuqhakaza kwezinhlobo zomculo we-lyrical - kweyesi-2, ukwanda kokuxhumana nesiko elibhaliwe, ngemidanso ethandwayo - kweyesi-3) .

Umbuzo wezinhlobo ze-N. m. Ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo ngokwe-vnemuz eyodwa. imisebenzi ye-N. m. (isifiso sokuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zayo kuye ngemisebenzi yezenhlalo neyemihla ngemihla eyenziwa yiyo ku-Nar. ukuphila) noma emculweni kuphela. izici azanele. Indlela edidiyelwe iyadingeka: isib ingoma ichazwa ngokubumbana kombhalo (indikimba nezinkondlo), umculo, ukwakheka kokuqanjwa, ukusebenza komphakathi, isikhathi, indawo kanye nemvelo yokusebenza, njll. njll Okwengeziwe Ubunzima ukuthi ngokomlando isici sendawo sidlala indima enkulu: N. m. ikhona kuphela ngezilimi zesigodi ezithile. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinga lokusatshalaliswa liyancipha. izinhlobo nemikhiqizo yanoma yiluphi uhlobo ngaphakathi kolimi lwesigodi ngisho olulodwa (ingasaphathwa eyesistimu yezilimi zesigodi zeqembu elithile lohlanga) ayilingani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukukhiqizwa kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo ezingasho neze ukuthi "zikhona ezweni lonke" (ngokwesibonelo, i-lyric. ukuthuthukiswa, njll. Mr. izingoma zomuntu siqu, njll. d.). Ukwengeza, kukhona amasiko okwenziwa ngabahlabeleli abahlukene bombhalo ofanayo emiculo ehlukene, kanye nemibhalo yokuqukethwe okuhlukene nomsebenzi - emculweni ofanayo. Lesi sakamuva sibonwa kokubili ngaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo (okuyinto evame kakhulu) naphakathi kwezinhlobo (isibonelo, phakathi kwabantu baseFinno-Ugric). Umkhiqizo owodwa. njalo ithuthukiswa ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ezinye zidluliswa kusukela ekhulwini kuya ekhulwini ngezinguquko ezincane (kwabanye abantu, iphutha ekusebenzeni komculo wesiko lalijeziswa ngokufa). Ngakho-ke, incazelo yohlobo lwakho kokubili ayikwazi ukufana. Umqondo wohlobo njengokujwayelekile kwezinto ezinkulu uvula indlela yokuchazwa kwezinhlobo zazo zonke izinhlobo ze-N. m., kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ibambezela ukufundwa kwenkimbinkimbi yangempela yezinganekwane nazo zonke izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zayo ezishintshayo nezixubile, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngokuvamile akuhambisani nalolo lwazi. ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ezamukelwa isiko lenganekwane ngayinye ngokwemithetho yalo engabhalwanga, kodwa ephikelelayo, namatemu ayo, ahluka ngokwezilimi zesigodi. Ngokwesibonelo, for a folklorist kukhona ingoma isiko, futhi Nar. umculi akayibheki ingoma, eyichaza ngokwenhloso yayo emkhubeni ("vesnyanka" - "calling spring"). Noma izinhlobo ezihlukaniswa ngomlando wezinganekwane zihlangene phakathi kwabantu zibe ngamaqembu akhethekile (isibonelo, phakathi kwamaKumyks, izindawo ezi-2 ezinkulu ze-polygenre zokudala izingoma - amaqhawe-iqhawe kanye nezinsuku zonke - ziqokwe ngokuthi "yyr" kanye "saryn" ngokulandelana). Konke lokhu kufakazela umbandela wanoma yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu le-N. m. kanye nencazelo mbumbulu yesayensi yohlobo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Okokugcina, abantu abahlukene bakhona ngokuqondile. izinhlobo N. m., ukuthi kunzima noma akunakwenzeka ngabo ukuthola izifaniso ezinganekwaneni zakwamanye amazwe (ngokwesibonelo, Afr. imidanso yenyanga egcwele nezingoma ze-tattoo, i-Yakut. ukuvalelisa ukufa ukucula nokucula ephusheni, njll. P.). Amasistimu wohlobo N. m. abantu abahlukene bangase bangahlangani kuzo zonke izigaba zokusungula: isibonelo, ezinye izizwe zamaNdiya azikwazi ukulandisa. izingoma, kanti abanye abantu bomculo I-epic ithuthukiswe kakhulu (Rus. ama-epics, Yakut. abaningi njll. P.). Noma kunjalo, isici sohlobo sibalulekile lapho ufingqa izinto eziyisisekelo.

Izinhlobo ziye zavela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kuye ngokuyinhloko ezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yezenhlalo neyosuku lwansuku zonke ye-N. m., nayo ehlotshaniswa nezomnotho kanye nezindawo. kanye nenhlalo-ngqondo. izici zokubunjwa kweqembu lobuhlanga. N. m. bekulokhu kungekona ukuzijabulisa okungako njengesidingo esiphuthumayo. Imisebenzi yayo ihlukene futhi ihlobene nempilo yomuntu siqu neyomndeni womuntu, kanye nemisebenzi yakhe eyiqoqo. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, kube khona imijikelezo yezingoma ehambisana nenhloko. izigaba zomjikelezo wempilo yomuntu (ukuzalwa, ubuntwana, ukuthwasa, umshado, umngcwabo) kanye nomjikelezo wokusebenza weqoqo (izingoma zabasebenzi, isiko, imikhosi). Kodwa-ke, emandulo izingoma zale mijikelezo emibili zazihlangene eduze: izenzakalo zokuphila komuntu ngamunye zaziyingxenye yempilo yeqoqo futhi, ngokufanele, zazigujwa ndawonye. Omdala okuthiwa. izingoma zomuntu siqu nezempi (zezizwe).

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-N. m. - ingoma, ukuthuthukiswa kwengoma (uhlobo lwe-Sami yoika), ingoma engenamagama (ngokwesibonelo, isiChuvash, isiJuda), i-epic. inganekwane (isibonelo, bylina Russian), umdanso. imiculo, amakhorasi omdanso (isibonelo, i-Russian ditty), instr. imidlalo namashuni (amasignali, imidanso). Umculo wabalimi, owakha isisekelo samasiko. I-folklore yaseYurophu. abantu, bahambisane nayo yonke impilo yokusebenza nomndeni: amaholide ekhalenda okulima wonyaka. umbuthano (ama-carols, stoneflies, Shrovetide, Trinity, Kupala), umsebenzi wasensimini wasehlobo (ukugunda, izingoma zokuvuna), ukuzalwa, umshado nokufa (izililo zomngcwabo). Intuthuko enkulu kakhulu yamukelwa ngu-N. m. ngelyric. izinhlobo, lapho izingoma ezilula, ezimfishane zithathelwa indawo yizabasebenzi, amasiko, umdanso kanye ne-epic. izingoma noma instr. amaculo afika asetshenziswa futhi kwesinye isikhathi ayinkimbinkimbi ngendlela yamamuse. ukuthuthukiswa - izwi (isibonelo, ingoma yaseRussia eqhubekayo, isiRomania kanye ne-Mold. doina) nezinsimbi (ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo "izingoma zokulalela" zabadlali beviyolini baseTranscarpathian, abagibeli bamahhashi baseBulgaria, ama-dombrists aseKazakh, ama-komuzist ase-Kyrgyz, ama-dutarist, ama-ensembles nezinsimbi yama-Uzbeks namaTajik, ama-Indonesia, amaJapane, njll.).

