Ukugxekwa komculo |

kusuka ku-fr. i-critique evela kusiGreki sasendulo κριτική τέχνη "ubuciko bokuhlaziya, ukwahlulela"

Ukufunda, ukuhlaziya kanye nokuhlolwa kwezimo zobuciko bomculo. Ngomqondo obanzi, umculo we-classic uyingxenye yanoma yisiphi isifundo somculo, njengoba isici sokuhlola siyingxenye ebalulekile yobuhle. izahlulelo. Ukugxeka okuhlosiwe. ukuhlolwa kweqiniso lokudala akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokucabangela izimo ezithile ezenzekayo, indawo ekuyo enqubweni evamile yomculo. ukuthuthukiswa, emiphakathini. kanye nempilo yamasiko yezwe elithile nabantu enkathini ethile yomlando. inkathi. Ukuze kusekelwe ebufakazini futhi nokuqiniseka, lokhu kuhlola kufanele kusekelwe ezimisweni eziphusile zendlela yokusebenza. izisekelo kanye nemiphumela enqwabelene yomlando. kanye nongoti womculo wasetiyetha. ucwaningo (bheka Ukuhlaziywa Komculo).

Awukho umehluko oyisisekelo oyisisekelo phakathi komculo wakudala nesayensi yomculo, futhi ngokuvamile kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwawo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwalezi zindawo akusekelwe kakhulu kulokho okuqukethwe kanye nengqikithi yemisebenzi ebhekene nazo, kodwa ezinhlotsheni zokuqaliswa kwazo. VG Belinsky, ephikisana nokuhlukaniswa kwe-lit. ukugxekwa komlando, ukuhlaziya kanye nobuhle (okungukuthi ukuhlola), wabhala: “Ukugxeka okungokomlando ngaphandle kobuhle futhi, ngokuphambene, ubuhle obungenawo umlando, kuyoba uhlangothi olulodwa, ngakho-ke kungamanga. Ukugxekwa kufanele kube yinto eyodwa, futhi ukuguquguquka kwemibono kufanele kuvele emthonjeni owodwa ofanayo, ohlelweni olulodwa, ekucabangeni okukodwa kobuciko ... Mayelana negama elithi "analytical", lisuka egameni elithi "ukuhlaziya", okusho ukuhlaziya, ukubola, kuya -rye bakha impahla yanoma yikuphi ukugxekwa, noma ngabe kuyini, umlando noma ubuciko ”(VG Belinsky, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 6, 1955, p. 284). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uBelinsky wavuma ukuthi "ukugxekwa kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ngokuvumelana nobuhlobo bayo ..." (ibid., p. 325). Ngamanye amazwi, wavumela ukwabiwa kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yokugxeka kanye nokusabalala kwayo phezu kwabanye, kuye ngomsebenzi othize, oqhutshwayo kuleli cala.

Indawo yezobuciko. ukugxeka ngokuvamile, kuhlanganisa. futhi K. m., kubhekwa njenge-Ch. ar. ukuhlolwa kwezimo zesimanje. Ngakho-ke izidingo ezithile ezikhethekile ezibekwe kuso. Ukugxekwa kumele kube yiselula, kusheshe kuphendule yonke into entsha endaweni ethile yobuciko. I-Critical analysis and evaluation dep. ubuciko. izenzakalo (noma ngabe umkhiqizo omusha, ukusebenza komdlali, i-opera noma i-ballet premiere), njengomthetho, kuhlotshaniswa nokuvikelwa kobuhle obuthile obujwayelekile. izikhundla. Lokhu kunikeza u-K.m. izici zokumemezela okuningi noma kancane. Ukugxeka ngenkuthalo futhi ngqo iqhaza emzabalazweni ubuciko ideological. izikhombisi-ndlela.

