Bohuslav Martinů |

Bohuslav Martinů

Ubuciko buhlale buwubuntu obuhlanganisa imibono yabo bonke abantu kumuntu oyedwa. B. Martin

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, igama lomqambi waseCzech u-B. Martinu selilokhu lishiwo ngokwandayo phakathi kwamakhosi amakhulu kakhulu ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX. UMartinou ungumqambi wezingoma onombono ocashile nosankondlo womhlaba, umculi ohlakaniphile onikwe amandla okucabanga. Umculo wakhe ubonakala ngombala ophuphumayo wezithombe zohlobo lwesintu, kanye nedrama edabukisayo eyazalwa ngezehlakalo zesikhathi sempi, nokujula kwesitatimende sephilosophi yephilosophi, esihlanganisa ukucabanga kwakhe “ngezinkinga zobungane, uthando nokufa. ”

Ngemva kokusinda ezikhathini ezinzima zokuphila ezihlobene nokuhlala iminyaka eminingi kwamanye amazwe (iFrance, iMelika, i-Italy, iSwitzerland), umqambi wagcina emphefumulweni wakhe inkumbulo ejulile nehloniphekile yezwe lakubo, ukuzinikela kulelo gumbi lomhlaba. lapho aqala khona ukubona ukukhanya. Wazalelwa emndenini womkhandi wezinsimbi, umenzi wezicathulo kanye nomdlali wemidlalo yeshashalazi uFerdinand Martin. Inkumbulo igcine imibono yobuntwana echithwa embhoshongweni ophakeme weSonto lika-St. Jacob, ukukhala kwezinsimbi, umsindo wesitho kanye nomkhathi ongapheli ocatshangwa kusukela ekuphakameni kombhoshongo wensimbi. “… Lo mkhathi ungomunye wemibono ejule kakhulu yobuntwana, ikakhulukazi ukuqaphela okukhulu futhi, ngokusobala, idlala indima enkulu esimweni sami sonke sokuqamba ... Lona umkhathi engihlala nginawo phambi kwamehlo ami futhi engibonakala kimina. , ngihlala ngifuna emsebenzini wami.

Izingoma zomdabu, izinganekwane, ezizwile emndenini, zahlala ngokujulile engqondweni yomculi, egcwalisa izwe lakhe elingaphakathi ngemibono yangempela kanye nemicabango, ezalwa ngomcabango wezingane. Bakhanyisa amakhasi angcono kakhulu omculo wakhe, agcwele ukucabanga okusankondlo kanye nomuzwa wevolumu yesikhala somsindo, umbala wensimbi wemisindo, ukufudumala kwengoma ye-Czech-Moravian. Empicabadala yamaphupho omculo womqambi, owabiza i-Symphony yakhe yokugcina yesiThupha ngokuthi “imicabango ye-Symphonic”, ne-palette yabo enemibala eminingi, nenhle kakhulu, kuqamba amanga, ngokukaG. Rozhdestvensky, “lowo mlingo okhethekile oheha isilaleli esivela kumculo izinsimbi zokuqala zomsindo womculo wakhe. "

Kodwa umqambi ufika embusweni onjalo wezambulo zezingoma nefilosofi esikhathini esivuthiwe sokusungula. Kusazoba neminyaka yokufunda ePrague Conservatory, lapho afunda khona njengomshayi wevayolini, umshayi wezinsimbi nomqambi (1906-13), izifundo ezinezithelo no-I. Suk, uzoba nethuba elijabulisayo lokusebenza ku-orchestra ye-V edumile I-Talikh kanye ne-orchestra ye-National Theatre. Ngokushesha uzolibhekisa eParis isikhathi eside (1923-41), esethole umfundaze wombuso ukuze athuthukise ikhono lakhe lokuqamba ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-A. Roussel (ozothi ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-60: “UMartin uzoba inkazimulo yami!” ). Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuthambekela kukaMartin kwase kunqunyiwe maqondana nezindikimba zezwe, nemibala ezwakalayo yomsindo. Usevele engumbhali wezinkondlo ze-symphonic, i-ballet "Ubani onamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni?" (1923), cantata "Czech Rhapsody" (1918), amazwi amancane kanye nopiyano. Kodwa-ke, ukubonakala komkhathi wobuciko waseParis, izitayela ezintsha zobuciko be-20-30s, okwacebisa kakhulu isimo sokwamukela somqambi, owathathwa ikakhulukazi yizinto ezintsha zika-I. Stravinsky kanye nesiFulentshi "Six". ”, kube nomthelela omkhulu kumlando wokuqamba kaMartin. Lapha wabhala i-cantata Bouquet (1937) emibhalweni yabantu baseCzech, i-opera uJuliette (1937) esekelwe esakhiweni sombhali wemidlalo waseFrance u-J. Neve, ama-neoclassical opus - Concerto grosso (1938), ama-ricercaras amathathu e-orchestra (1938) , i-ballet enokucula kwe-"Stripers" (1932), esekelwe emidansweni yabantu, amasiko, izinganekwane, i-Fifth String Quartet (1938) kanye ne-Concerto yama-orchestra amabili ezintambo, upiyano kanye ne-timpani (1938) nomoya wabo ophazamisayo wangaphambi kwempi. . Ngo-1941, uMartino nomkakhe ongumFulentshi baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthele e-United States. Umqambi, izingoma zakhe ezifakwe ezinhlelweni zakhe ngu-S. Koussevitzky, S. Munsch, wamukelwa ngenhlonipho efanele i-maestro edumile; futhi nakuba kwakungelula ukuhileleka esigqi nendlela yokuphila entsha, uMartin udlula kwesinye sezigaba zokudala eziqine kakhulu lapha: ufundisa ukuqamba, ugcwalisa ulwazi lwakhe emkhakheni wezincwadi, ifilosofi, ubuhle, isayensi yemvelo. , Psychology, ubhala izindatshana zomculo nezobuhle, uqamba okuningi. Imizwa yokushisekela izwe yomqambi yavezwa ngamandla obuciko akhethekile ngesicelo sakhe se-symphonic esithi "Monument to Lidice" (1943) - lokhu kuyimpendulo enhlekeleleni yedolobhana laseCzech, elaqothulwa emhlabeni ngamaNazi.

Eminyakeni engu-6 edlule ngemva kokubuyela eYurophu (1953), uMartinu udala imisebenzi yokujula okumangalisayo, ubuqotho nokuhlakanipha. Ziqukethe ukuhlanzeka nokukhanya (umjikelezo wama-cantata endikimbeni yesizwe), ukucwengwa okuthile okukhethekile kanye nezinkondlo zomcabango womculo (i-orchestra “Parables”, “Frescoes by Piero della Francesca”), amandla nokujula kwemibono (the i-opera “Izinkanuko zamaGreki”, ama-oratorio “Intaba Yezinkanyiso Ezintathu” nethi “Gilgamesh”), ukubhoboza, isosha esihlatshelelwayo (Ikhonsathi ye-oboe ne-orchestra, Ikhonsathi Yepiyano Yesine neyesihlanu).

Umsebenzi kaMartin ubonakala ngohlu olubanzi olungokomfanekiso, uhlobo kanye nesitayela, uhlanganisa inkululeko yokucabanga ethuthukisiwe kanye nokuhluzeka kwengqondo, ukwazi ubuhlakani obusha obunamandla besikhathi sakhe kanye nokucabanga kabusha kobuciko kwamasiko, izindlela zomphakathi kanye nethoni yamagama efudumele efudumele. Umdwebi wezobuntu, uMartinu wabona umgomo wakhe wokusebenzela izimiso zesintu.

N. Gavrilova