Kubantu basendulo Izinhlobo zezingoma zifaka phakathi ukufakwa kwezingoma ezinganekwaneni nakwezinye izindaba zephrozi (lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-cantefable), kanye neziqephu zezingoma zezinganekwane ezinhle kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, i-Yakut olonkho).

Amaculo omsebenzi achaza umsebenzi futhi aveze izimo zengqondo ngawo, noma ahambisane nawo. Eyokugcina yemvelaphi yakudala kakhulu, iye yavela kakhulu ngokuphathelene nomlando. ukushintsha amafomu omsebenzi. Isibonelo, ama-sutartines aseLithuania ahlabelela i-amoebeino (okungukuthi, ngokushintshana, ngendlela yombuzo - impendulo) ekuzingeleni, ngenkathi eqoqa uju, evuna i-rye, edonsa iflakisi, kodwa hhayi ngesikhathi sokulima noma sokubhula. Ukucula kwe-Amoebaic kwanikeza isisebenzi ukuphumula esasikudinga kakhulu. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakulabo ababephelezela umyeni onzima. sebenzisa izingoma ze-artel (burlak) namakhorasi (ezinganekwaneni eziye zashintsha isikhathi eside, isibonelo, ngesiRashiya, amafomu omculo agcinwe abonisa isikhathi sekwephuzile kuphela ekuthuthukisweni kwalolu hlobo). Umculo wezingoma ezihambisana nemikhosi nemikhuba ehlangene (ngokwesibonelo, amakhalenda aseRussia) wawungakakabi nomlingiswa wobuhle kuphela. imisebenzi. Kwakungenye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokugomela umuntu emhlabeni futhi kwakuyisithako ku-syncretism yesiko, eyayiphelele ngokwemvelo futhi ithinta kokubili izibabazo, ukushukuma komzimba, imidanso nokunye ukunyakaza (ukuhamba, ukugijima, ukugxuma, ukucofa) okungenakuhlukaniswa ukucula, nezindlela ezikhethekile zokucula (ngokwesibonelo, okuthiwa ukuhlabelela phezulu kuphela okube nengxenye esivunweni esihle). Inhloso yalezi zingoma, ezaziyiminyuziyamu. izimpawu zemicikilisho ehambisana nazo (ngaphandle kwazo ezingakaze zenziwe), zinqume ukuzinza kwezingoma zabo. izakhiwo (okuthiwa izingoma “zefomula” - imiculo emifushane, evamise ukuba nevolumu emincane kanye nezingoma ze-anhemitonic, ngayinye yazo eyayihlanganiswe nenani elikhulu lemibhalo yezinkondlo ehlukahlukene yomsebenzi ofanayo kanye nesikhathi sekhalenda), ukusetshenziswa kusiko ngalinye lendawo okulinganiselwe. iqoqo lezigqi ze-stereotypical. kanye nama-modal revolutions – “amafomula”, ikakhulukazi kuma-refrains, ajwayele ukwenziwa ikhwaya.

Umculo wemikhosi yomshado awukwazi ukwenziwa okuvamile, ngezinye izikhathi ohluke kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abahlukene (isibonelo, "izinkondlo" eziningi zomlobokazi ngokwesiko laseNyakatho yaseRussia kanye nokubamba iqhaza okulinganiselwe kukamakoti nomkhwenyana emishadweni ethile yase-Asia Ephakathi). Ngisho naphakathi kwabantu oyedwa, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuhlukahluka kolimi lwezinhlobo zomshado (empeleni okungokwesiko, okutusayo, okulilelayo, okomculo). Izingoma zomshado, njengezingoma zekhalenda, "zihlelekile" (ngokwesibonelo, emcimbini womshado waseBelarusian, imibhalo ehlukene efinyelela ku-130 ingenziwa ngomculo ngamunye). Amasiko amadala anenani elincane lamashuni efomula azwakala kuwo wonke "umdlalo womshado", kwesinye isikhathi izinsuku eziningi. Ngokwesiko lesi-Russian, imiculo yomshado ihluka emiculo yekhalenda ngokuyinhloko ngesigqi sawo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesingesona esijwayelekile (imvamisa ngamabhithi angu-5, angaphakathi asymmetric ngokuqhubekayo). Kwamanye amasiko (ngokwesibonelo, isi-Estonian), amaculo omshado athatha indawo eyinhloko emlandweni wemikhuba nemikhosi, ethonya umculo. isitayela sezinye izinhlobo zendabuko.

Umculo wezinganekwane zezingane usekelwe emaphindweni avame ukuba nendawo yonke. umlingiswa: lawa amafomula e-modal

и

ngesigqi esilula, esivela evesini lebhithi engu-4 kanye nezibalo zomdanso eziyisisekelo. Izingoma zomculo opholile, ezine-choreic evelele. ama-motif, ngokuvamile asekelwe ku-trichord enefrikhwensi ephansi, ngezinye izikhathi ehlanganiswa i-subquart noma imisindo eculayo eseduze. I-lullabies ayisizanga nje ukunyakazisa ingane, kodwa futhi yabizwa ngokuthi ivikele ngomlingo emandleni amabi futhi imhlanganise ekufeni.

Izililo (izililo zomculo) ziyizinhlobo ezintathu – 2 isiko (umngcwabo nomshado) kanye nokungewona amasiko (okuthiwa yindlu, isosha, uma kwenzeka ukugula, ukwehlukana, njll.). Iphimbo elehlayo elinengxenye yesithathu nesesibili lihamba phambili, ngokuvamile libe ne-sub-quart yokukhipha umoya (isililo sesi-Russian), ngezinye izikhathi ngokuqhathanisa okwesibili kwamaseli amabili wesine (izililo zaseHungary). Ukwakhiwa kwezililo kubonakala ngomugqa owodwa kanye ne-apocope (ikhefu lamagama): muz. isimo, njengokungathi, sifushane kunevesi, iziphetho zamagama ezingaculwa zibonakala zigwinywa izinyembezi. Ukusebenza kwezililo kugcwele i-glissando engashiwongo, i-rubato, izibabazo, i-patter, njll. Lokhu ukwenza ngcono kwamahhala okusekelwe kumasiko. izinkolelo-ze zomculo.