Izinhlobo nezinga lemisebenzi ebucayi kuhlukene – kusukela ephephandabeni elifushane noma inothi lephephabhuku iye esihlokweni esinemininingwane eningiliziwe nokuhlaziya imibono eshiwoyo. Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ze-K. m. zihlanganisa ukubuyekezwa, notographic. inothi, i-eseyi, isibuyekezo, ingxabano. ikhophi. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zamafomu zimvumela ukuthi angenele ngokushesha ezinqubweni ezenzeka eminyuziyamu. ukuphila nokudala, ukuthonya imiphakathi. umbono, ukusiza ukuqinisekisa okusha.

Hhayi njalo futhi hhayi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokugxeka. imisebenzi, izahlulelo eziveziwe zisekelwe ekuqalisweni okuphelele. ubuciko. ukuhlaziywa. Ngakho-ke, ukubuyekezwa kwesinye isikhathi kubhalwa ngaphansi kombono wokulalela okukodwa emsebenzini owenziwe okokuqala. noma ukujwayelana ngqo nemibhalo yomculo. Okulandelayo, ukucwaninga kwayo okujulile kungase kuphoqe ukwenza izinguquko ezithile kanye nokwengezwa kokwangempela. ukuhlola. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lolu hlobo lokugxeka lusebenza kakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela lunikeza izindlela. ithonya ekwakhekeni kokuthandwa ngumphakathi kanye nesimo sengqondo sawo emisebenzini yobuciko. Ukuze ugweme amaphutha, umbuyekezi onikeza amamaki “ngokubona kokuqala” kufanele abe nobuciko obuhle, obuthuthuke kakhulu. ubukhazikhazi, indlebe ebukhali, ikhono lokubamba nokugqamisa into ebaluleke kakhulu esiqeshini ngasinye, futhi ekugcineni, ikhono lokudlulisela umbono womuntu ngendlela ecacile, ekholisayo.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-K. m., ezihlotshaniswa ne-decomp. ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo. Ngo-19 nasekuqaleni. Ukugxeka okucabangelayo kwekhulu lama-20 kwakusakazekile, okwenqaba noma yiziphi izimiso ezivamile zobuhle. ukuhlola futhi wafuna ukudlulisa kuphela umbono womuntu wemisebenzi yobuciko-va. NgesiRashiya u-K. m. VG Karatygin wema kuleso simo, nakuba engokoqobo. umsebenzi obalulekile womculo, wayevame ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwakhe. imibono yetiyetha. "Kimi, nanoma yimuphi omunye umculi," kubhala u-Karatygin, "ayikho enye indlela yokugcina, ngaphandle kokuthanda komuntu siqu ... nezinto zokwakha, 1927, p. 122).

“Ubushiqela bokunambitha” obungenamkhawulo, obuwuphawu lokugxeka okuzicabangelayo, kuphikiswana nesimo sokugxeka okuvamile noma okuqinile, okuqhubekayo ekuhloleni kwakho kusukela eqoqweni lemithetho eqinile ephoqelekile, lapho ukubaluleka kwekhanoni yendawo yonke kubangelwa khona. Lolu hlobo lwenkolelo-mbono lungokwemvelo hhayi kuphela ezifundweni ezilandelanayo. ukugxekwa, kodwa nasemigudwini ethile emculweni wekhulu lama-20, esebenza ngaphansi kweziqubulo zokuvuselelwa okukhulu kwamamuses. art-va nokudalwa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zomsindo. Ngendlela ecijile futhi ehlukene, efinyelela ukuhluka kwehlelo, lokhu kuthambekela kubonakala kubasekeli nabaxolisi besimanje. umculo avant-garde.

Emazweni onxiwankulu kukhona nohlobo lwezohwebo. ukugxekwa ngezinjongo zokukhangisa kuphela. Ukugxeka okunjalo, okuncike ku-conc. amabhizinisi kanye nabaphathi, vele, akanawo umbono ojulile nobuciko. amanani.

