Ukulingisa |

kusuka ku-lat. ukulingisa – ukulingisa

Ukuphindaphinda okuqondile noma okungalungile kwelinye iphimbo lomculo ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba lizwakale kwelinye iphimbo. Izwi elizwakalisa ingoma kuqala libizwa ngokuthi i-initial, noma i-proposta (i-Italian proposta - umusho), eliphindayo - ukulingisa, noma i-risposta (i-risposta yesi-Italian - impendulo, ukuphikisa).

Uma, ngemva kokungena kwe-risposta, ukunyakaza okuthuthukisiwe okuzwakalayo kuyaqhubeka ku-proposta, kwakha i-counterpoint ku-risposta - okuthiwa. ukuphikiswa, bese kuvela i-polyphonic. indwangu. Uma i-proposta ithula ngesikhathi i-risposta ingena noma ingathuthuki ngokuzwakalayo, khona-ke indwangu iphenduka i-homophonic. Ihubo elishiwo ku-proposta lingalingiswa ngokulandelana ngamaphimbo amaningana (I, II, III, njll. kuma-risposts):

WA Mozart. "I-Canon Enempilo".

I-Double and triple I. iphinde isetshenziswe, okungukuthi, ukulingisa kanyekanye. isitatimende (ukuphindaphinda) kwezinsiza ezimbili noma ezintathu:

DD Shostakovich. 24 izandulela namafugues wepiyano, op. 87, No 4 (fugue).

Uma i-risposta ilingisa kuphela leso sigaba se-proposta, lapho isethulo sasiyi-monophonic, khona-ke i-I. ibizwa ngokuthi elula. Uma i-risposta ilingisa ngokuqhubekayo zonke izigaba ze-proposta (noma okungenani 4), khona-ke i-I. ibizwa ngokuthi i-canonical (canon, bheka isibonelo sokuqala ekhasini 505). I-Risposta ingangena kunoma iyiphi ileveli yomsindo wekhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-I. ayihlukani kuphela ngesikhathi sokungena kwezwi lokulingisa (ama-risposts) - ngemva kwesilinganiso esisodwa, ezimbili, ezintathu, njll. ngazwi linye, kwesesibili esiphezulu noma esiphansi, sesithathu, sesine, njll.). Kakade kusukela ngekhulu le-15. i-predominance ye-I. kwikota-yesihlanu, okungukuthi, ubudlelwano obunamandla we-tonic, okwabe sekubusa, ikakhulukazi ku-fugue, kuyabonakala.

Nge-centralization yesistimu ye-ladotonal ku-I. yobudlelwane obunamandla we-tonic, okuthiwa. indlela yokuphendula ithoni ekhuthaza ukuguquguquka okushelelayo. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlangene.

Kanye impendulo tonal, okuthiwa. mahhala I., lapho izwi elilingisayo ligcina kuphela izinhlaka ezijwayelekile zomculo. umdwebo noma isigqi sesici sendikimba (isigqi. I.).

DS Bortnyansky. Ikhonsathi yomoya yama-32.

I. ibaluleke kakhulu njengendlela yokuthuthukisa, ukuthuthukiswa kwetimu. impahla. Okuholela ekukhuleni kwefomu, I. ngesikhathi esifanayo iqinisekisa i-thematic. (ngokomfanekiso) ubunye belonke. Kakade ngekhulu le-13. I. iba ngomunye ovame kakhulu ku-prof. umculo wezindlela zokwethula. ENar. i-polyphony I., ngokusobala, yavela ngaphambili kakhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa amanye amarekhodi asekhona. Ezinhlotsheni zomculo zekhulu le-13, indlela eyodwa noma enye exhumene ne-cantus firmus (i-rondo, inkampani, bese kuba yi-motet ne-mass), i-contrapuntal yayisetshenziswa njalo. futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukulingisa. ubuchwepheshe. E-Netherlands amakhosi ekhulu le-15-16. (J. Okegem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Despres, njll.) ukulingisa. ubuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi i-canonical, bufinyelele entuthukweni ephezulu. Kakade ngaleso sikhathi, kanye no-I. ekuhambeni okuqondile, I. yayisetshenziswa kabanzi ekusakazeni:

S. Scheidt. Ukwehluka kweculo elithi “Vater unser im Himmelreich”.

Baphinde bahlangana emgudwini wokubuya (ukuphahlazeka), ngesigqi. ukwanda (isibonelo, ngokuphinda kabili ubude besikhathi sayo yonke imisindo) nokuncipha.

Kusukela ekubuseni kwekhulu le-16 isikhundla sathathwa ngu-I olula. Wabuye waphumelela ekulingiseni. izinhlobo zekhulu le-17 nele-18. (ama-canzone, ama-motets, ama-ricecars, izixuku, ama-fugues, amaphupho). Ukuqokwa kwe-I. elula, ngokwezinga elithile, kwaba ukusabela entshisekweni eyeqile ye-canonical. ubuchwepheshe. Kubalulekile ukuthi I. ekuhambeni okubuyayo (okuphahlazeka), njll. akuzange kubonwe ngendlebe noma kubonwe kuphela ngobunzima.

Ukufinyelela ezinsukwini zokubusa kwe-JS Bach. izikhundla, amafomu okulingisa (ikakhulukazi i-fugue) ezinkathini ezilandelayo njengamafomu ezimele. umkhiqizo. zisetshenziswa kancane, kodwa zingene zibe izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-homophonic, zishintshwa kuye ngohlobo lwetimu, izici zayo zohlobo, kanye nomqondo othile womsebenzi.

V. Yebo. Shebalin. I-String Quartet No 4, okokugcina.

References: I-Sokolov HA, Ukulingisa ku-cantus firmus, L., 1928; Skrebkov S., Incwadi ye-polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; UGrigoriev S. no-Mueller T., Incwadi ye-polyphony, M., 1961, 1969; I-Protopopov V., Umlando we-polyphony ezimeni zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu. (Ushicilelo 2), ezakudala zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu zekhulu le-XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Mazel L., Ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa ulimi lomculo wesimanje, "SM", 1965, No. 6,7,8.

TF Müller