Muses. i-epic, okungukuthi, i-epic yenkondlo eculwayo. izinkondlo yindawo enkulu futhi ehlukahlukene yangaphakathi yokulandisa. inganekwane (ngokwesibonelo, enganekwaneni yaseRussia, izinhlobo zayo ezilandelayo zihlukaniswa: ama-epics, izinkondlo ezingokomoya, ama-buffoons, izingoma ezindala zomlando nama-ballads). Emculweni ophathelene nama-epic polygenres. I-epic efanayo. iziza ngezikhathi ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwe-N. m. nasencazelweni. amasiko endawo asetshenziswa ngokwamagama ohlobo lomculo ngendlela ehlukile: ngendlela yama-epics, izingoma zomdanso noma zegeyimu, isosha noma ingoma kanye nesiko, isibonelo. izingoma zezingoma. (Ukuthola okwengeziwe ngokufaneleka kwephimbo elidumile, bheka i-Bylina.) Inkomba ebaluleke kakhulu yohlobo lomculo wesitayela esidumile i-cadence stereotypical, ehambisana nesigatshana sevesi futhi ehlala igcizelelwa ngesigqi, ngokuvamile ehlisa isivinini somculo. traffic. Nokho, ama-epics, njengabanye abaningi. enye i-epic. izinhlobo zezinganekwane, ngephimbo lomculo. amaqembu awazange abe amamyuziyamu akhethekile. uhlobo: zenzeke ngokuqondile. "ukusebenza kabusha" kwamaphimbo engoma ngokuhambisana ne-epic. uhlobo lwephimbo, uku-ry futhi kwakha uhlobo olunemibandela lwe-epich. melos. Isilinganiso seshuni nombhalo kumasiko ahlukene sihlukile, kodwa izingoma ezingaxhunywanga kunoma imuphi umbhalo owodwa futhi zivamile endaweni yonke yendawo.

Izingoma zomdanso (izingoma nemidanso) nezingoma zokudlala zithathe indawo enkulu futhi zadlala indima ehlukahlukene kuzo zonke izikhathi zokuthuthukiswa kwe-N. m. yabo bonke abantu. Ekuqaleni, babeyingxenye yemijikelezo yezingoma zabasebenzi, yamasiko nemikhosi. Iminyuziyamu yabo. izakhiwo zihlobene eduze nohlobo lwe-choreographic. ukunyakaza (ngabanye, iqembu noma iqoqo), noma kunjalo, i-polyrhythm yomculo ne-choreography nayo ingenzeka. Imidanso ihambisana nokucula nokudlala umculo. amathuluzi. Abantu abaningi (isb., ama-Afrika) ukuphelezelwa wukushaya izandla (kanye nokushaya kuphela. izinsimbi). Kwesinye isiko lezintambo. izinsimbi zazihambisana nokucula kuphela (kodwa hhayi umdanso), futhi izinsimbi ngokwazo zazithuthukiswa khona lapho kusukela ezintweni ezikhona. Idlanzana labantu (ngokwesibonelo, amaPapuans) lalikhethekile. izindlu zokudansa. Ukuqoshwa komculo womdanso akunikezi umbono wokusebenza okuyiqiniso komdanso, ohlukaniswa ngamandla amakhulu angokomzwelo.

I-Lyric. izingoma azinqunyelwe ngesihloko, azixhunywanga ngendawo nesikhathi sokusebenza, zaziwa ezinhlobonhlobo kakhulu. amafomu omculo. Lena enamandla kakhulu. uhlobo ohlelweni lwendabuko. inganekwane. Ukuthonywa, ukwamukela izakhi ezintsha, i-lyric. ingoma ivumela ukuhlalisana kanye nokungena kwentsha nendala, okunothisa iminyuziyamu yayo. ulimi. Isuka ngokwengxenye emathunjini endabuko yosiko, ingxenye iqala emazwini omculo ongokwesiko. ukukhiqizwa, ngokomlando kuye kwavela kakhulu. Nokho, lapho kukhona archaic kuqhathaniswa. isitayela (enestanza esifushane, i-ambitus emincane, isisekelo sokumemezela), sithathwa njengesimanjemanje futhi sanelisa amamuse. izicelo zomdlali. Ingoma yomculo. ingoma, evulekele ama-neoplasms angaphandle futhi ekwazi ukuthuthuka ngaphakathi, ilethe u-N. m. ingcebo yeminyuziyamu. amafomu futhi aveze. izindlela (isibonelo, uhlobo lwe-polyphonic lwengoma yesiRashiya eculayo ephithizelayo, lapho imisindo emide ithathelwa indawo izingoma noma imishwana yomculo ephelele, okungukuthi, inwetshwa ngomculo, edlulisa isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi engoma isuka evesini iye kuye. umculo). I-Lyric. izingoma zadalwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe entando yeningi. amaqembu omphakathi – abalimi abasafufusa kanye nabalimi abahlubuke kubalimi. abasebenzi, ama-artisan, i-proletariat kanye nabafundi; ngokuthuthukiswa kwezintaba. amasiko akha iminyuziyamu emisha. okuthiwa amafomu izintaba izingoma ezihambisana no-prof. umculo kanye nenkondlo. isiko (umbhalo oyinkondlo obhaliwe, izinsimbi zomculo ezintsha kanye nesigqi somdanso esisha, ukwazi izingoma ezidumile zomqambi, njll.).

Emnyangweni Kwezamasiko, izinhlobo zezinhlobo azihlukaniswa kuphela ngokuqukethwe, ukusebenza, kanye nezinkondlo, kodwa futhi ngokweminyaka nobulili: isibonelo, izingoma zezingane, ezentsha nezamantombazane, abesifazane nabesilisa (okufanayo kusebenza ezinsimbini zomculo) ; ngezinye izikhathi kuvinjelwa ukucula ngokuhlanganyela kwabesilisa nabesifazane, okubonakala eminyuziyamu. ukwakheka kwezingoma ezifanele.