Ukuze kukholiseke ngempela futhi kube nezithelo, ukugxeka kufanele kuhlanganise izimiso eziphakeme nokujula kwesayensi. ukuhlaziywa ngobuntatheli bokulwa. uthando nobuhle obudingayo. izilinganiso. Lezi zimfanelo zazitholakala ezibonelweni ezinhle kakhulu zesiRashiya. K.m., owabamba iqhaza elibalulekile emzabalazweni wokuqashelwa kobaba. icala lomculo, ukuze kugunyazwe imigomo eqhubekayo yobuqiniso nobuzwe. Ukulandela isiRashiya esithuthukisiwe. lit. ukugxekwa (VG Belinsky, NG Chernyshevsky, NA Dobrolyubov), wafuna ukuqhubeka nokuhlola kwakhe ezidingweni eziphuthumayo zamaqiniso. Ubuhle obuphakeme kakhulu umbandela wakho kwakuwukuqina, ubuqiniso besimangalo, ukuhambisana kwayo nezithakazelo zemibuthano ebanzi yomphakathi.

Izizathu eziqinile zendlela yokugxeka, ukuhlola ubuciko. isebenza ngokugcwele, ngobunye bezenhlalakahle kanye nobuhle bayo. imisebenzi, inikeza imfundiso kaMarxism-Leninism. I-Marxist K. m., esekelwe ezimisweni ze-dialectical. kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando, kwaqala ukukhula ngisho nangesikhathi sokulungiselela i-Great Oct. socialist. uguquko. Lezi zimiso seziyisisekelo sezikhova. K. m., kanye nabagxeki abaningi ku-socialist. amazwe. Izikhova izinga elingenakuphikwa. ukugxekwa wukuchema, okuqondwa njengokuvikela ubukhomanisi obusezingeni eliphezulu. imibono, imfuneko yokubekwa phansi kwezimangalo emisebenzini ye-socialist. ukwakhiwa kanye nomzabalazo wokuqeda. ukunqoba kobukhomanisi, ukungaguquki ngokumelene nakho konke ukubonakaliswa kokusabela. ideology yonxiwankulu.

Ukugxeka, ngomqondo othile, kungumxhumanisi phakathi komdwebi nomlaleli, isibukeli, umfundi. Omunye wemisebenzi yayo ebalulekile ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yobuciko, incazelo yencazelo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo. Ukugxeka okuqhubekayo bekulokhu kuzama ukukhanga izethameli eziningi, ukufundisa ukunambitheka kwakho nobuhle. ukwazi, ukugxilisa umbono olungile wobuciko. U-VV Stasov wabhala: “Ukugxekwa kudingekile ngokungenakulinganiswa emphakathini kunakubabhali. Ukugxeka kuyimfundo” (Collected works, vol. 3, 1894, column 850).

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umgxeki kufanele alalele ngokucophelela izidingo zezilaleli futhi acabangele izidingo zayo lapho enza ubuhle. ukuhlolwa kanye nezahlulelo mayelana nezimo zezimangalo. Ukuxhumana okuseduze, okuqhubekayo nomlaleli kuyadingeka kuye okungenani kumqambi nomenzi. Amandla asebenzayo angempela angaba nalawo abucayi kuphela. ukwahlulela, i-to-rye esekelwe ekuqondeni okujulile kwezintshisekelo zezithameli ezibanzi.

Imvelaphi ka-K.m. ibhekisela enkathini yasendulo. A. Schering wakubheka njengesiqalo sempikiswano phakathi kwabasekeli bakaPythagoras no-Aristoxenus eDr. Greece (okubizwa ngokuthi ama-canons and harmonics), eyayisekelwe ekuqondeni okuhlukile uhlobo lomculo njengobuciko. I-Antich. imfundiso ye-ethos yayihlotshaniswa nokuvikela ezinye izinhlobo zomculo kanye nokulahlwa kwabanye, ngaleyo ndlela iqukethe, ngokwayo, isici esihlolisisa ngokujulile. NgeNkathi Ephakathi yayibuswa isazi semfundiso yenkolo. ukuqonda komculo, okwakucatshangelwa ngokombono wesonto-njengezisebenzi “njengenceku yenkolo”. Umbono onjalo awuzange uvumele inkululeko yokugxeka. izahlulelo nokuhlola. Izikhuthazo ezintsha zokuthuthukiswa kwemicabango ebucayi ngomculo zanikeza iRenaissance. Incwadi yakhe ephoxayo ka-V. Galilei ethi “Dialogue on Ancient and New Music” (“Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna”, 1581), lapho akhuluma khona evikela i-monodich, iyisici. isitayela se-homophonic, esigxeka kakhulu i-wok. i-polyphony yesikole i-Franco-Flemish njengensalela ye-"medieval Gothic". Ukuphika ngokungafanele. isikhundla saseGalile maqondana ne-polyphonic ethuthuke kakhulu. icala lisebenze njengomthombo wengxabano yakhe nama-muses avelele. Isazi se-Renaissance u-G. Tsarlino. Le mpikiswano yaqhubeka ngezincwadi, izethulo ze-Op. abamele "isitayela esijabulisayo" (i-stilo concitato) J. Peri, G. Caccini, C. Monteverdi, encwadini ka-GB Doni ethi "On Stage Music" ("Trattato della musica scenica"), ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi usebenza ophikisana nalesi sitayela, umlandeli we-polyphonic endala. amasiko ka-JM Artusi - ngakolunye.

Ngekhulu le-18 K. m. iba mnene. isici ekuthuthukisweni komculo. Ezwa ithonya lemibono yokukhanyiselwa, ubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo emzabalazweni wama-muses. izikhombisi-ndlela kanye nobuhle obujwayelekile. izingxabano zangaleso sikhathi. Indima ehamba phambili ekubalulekeni komculo. imicabango yekhulu le-18 kwakungeyeFrance - yakudala. izwe Lokukhanyiselwa. Ukubuka kwe-Aesthetic French. Abakhanyiseli nabo baba nomthelela ku-K. m. amazwe (Germany, Italy). Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zamaphrinti ezikhathi zesiFulentshi ("Mercure de France", "Journal de Paris") ibonise izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zomculo wamanje. ukuphila. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, uhlobo lwe-polemical lwanda. ipheshana. Ukunakwa okukhulu kwakhokhelwa imibuzo yomculo ngabaFulentshi abakhulu kunabo bonke. ababhali, ososayensi kanye namafilosofi encyclopedic JJ Rousseau, JD Alambert, D. Diderot, M. Grimm.

Umugqa womculo oyinhloko. izingxabano eFrance ngekhulu le-18. yayihlotshaniswa nomzabalazo weqiniso, ngokumelene nemithetho eqinile ye-classicist aesthetics. Ngo-1702, kwavela incwadi kaF. Raguenet ethi “Ukufana phakathi kwamaNtaliyane namaFulentshi ngokuphathelene nomculo nama-opera” (“Parallé des Italiens et des François en ce qui respecte la musique et les opéras”) yavela, lapho umlobi eqhathanisa ukuphila okunempilo, okuqondile ngokomzwelo. i-italy yokubonisa. i-opera melody iyadabukisa. ukuphindaphinda kwetiyetha ngenhlekelele yezingoma zesiFulentshi. Le nkulumo yadala izingxabano eziningi. izimpendulo ezivela kubalandeli nabavikeli besiFulentshi. i-opera yakudala. Ingxabano efanayo yaqubuka ngamandla amakhulu nakakhulu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka, mayelana nokufika kweParis ngo-1752 kweNtaliyane. iqembu le-opera elibonisa i-Pergolesi ethi The Servant-Madame kanye nenani lezinye izibonelo zohlobo lwe-opera yamahlaya (bona Impi kaBuffon). Ngasohlangothini lwase-Italy u-Buffons waphenduka izazi ze-ideologists "yefa lesithathu" - uRousseau, uDiderot. Ukwamukela ngokufudumele nokusekela i-opera buffa engokoqobo. izakhi, ngasikhathi sinye bagxeka kakhulu ukujwayelana, ukungakholakali kwamaFulentshi. i-adv. ama-opera, ummeleli ojwayelekile kakhulu, ngokombono wabo, kwakungu-JF Rameau. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-opera e-reformist ka-KV Gluck e-Paris ngeminyaka yama-70s. yasebenza njengezaba zempikiswano entsha (okuthiwa impi yama-glukists nama-picchinnist), lapho izimiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme. izindlela zokumangalela e-Austria. umpetha wayemelene nomsebenzi othambile, ozwakalayo ozwakalayo we-Italian N. Piccinni. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwemibono kubonise izinkinga ezazikhathaza imibuthano ebanzi yesiFulentshi. umphakathi ngobusuku bangaphambi kweGreat French. uguquko.