Ukufingqa umculo isitayela sazo zonke izinhlobo zezingoma, umuntu angakwazi futhi ukuhlukanisa okuyinhloko. izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zomculo-intonation. (umlimi) N. m .: ukulandisa, ukucula, ukudansa nokuxubile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kujwayelekile akukona konke. Isibonelo, cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-Yakuts. i-folklore, kusukela ku-lyric. ukuthuthukiswa kokucula, ingoma eyodwa kanye nesitayela se-dieretii siyenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitayela ezithile zokucula azingeni kunoma iyiphi i-systematization eyaziwayo: isibonelo, i-timbre engaphawuliwe yomsindo odlidlizayo isi-Arab. enza. imikhuba noma ama-Yakut kylysakhs (ama-falsetto overtones akhethekile, ama-accents acute). Izingoma ezingenamagama ze-Ainu - sinottsya (izingoma ezijabulisayo) - aziboleki ekulungiseni okubhaliwe: ukuguqulwa kwezwi okuyinkimbinkimbi okukhiqizwa ekujuleni komphimbo, ngokuhlanganyela okuthile kwezindebe, futhi ngamunye uwenza ngendlela yakhe. Ngakho-ke, isitayela somculo somunye noma omunye N. M. akuncikile kuphela ekwakhiweni kohlobo lwayo, kodwa futhi, ngokwesibonelo, ebudlelwaneni bokucula nomculo onesigqi esinesigqi. inkulumo (evamile emiphakathini yasendulo yezinzalamizi ngendlela yayo yokuphila elawulwayo) kanye nenkulumo yokuxoxisana, ehluke kancane ekuculweni phakathi kwenani labantu (okusho izilimi zephimbo njengesiVietnam, kanye nezilimi zesigodi ezithile zaseYurophu - ngokwesibonelo, ulimi lwesigodi olumnandi lwesiGreki abantu basesiqhingini saseChios). Isiko nalo libalulekile. umsindo okahle wazo zonke izinhlanga. isiko, uhlobo lwemodeli yezwi-timbre ehlanganisa okuqondile. izakhi ze-wok. kanye ne-instr. izitayela. Abaningi abahambisana nalokhu. izici zomculo othile. iphimbo: isibonelo, i-Avar female. ukucula (umphimbo, kurejista ephezulu) kufana nomsindo we-zurna, eMongolia kukhona ukulingisa kwezwi lomtshingo, njll. Lokhu kuzwakala kahle akucaci ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo, okuhlotshaniswa nokuhamba komngcele phakathi ezomculo nezingezona ezomculo ku-N. m .: kukhona izinhlobo, lapho i-muz ikhona ngokuphawulekayo. isici (isibonelo, lapho ukunaka kugxilwe embhalweni nalapho inkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma ivunyelwe).

Ukusetshenziswa komculo othile.-express. Izindlela azinqunywa kakhulu ngohlobo oluthile, kodwa ngohlobo lwephimbo njengenye yezixhumanisi ezimaphakathi eziyisi-6 ochungechungeni olulodwa: uhlobo lomculo (umuntu ngamunye noma iqoqo) - uhlobo - umsindo wobuhlanga (ngo ikakhulukazi, isilinganiso sama-timbres) - uhlobo lwephimbo - isitayela sephimbo - muz.- izoveza. izindlela (melodic-compositional kanye ladorhythmic).

Ekuwohlokeni. Ezinhlotsheni ze-N. m., izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-melos ziye zathuthukiswa (kusukela ekuphindaphindeni, isibonelo, ama-runes ase-Estonian, i-South Slavic epic, kuya ekuhlobiseni okucebile, isibonelo, izingoma ze-lyric zamasiko omculo aseMpumalanga Ephakathi), i-polyphony (i-heterophony, i-bourdon, inhlanganisela ye-polyrhythmic yamashuni ekuhlanganisweni kwabantu base-Afrika, ikwaya yaseJalimane, ikota-yesibili yesiGeorgia kanye ne-polyphony yaseRussia ephakathi, ama-sutartines e-canonical aseLithuania), amasistimu we-fret (kusuka ezindleleni zasendulo ezinezinyathelo eziphansi nezincane ukuya ku-diatonic ethuthukisiwe “i-free melodic tuning”) , isigqi (ikakhulukazi, amafomula anesigqi ajwayeze isigqi sokunyakaza okujwayelekile komsebenzi nomdanso), amafomu (izigaba, ama-couplets, asebenza ngokujwayelekile; abhanqiwe, a-symmetrical, asymmetric, mahhala, njll.). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, N. M. ikhona nge-monophonic (solo), antiphonal, ensemble, choral, namafomu wezinsimbi.

Ichaza ukubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwe-DOS. izoveza. izindlela ze-N.m. (emkhakheni wamamelos, imodi, isigqi, ifomu, njll.), akunangqondo ukukhawulelwa ekubaleni kwabo okulula (lolo hlelo oluhlelekile lwesakhiwo alufani nemvelo yokwenziwa kwangempela kwenganekwane yomlomo). Kudingekile ukuveza "izinhlelo ze-kinetic" zesakhiwo se-intonation-rhythmic kanye "namamodeli akhiqizayo" we-N. m., okuthi, okokuqala, anikeze ngokucacile amasiko ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene; ukuqonda uhlobo "lwemibono eguquguqukayo" ye-N. m. yesifunda esisodwa noma esinye isizwe. Ukubonwa kuka-NG Chernyshevsky phezu kwenkondlo. inganekwane: “Zikhona kuzo zonke i-nar. izingoma, amasu emishini, iziphethu ezivamile ziyabonakala, ngaphandle kwalokho azikaze zithuthukise izingqikithi zazo.

Ukuhlukahluka kwesifunda kuyaguquguquka. ama-stereotypes ahlotshaniswa nemininingwane yezinhlobo zokusebenza ezisungulwe ngokomlando ze-H. m., ngokuvamile kuye ngokungewona umculo. izici (inqubo yabasebenzi, isiko, isiko, ukungenisa izihambi kwendabuko, iholide elihlangene, njll.). Muses. ukucaciswa nakho kuncike kumuz. izici zalokhu noma lokho ukuvumelanisa kwe-folklore (isibonelo, emidansweni yezingoma - kusukela evesini, ukudansa) kanye nohlobo lwe-instr. ukuphelezela futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ohlotsheni nesitayela sephimbo. Inqubo yokuphimisa bukhoma ku-N. m. iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sokwakheka, esinquma ukuthi iminyuziyamu isuka kuphi. iphimbo kanye nokungancibiliki kwayo ekuphawuleni komculo. Amandla omculo.-express. izimali, okuthiwa. ukuhlukahluka kubuye kuhlotshaniswe hhayi kuphela nesici somlomo sokusebenza, kodwa futhi nezimo zayo ezithile. Isibonelo, ingoma efanayo ye-lyric yaseRussia ku-solo kanye nekwaya. Ukuhumusha kwe-polygonal kungase kuhluke ngokuvumelana: ekwayeni kucebile, kwandiswa futhi, njengokungathi, kuzinzile (izinyathelo ezincane "ezingathathi hlangothi"), umthwalo. noma lat.-amer. ukudlala kwamakhwaya kunikeza leli culo into ebingalindelekile e-Europe. ukuzwakala komsindo (okungaqondile kwe-terzian ngenhlanganisela engavamile yemiculo nezisusa). Okungavamile kwephimbo lika-N. m. bezinhlanga ezahlukene azinakuqondwa esikhundleni sabaseYurophu. umculo: wonke umculo. isitayela kufanele sahlulelwe ngemithetho ayidalile ngokwakhe.