Iphayona laseJalimane. K. m. ekhulwini le-18. kwakungu-I. Mattheson - iminyuziyamu efundiswa ngezindlela eziningi. umbhali, imibono yakhe yakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lamaFulentshi. kanye nesiNgisi. Ukukhanya kwasekuqaleni. Ngo-1722-25 wanyathelisa umculo. umagazini othi “Critica musica”, lapho kwahunyushwa khona incwadi kaRaguene ngesiFulentshi. futhi ital. umculo. Ngo-1738, uT. Scheibe waqala ukunyathelisa isipesheli. isitho esinyathelisiwe "Der Kritische Musicus" (yanyatheliswa kwaze kwaba ngu-1740). Ehlanganyela izimiso zokukhanyiselwa kobuhle, wabheka “ingqondo nemvelo” njengamajaji aphakeme ecaleni. UScheibe ugcizelele ukuthi ubengakhulumi nabaculi kuphela, kodwa nendilinga ebanzi “yabayizimfundamakhwela nabantu abafundile.” Ukuvikela izitayela ezintsha zomculo. ubuciko, kodwa, akazange awuqonde umsebenzi ka-JS Bach futhi akazange awazise umlando wakhe. incazelo. F. Marpurg, ngokomuntu siqu nangokombono oxhumene nabameleli abaqavile balo. ukukhanyiselwa GE Lessing kanye no-II Winkelman, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1749-50 ijenali yamasonto onke. “Der Kritische Musicus an der Spree” (ULessing wayengomunye wabasebenzi balo magazini). Ngokungafani noScheibe, uMarpurg wayeyazisa kakhulu i-JS Bach. indawo evelele kuyo. K. m. ku-con. Ikhulu le-18 lalihlalwa yi-KFD Schubart, umsekeli we-aesthetics of feeling and expression, ehlotshaniswa nokunyakaza kwe-Sturm und Drang. Kuma-muses amakhulu kakhulu. Ababhali baseJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 nele-19. kwakungeye-IF Reichardt, emibonweni lapho izici zokukhanyiselwa kwe-rationalism zihlanganiswe ne-pre-romantic. izitayela. Ukugxeka umculo bekubaluleke kakhulu. imisebenzi kaF. Rochlitz, umsunguli we-Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung kanye nomhleli wayo ngo-1798-1819. Umsekeli nomsakazi we-Viennese yakudala. esikoleni, wayengomunye wamaJalimane ambalwa. abagxeki okwathi ngaleso sikhathi bakwazi ukuqonda ukubaluleka komsebenzi ka-L. Beethoven.

Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ngekhulu le-18. K. m. njengozimele. imboni ayikakhi, nakuba otd. izinkulumo ezibucayi emculweni (kaningi emaphephandabeni ezikhathi) zaseGreat Britain nase-Italy zithole ukusabela okubanzi ngaphandle kwalawa mazwe. Yebo, i-Sharp-satiric. Izindatshana zesiNgisi. umbhali-uthisha J. Addison mayelana nesiNtaliyane. I-opera, eyanyatheliswa komagazini bakhe "Isibukeli" ("Isibukeli", 1711-14) kanye nesithi "The Guardian" ("Guardian", 1713), sibonise ukuvuthwa kombhikisho wemvelo. onxiwankulu ngokumelene nabokufika. ukubusa emculweni. C. Burney ezincwadini zakhe. "Isimo samanje somculo eFrance nase-Italy" ("Isimo samanje somculo eFrance nase-Italy", 1771) kanye "Nesimo samanje somculo eJalimane, eNetherlands nase-United Provices", 1773) sinikeze i-panorama ebanzi EYurophu. impilo yomculo. Lezi nezinye izincwadi zakhe ziqukethe inqwaba yokugxeka okuhloswe kahle. izinqumo mayelana nabaqambi nabadlali abavelele, bukhoma, imidwebo engokomfanekiso kanye nezici.

Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zomculo nezingxabano. lit-ry 18 leminyaka. yipheshana lika-B. Marcello elithi “Theatre in Fashion” (“Il Teatro alla moda”, 1720), lapho okungenangqondo kwesi-Italian kuvezwa khona. uchungechunge lwe-opera. Ukugxekwa kohlobo olufanayo olunikezelwe. "I-Etude ku-Opera" ("Saggio sopra l opera in musica", 1755) isiNtaliyane. uthisha P. Algarotti.

Esikhathini se-romanticism njengama-muses. abagxeki baningi. abaqambi abavelele. Igama eliphrintiwe lasebenza kubo njengendlela yokuvikela kanye nokuqinisekisa ubuhlakani babo bokusungula. ukufakwa, ukulwa nomkhuba kanye ne-conservatism noma ukuzijabulisa okukha phezulu. izimo zengqondo ngomculo, izincazelo kanye nenkulumo-ze yemisebenzi yobuciko emikhulu ngempela. U-ETA Hoffmann udale uhlobo lomculo wesici se-romanticism. izindaba ezimfishane, lapho ubuhle. ukwahlulela nokuhlola kugqoka ngendlela eqanjiwe. ubuciko. inganekwane. Naphezu kwemibono eqondile yokuqonda kukaHoffmann umculo ngokuthi "ubuciko bothando kunabo bonke", isihloko saso "esingapheli", umculo wakhe obaluleke kakhulu. umsebenzi wawubaluleke kakhulu ngokuqhubekayo. Waphromotha ngentshiseko u-J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, ebheka umsebenzi walaba ongoti njengohamba phambili emculweni. icala (nakuba asho ngephutha ukuthi “baphefumula umoya ofanayo wothando”), wasebenza njengengqwele eshisekayo yemvelo. I-opera yaseJalimane futhi, ikakhulukazi, yakwamukela ukuvela kwe-opera ethi "The Magic Shooter" ka-Weber. U-KM Weber, naye owahlanganisa ngokwakhe umqambi nomlobi onekhono, wayesondelene noHoffmann ngemibono yakhe. Njengomgxeki nomphakathi, akazange anake kuphela ubuciko, kodwa futhi nokusebenza. izindaba zomculo. ukuphila.