Indima ye-timbre nendlela yokukhiqiza umsindo (intonation) ku-N. m icacile futhi ayibonakali kancane. I-Timbre yenza samuntu umsindo okahle wesizwe ngasinye. isiko, izici zomculo kazwelonke. iphimbo, futhi ngalo mqondo ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengesitayela, kodwa futhi njengesici sokwenza (isibonelo, ama-fugues ka-Bach adlala amathuluzi esintu ase-Uzbek azozwakala njenge-Uzbek N. m.); ngaphakathi kwalolu hlanga lwamasiko, i-timbre isebenza njengesici esihlukanisa uhlobo (izingoma ezidumile, ezidumile kanye nezingoma zivame ukudlalwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ze-timbre) futhi ngokwengxenye njengophawu lokuhlukaniswa kolimi lwesiko elithile; kuyindlela yokwehlukanisa umugqa phakathi komculo nokungewona owomculo: isibonelo, okungekhona okwemvelo ngokugcizelelayo. umbala we-timbre uhlukanisa umculo nenkulumo yansuku zonke, futhi ezigabeni zokuqala zokuba khona kwe-N. m. ngezinye izikhathi kwakusebenza “ukufihla ngamabomu insimbi yezwi lomuntu” (BV Asafiev), okungukuthi, uhlobo oluthile lokucasha, ngandlela thile olwanele kumaski angokwesiko. Lokhu kwabambezela ukuthuthukiswa kokucula “kwemvelo”. Ezinhlotsheni zasendulo nezinhlobo zezinganekwane, iphimbo le-timbre lalihlanganisa izici "zomculo" kanye "nokungewona umculo", okuhambisana nokuvumelanisa koqobo. ukungahlukaniseki kobuciko nokungewona ubuciko kunganekwane. Ngakho-ke isimo sengqondo esikhethekile sokuhlanzeka kwama-muses. amazwibela: umculo ohlanzekile. ithoni kanye nomuz. Umsindo (ikakhulukazi “umsindo oshisayo”) wahlanganiswa ngendlela engenakuhlukaniswa ku-timbre eyodwa (isibonelo, ukuhogela, i-timbre ephansi yezwi e-Tibet; umsindo olingisa inqola e-Mongolia, njll.). Kodwa futhi ikhishwe ku- “syncretic. timbre” umculo omsulwa. ithoni yasetshenziswa ku-N. m. ngokukhululeka kunaseYurophu. umsebenzi womqambi, "ukhawulelwe" ngesimo sengqondo nomculo. Ngakho-ke, isilinganiso somculo nokungezona ezomculo ku-N. M. iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwe-dialectically: ngakolunye uhlangothi, iminyuziyamu eyinhloko. amakhono okudala ancike kumuz. izici, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenziwa komculo kuphambene nakho konke okungezona ezomculo, empeleni kuwukuphika kwakho. Ukwakheka kanye nokuvela kwe-muses yangempela. amafomu ayewumlando omkhulu. ukunqotshwa kwezinganekwane, ubuciko. ukunqoba izinto “zoqobo” ezingahlukanisiwe ngenxa “yokukhetha ngokuzenzakalelayo” okuphindaphindiwe. Nokho, “iphimbo lomculo alilokothi lilahlekelwe ukuhlobana kwalo negama, noma umdanso, noma isimo sobuso (i-pantomime) yomzimba womuntu, kodwa “icabanga kabusha” amaphethini ezinhlobo zawo nezici ezakha isimo emculweni wazo. indlela yokukhuluma" (BV Asafiev).

Ku-N.m. kumuntu ngamunye, futhi ngokuvamile amaqembu abantu, kukhona uhlobo oluthile lweminyuziyamu “ezulazulayo”. izisusa, melodic kanye nesigqi. ama-stereotypes, ezinye "izindawo ezijwayelekile" ngisho ne-muz.-phraseological. amafomula. Lesi simo ngokusobala siwuhlelo lwamagama kanye nesitayela. ukuhleleka. Emculweni wesintu pl. abantu (ikakhulukazi isiSlavic nesiFinno-Ugric), kanye nalokhu, ifomula yolunye uhlobo isakazekile: izakhamuzi zendawo efanayo zingacula imibhalo ngendlela efanayo. okuqukethwe ngisho nezinhlobo ezehlukene (ngokwesibonelo, umculi wama-Ingrian wenza izingoma ezidumile, ikhalenda, umshado nezingoma zomculo owodwa; ama-Altaian aqopha iculo elilodwa ledolobhana lonke, elisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezinemibhalo yokuqukethwe okuhlukile). Okufanayo kunganekwane yezingane: “Imvula, mvula, yekela!” futhi "Imvula, mvula, yeka!", Isikhalazo elangeni, izinyoni zihlabelela ngendlela efanayo, okubonisa ukuthi umculo awuhlotshaniswa nokuqukethwe okuqondile kwamagama engoma, kodwa nokuhlelwa kwawo okuhlosiwe kanye indlela yokudlala ehambisana nale nhloso. NgesiRashiya Cishe wonke amasiko amakwe ngu-N. m. izinhlobo zezingoma (ikhalenda, umshado, i-epic, kusihlwa, umdanso oyindilinga, ama-ditties, njll.), akuwona neze iphutha ukuthi zingahlukaniswa futhi zikhonjwe ngomculo.

Wonke amasiko omculo wabantu angahlukaniswa abe amasiko asekelwe ku-monodic (monophonic) kanye ne-polyphonic (okunenqwaba yama-polyphonic noma ama-harmonic warehouses). Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kuyisisekelo, kodwa kuwuhlelo, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi i-polyphony ayaziwa kubantu bonke, kodwa ingxenye yayo kuphela (isibonelo, amasutartines enyakatho-mpumalanga yeLithuania, "iziqhingi" ze-polyphony phakathi kwamaBulgaria nama-Albanian, njll.). Ku-N. m., imiqondo "yokucula ngezwi elilodwa" kanye "nokucula uwedwa" ayanele: 2- ngisho namagoli angu-3 ayaziwa. ukucula yedwa (okuthiwa umphimbo) (phakathi kwamaTuvan, amaMongolia, njll.). Izinhlobo ze-polyphony zihlukahlukene: ngaphezu kwamafomu athuthukisiwe (isibonelo, i-polyphony yaseRussia ne-Mordovian), i-heterophony itholakala ku-N. m., kanye nezakhi ze-canon yakudala, i-bourdon, i-ostinato, i-organum, njll. umculo). Kunemibono eminingana mayelana nemvelaphi ye-polyphony. Enye yazo (eyamukeleka kakhulu) iyamkhipha ekuculeni i-amoeba futhi igcizelela ubudala bohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. amafomu, enye ixhumanisa nomkhuba wasendulo wokucula kweqembu “abangaboni ngaso linye” emidansweni eyindilinga, isibonelo. phakathi kwabantu baseNyakatho. Kusemthethweni kakhulu ukukhuluma nge-polygenesis ye-polyphony ku-N. m. Isilinganiso se-wok. kanye ne-instr. umculo kupholigoni. amasiko ahlukene - kusukela ekusebenzelaneni okujulile kuya ekuzimeleni okuphelele (ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinguquko ezihlukahlukene). Ezinye izinsimbi zisetshenziselwa kuphela ukuhambisana nokucula, ezinye zodwa.

I-stereotyping ibusa endaweni yemodi nesigqi. Ku-monodic. kanye nepholigoni. amasiko, imvelo yawo ihlukile. Inhlangano ye-modal ye-N.m. ihlotshaniswa nesigqi: ngaphandle kwesigqi. ukwakheka kwemodi akuvezwanga. Ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi bunesigqi. kanye nezisekelo ze-modal nokungasimami kuyisisekelo seminyuziyamu. iphimbo njengenqubo futhi lingavezwa kuphela kumongo womculo onesitayela othize. eba. Umculo ngamunye. isiko linezindlela zalo ezijwayelekile ngokwesitayela. Imodi ayinqunywa kuphela ngesilinganiso, kodwa futhi ngokuzithoba kwezinyathelo, okuhlukile kumodi ngayinye (isibonelo, ukwabiwa kwesinyathelo esiyinhloko - i-tonic, ebizwa ngokuthi "ho" eVietnam, "Shahed" e-Iran. , njll.), futhi futhi ngazo zonke izindlela ezihambisana nomculo ngamunye we-fret. amafomula noma izisusa (izingoma). Laba bakamuva bahlala eNar. ukwazi umculo, okokuqala, ukuba yimpahla yokwakha yama-melos. Imodi, evezwe ngesigqi-syntactic. umongo, kuvela ukuthi ukuhambisana kwama-muses. izakhiwo ezikhiqizwayo. futhi ngaleyo ndlela ayincikile kuphela kusigqi, kodwa futhi ku-polyphony (uma ikhona) kanye ne-timbre nendlela yokusebenza, yona eveza amandla emodi. Ikhorasi. Ukucula ngokomlando bekungenye yezindlela okwakhiwa ngazo imodi. Ukuqhathanisa i-solo kanye ne-polygoal. ISpanishi (noma ivesi eliyedwa kanye nekhorasi) yengoma eyodwa, umuntu angaqiniseka ngendima ye-polyphony ekwenzeni imodi ibe crystallization: bekungumculo ohlangene oveze ngokusobala ukunotha kwemodi ngesikhathi esisodwa nokuzinza kwayo okuhlobene (ngakho amafomula e-modal njengama-dynamic stereotypes). Enye, indlela yakudala yokubunjwa kwemodi futhi, ikakhulukazi, isisekelo se-modal kwaba ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiwe komsindo owodwa - uhlobo "lokunyathela" kwe-tonic, into esekelwe ezintweni zaseNyakatho Asia naseNyakatho. I-Amer. N. m. I-V. Viora ibiza ngokuthi "ukuphindaphinda kwe-stomping", ngaleyo ndlela igcizelela indima yomdanso ekubunjweni kwezindlela ze-syncretic. umkhiqizo. Ukucula okunjalo kwe-abutment kuyatholakala nakuNar. instr. umculo (ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwamaKazakhs).

Uma kumculo wabantu abahlukene izikali (ikakhulukazi eziphansi kanye ne-anhemitonic) zingaqondana, khona-ke izingoma ze-modal (ukuphenduka, izingqikithi, amaseli) zibonisa imininingwane ye-N. m. yohlanga olulodwa noma olunye. Ubude bawo kanye ne-ambitus kungahlotshaniswa nokuphefumula komculi noma umculi wezinsimbi (ezinsimbi zomoya), kanye nomsebenzi ohambisanayo noma imidanso. ukunyakaza. Umongo owenziwe, isitayela se-melodic sinikeza izikali ezifanayo (isibonelo, i-pentatonic) umsindo ohlukile: isibonelo, awukwazi ukudida umkhomo. kanye nesibhamu. isikali se-pentatonic. Umbuzo we-genesis nokuhlukaniswa kwamasistimu we-fret-scale kuyaphikiswana ngawo. I-hypothesis eyamukelekayo kakhulu ukulingana komlando kwezinhlelo ezahlukene, ukuhlalisana ku-N. m. i-ambitus ehlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-N. m. ye-ethnos eyodwa, kungase kube okuhlukile. izindlela, ukwehlukanisa ngezinhlobo nezinhlobo zephimbo. Imibono eyaziwayo mayelana nokuwohloka kokuxhumana. kuchaziwe izinhlelo ezikhathazayo. izinhlobo zomlando zomnotho (isibonelo, i-pentatonic anhemitonics phakathi kwabalimi kanye ne-7-step diatonics phakathi kwabantu abelusi nabalusi). Okusobala kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwezinye izindlela ezihlukile zohlobo lwesi-Indonesia. slendro kanye pelo. Umculo we-Multistage. i-folklore ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zokucabanga kwemodi, kusukela "kumodi yokuvula" yakudala yama-Yakuts kuya ohlelweni oluthuthukisiwe lokuhlukahluka kwe-diatonic. frets empumalanga.-inkazimulo. izingoma. Kodwa ngisho nasekupheleni, izakhi ezingazinzile, izinyathelo ezihamba ngokuphakama, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi. izikhawu ezingathathi hlangothi. Izinyathelo zokuhamba (ngaphakathi kwazo zonke izinyathelo zemodi), futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuguquguquka kokujwayelekile (isibonelo, ezikhaleni zomngcwabo) kwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa okujwayelekile. Njengoba ama-acousticians ebonisile, izinga lethoni elizinzile alikho ohlelweni lwangempela lwe-N. m. ngokuvamile, ubukhulu bezikhawu buyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isiqondiso sokwakha kanye namandla ashukumisayo (lokhu kubuye kubhekwe kumkhuba wokusebenza ochwepheshe - i-zone theory ye-NA Garbuzov), kodwa ku-wok. umculo - ovela kufonetiki. izakhiwo nezinhlelo zokucindezeleka zombhalo wengoma (kuze kufike ekuncikeni ekusetshenzisweni kwezikhawu ezingathathi hlangothi kumvelo yezinhlanganisela zomsindo evesini). Ezinhlotsheni zokuqala zomculo. iphimbo, izinguquko zephimbo ezinyathelweni zingase zingaphenduki zibe yi-modal: ngokungaguquguquki kwesakhiwo somugqa womculo, ukuhamba kwezikhawu kuvunyelwe (kulokho okubizwa ngezikali ze-off-tone 4-step). Imodi inqunywa i-functional-melodic. ukuncikana kwamathoni okubhekisela.

Ukubaluleka kwesigqi ku-N. m. kukhulu kangangokuthi kunokuthambekela kokukuqeda, ukubeka phambili amafomula anesigqi njengesisekelo sokusungula (lokhu kufaneleka kuphela ezimweni ezithile). Ukutolika komculo. isigqi kufanele siqondwe ngokuhambisana nephimbo. Inkolelo-mbono ka-BV Asafiev, owayekholelwa ngokufanelekile ukuthi "kuphela imfundiso yemisebenzi yesikhathi, efana nezimfundiso zezwi lezwi lemisebenzi yamaculo, amathoni wemodi, njll., yembulela indima yeqiniso yesigqi ekwakhiweni komculo." “Asikho isigqi esingaguquki emculweni futhi ngeke sibe khona.” I-Rhythm intonations ikhuthaza ukuzalwa kwama-melos. Isigqi siyahlukahluka (ngisho nangaphakathi kwesiko lesizwe esisodwa). Ngokwesibonelo, Azeri N. m. ihlukaniswe ngokuya nge-metrorhythmics (kungakhathaleki ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo) ngamaqembu ama-3: i-bahrli - enencazelo. usayizi (izingoma nemiculo yokudansa), i-bahrsiz - ngaphandle kwencazelo. usayizi (ama-mugham athuthukile ngaphandle kokuhambisana ne-percussive) kanye ne-garysyg-bahrli - i-polymetric (umculo we-mugham wezwi uzwakala ngokumelene nesizinda sokuhambisana okucacile ngosayizi, okuthiwa ama-mugham anesigqi).

Indima enkulu idlalwa amafomula amfishane anesigqi, agunyazwe kokubili ngokuphindaphinda okulula (imiculo yosiko nomdanso), kanye ne-polyrhythm decomp eyinkimbinkimbi. uhlobo (isb. ama-ensembles ase-Afrika nama-sutartines ase-Lithuanian). I-Rhythmich. amafomu ahlukahlukene, aqondwa kuphela mayelana nezinhlobo zohlobo kanye nezimo eziqondene nesitayela. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-N.m. kubantu baseBalkan, imidanso iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ihlelwe yaba amafomula acacile. izigqi, okuhlanganisa nezingalingani (“aksak”), ziqhathaniswa nesigqi samahhala sezingoma zokuhlobisa eziculwa ngokungacunuli (okubizwa ngokuthi ezingenasikali). NgesiRashiya Esikweni labalimi, izingoma zekhalenda nezemishado ziyahlukahluka ngesigqi (ezokuqala zisekelwe kusici esisodwa esilula, lesi sakamuva kumafomula ayisigqi ayinkimbinkimbi, ngokwesibonelo, ifomula ye-metrorhythmic 6/8, 4/8, 5/8, 3 /8, ephindaphindwa kabili), futhi iphinde ibe nengoma ene-asymmetrical melodic rhythm. ingoma, ukunqoba ukwakheka kombhalo, kanye ne-epic (epics) ngesigqi, esihlobene eduze nesakhiwo senkondlo. umbhalo (okuthiwa amafomu okuphindaphinda). Ngokuhlukahluka okunjalo kwangaphakathi komculo. izigqi zohlanga ngalunye. isiko, elihlotshaniswa ngokuhlukile nokunyakaza (umdanso), igama (ivesi), ukuphefumula kanye nezinsimbi, kunzima ukunikeza i-geography ecacile yokuyinhloko. izinhlobo ezinesigqi, nakuba isigqi sase-Afrika, i-India, i-Indonesia, iMpumalanga Ekude ne-China, i-Japan ne-Korea, i-Middle East, i-Europe, i-America ne-Australia, ne-Oceania sezivele zinqunyelwe. Izigqi ezingaxutshwe esikweni elilodwa (isibonelo, ezihlukanisekayo kuye ngokuba khona noma ukungabikho komdanso) zingaxutshwa kwenye noma zisebenze ngokufanayo cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokwenza umculo (ikakhulukazi uma lokhu kuqhutshwa ukufana komculo. uhlelo lwenkondlo oluhambisanayo), olubonakalayo, isib.

Uhlobo ngalunye lwesiko luneminyuziyamu yalo. amafomu. Kukhona amafomu angewona ama-strophic, improvisational, kanye ne-aperiodic, avulekile kakhulu (isibonelo, ukulila) kanye ne-strophic, avalwe kakhulu (kunqunyelwe i-cadence, i-symmetry ye-contrast juxtaposition, nezinye izinhlobo ze-symmetry, isakhiwo esihlukile).

I-Prod., Ibangelwa amasampula asendulo we-N. m., ngokuvamile ane-semantic eyodwa. umugqa one-refrain noma ikhorasi (owokugcina wawungase ube nomsebenzi wesipelingi somlingo). Iminyuziyamu yabo. isakhiwo ngokuvamile monorhythmic futhi isekelwe eziphindaphindwayo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kwenzeka ngenxa yohlobo oluthile lokuphindaphinda (isibonelo, izakhiwo eziphindwe kabili zalezo ezisanda kuphindaphindwa - okuthiwa yi-double stanza) noma ukungezwa, ukungezwa kweminyuziyamu emisha. imishwana (izisusa, izingoma, imiculo, njll.) kanye nokuyingcolisa ngohlobo lomculo. iziqalo, izijobelelo, izisho. Ukubonakala kwe-elementi entsha kungase kuvale ifomu elivame ukuphindaphinda: kungaba ngendlela yenzuzo ye-cadence, noma ngokunweba isiphetho esilula. umsindo (noma umsindo oyinkimbinkimbi). Amafomu omculo alula (imvamisa umushwana owodwa) athathe indawo yamafomu emishwana emi-2 - kulapho "izingoma zangempela" (strophic) ziqala khona.

Izinhlobonhlobo zamafomu e-strophic. ingoma ihlotshaniswa ngokuyinhloko nokusebenza kwayo. Ngisho no-AN Veselovsky wabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqamba ingoma ngenqubo yokushintshana abaculi (i-amebae, i-antiphony, "chant chant", ama-pickup ahlukahlukene womculi ohamba yedwa ku-chorus, njll.). Ezinjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ziyi-polyphonics ye-Gurian. izingoma “gadadzakhiliani” (ngesiGeorgia – “echoing”). Emculweni, i-lyric prod. enye indlela yokudala ifomu inqoba - melodic. ukuthuthukiswa (uhlobo lwengoma yaseRussia ebeleselayo), izakhiwo "ezikabili" ezikhona lapha azifihliwe, zifihliwe ngemuva kwe-aperiodicity entsha yangaphakathi. izakhiwo.

ENar. instr. umculo wenziwa ngokufanayo. izinqubo. Isibonelo, uhlobo lwemisebenzi ehlotshaniswa nomdanso futhi ethuthukiswe ngaphandle komdanso ihluke kakhulu (njengama-kyui e-Kazakh, asekelwe kumlando kazwelonke futhi eyenziwa ngobunye obukhethekile bokuvumelanisa "indaba enomdlalo").

Ngakho-ke, abantu abadali bezinketho ezingenakubalwa kuphela, kodwa futhi ezihlukahlukene. amafomu, izinhlobo, izimiso ezijwayelekile zomculo. ukucabanga.

Ukuba impahla yabo bonke abantu (ngokuqondile, yalo lonke ulimi lwesigodi oluhambisanayo noma iqembu lezilimi zesigodi), N. m. ayiphili ngokusebenza okungenagama kuphela, kodwa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngobuhlakani kanye nokusebenza kwamanozu anethalente. Abanjalo phakathi kwabantu abahlukene kukhona kobzar, guslyar, buffoon, leutar, ashug, akyn, kuyshi, bakhshi, inyamazane, gusan, taghasats, mestvir, hafiz, olonkhosut (bona Olonkho), aed, juggler, minstrel, shpilman, njll.

Ukulungiswa kwemikhakha yesayensi ekhethekile N. m. – umculo. i-ethnography (bheka i-Musical ethnography) nocwaningo lwayo – umculo. inganekwane.

N. m yayiyisisekelo cishe sawo wonke uprofesa kazwelonke. izikole, kusukela ekucutshungulweni okulula kwama-bunks. izingoma zokusungula nokwakha ngokubambisana, ukuhumusha umculo wendabuko. ukucabanga, okungukuthi, imithetho eqondiswe kumuntu oyedwa noma kwabanye abantu. amasiko omculo. Ezimweni zanamuhla N. m. futhi kuvela ukuthi kungamandla okufaka umquba kokubili ku-prof. kanye nokubola. izinhlobo zokuzenzela. icala.

References: Kushnarev Kh.S., Imibuzo yomlando kanye nethiyori yomculo we-Armenian monodic, L., 1958; Bartok B., Kungani futhi kanjani ukuqoqwa komculo wesintu, (hunyushwe kusukela ku-Hung.), M., 1959; yakhe, umculo wesintu waseHungary nabantu abangomakhelwane, (yahunyushwa isuka kuHung.), M., 1966; U-Melts M. Ya., inganekwane yesiRashiya. 1917-1965. Inkomba ye-Bibliographic, vol. 1-3, L., 1961-67; Inganekwane yomculo yabantu baseNyakatho neSiberia, M., 1966; I-Belyaev VM, Ivesi nesigqi sezingoma zomdabu, "SM", 1966, No 7; Gusev VE, Aesthetics of folklore, L., 1967; I-Zemtsovsky II, ingoma yokudweba yaseRashiya, L., 1967; yakhe, Russian Soviet Musical Folklore (1917-1967), in Sat: Questions of Theory and Aesthetics of Music, vol. 6/7, L., 1967, k. 215-63; eyakhe, On the Systematic Study of Folklore Genres in the Light of Marxist-Leninist Methodology, in Sat: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 1, M., 1972, p. 169-97; eyakhe, iSemasiology yezinganekwane zomculo, ngoSat: Izinkinga zokucabanga komculo, M., 1974, p. 177-206; eyakhe, uMelodika wezingoma zekhalenda, L., 1975; Vinogradov VS, Umculo waseSoviet East, M., 1968; Umculo Wabantu base-Asia nase-Afrika, vol. 1-2, M., 1969-73; Amasondo PM, Mysicologists practice, comp. S. Gritsa, Kipv, 1970; Kvitka KV, Izbr. imisebenzi, vol. 1-2, M., 1971-73; Goshovsky VL, Emsuka womculo wesintu wamaSlav, M., 1971; VI Lenin ezingomeni zabantu base-USSR. Ama-athikili nezinto zokwakha, (zihlanganiswe ngu-I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1971 (Folklore and folkloristics); I-folklore yomculo yama-Slavic. Ama-athikili nezinto zokwakha, (zihlanganiswe ngu-I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1972 (Folklore and folkloristics); I-Chistov KV, Imininingwane ye-folklore ekukhanyeni kwethiyori yolwazi, "Izinkinga Zefilosofi", 1972, No 6; Izinkinga zomlando womculo wabantu base-USSR. Ama-athikili nezinto zokwakha, (zihlanganiswe ngu-I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1973 (Folklore and folkloristics); Amasiko omculo wezizwe. Amasiko Nesimanje, M., 1973; Inganekwane yomculo, comp.-ed. AA Banin, vol. 1, eMoscow, ngo-1973; Izindatshana zesiko lomculo labantu baseTropical Africa, comp. L. Golden, M., 1973; Umculo Wamakhulu eminyaka, i-UNESCO Courier, 1973, June; I-Rubtsov PA, Izihloko zezinganekwane zomculo, L.-M., 1973; Isiko lomculo laseLatin America, comp. P Pichugin, M., 1974; Izinkinga zethiyori zomculo wezinsimbi zomdabu, Sat. izifinyezo, comp. I. Matsievsky, M., 1974. Anthologies of folk songs - Sauce SH

II Zemtsovsky

Iqembu lochwepheshe elithi "Toke-Cha" selibambe imicimbi engaba ngu-1000 kusukela ngo-2001. Ungakwazi uku-oda imibukiso ehlanganisa ukucula kwe-Eastern Arabic kanye ne-Asia Ephakathi, umculo wamaShayina, waseJapane, wamaNdiya kuwebhusayithi ethi http://toke-cha.ru/programs .html.