Esigabeni esisha somlando wesiko lothando. K. m. waqhubeka uR. Schumann. Eyasungulwa nguye ngo-1834, i-New Musical Journal (Neue Zeitschrift für Musik) yaba yingxenye yezempi yamathrendi athuthukile emculweni, ihlanganisa iqembu lababhali abacabanga ngokuqhubekayo lizungeza yona. Emzamweni wokweseka yonke into entsha, encane futhi esebenzayo, iphephabhuku lika-Schumann lalwa nomqondo omncane wonxiwankulu, iphilistinism, intshisekelo yobuhle bangaphandle kwalimaza ukuqukethwe. ohlangothini lomculo. U-Schumann wamukele ngokufudumele ukukhiqizwa kokuqala. F. Chopin, wabhala ngokuqondisisa okujulile ngoF. Schubert (ikakhulukazi, waqala wembula ukubaluleka kukaSchubert njenge-symphonist), wazisa kakhulu i-Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony, futhi ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe kwakhanga ukunaka kwama-muses. imibuthano kwabancane I. Brahms.

Ummeleli omkhulu we-French romantic K. m. kwakunguG. Berlioz, owanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1823. Njengaye. kwezothando, wafuna ukusungula umbono ophakeme womculo njengendlela yokuhlanganisa imibono ejulile, egcizelela imfundo yawo ebalulekile. indima futhi walwa nesimo sengqondo sokungacabangeli, esingenangqondo ngaso esasidlangile phakathi konxiwankulu bamaphilisi. imibuthano. Omunye wabadali be-symphonism yohlelo lothando, uBerlioz wabheka umculo njengobuciko obubanzi kakhulu futhi obucebe kakhulu ngamathuba awo, okufinyeleleka kuwo wonke umkhakha wezinto ezingokoqobo kanye nomhlaba ongokomoya womuntu. Uhlanganise uzwela lwakhe olujulile lwentsha nokwethembeka kokwakudala. imibono, nakuba kungeyona yonke into eyigugu leminyuziyamu. I-classicism yakwazi ukuqonda nokuhlola kahle (ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlasela kwakhe okubukhali kuHaydn, ebukela phansi indima yamathuluzi. Umsebenzi kaMozart). Imodeli ephakeme kakhulu, engafinyeleleki kuye kwaba iqhawe elinesibindi. icala lika-Beethoven, i-to-rum ihlukaniselwe. ezinye zokugxeka kwakhe okuhle kakhulu. isebenza. U-Berlioz uphathe i-nat encane ngentshisekelo nangokunaka. izikole zomculo, wayengowokuqala ohlelweni lokusebenza. abagxeki ababazisa ubuciko obuvelele. incazelo, ubusha kanye nemvelaphi yomsebenzi ka-MI Glinka.

Ezikhundleni zaseBerlioz njengendawo yokuzijabulisa. ukugxeka kwakufana nokuma kwakho emsebenzini wokubhala kanye nezintatheli zikaF. Liszt ekuqaleni, "inkathi yaseParis" (1834-40). Uphakamise imibuzo ngesikhundla seciko konxiwankulu. umphakathi, walahla ukuncika kwecala "esikhwameni semali", wagcizelela isidingo somculo obanzi. imfundo nokukhanyiselwa. Egcizelela ukuhlobana phakathi kobuhle nokuziphatha, okuhle ngempela kwezobuciko kanye nezimiso eziphakeme zokuziphatha, uLiszt wabheka umculo “njengamandla ahlanganisa futhi ahlanganisa abantu omunye nomunye”, aneqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kokuziphatha kwesintu. Ngo-1849-60 uLiszt wabhala ama-muses amaningi amakhulu. isebenza prem eshicilelwe. kuye. umshini wokunyathelisa ngezikhathi ezithile (okuhlanganisa nephephabhuku lika-Schumann i-Neue Zeitschrift für Musik). Okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwazo uchungechunge lwezihloko ze-opera kaGluck, Mozart, Beethoven, Weber, Wagner, "Berlioz noHarold Symphony yakhe" ("Berlioz und seine Haroldsymphonie"). Izindatshana ezimayelana noChopin noSchumann. Izici ziyasebenza nokudala. ukubukeka abaqambi kuhlanganiswe kulezi zihloko kanye enemininingwane yobuhle jikelele. izahlulelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziya i-symphony kaBerlioz ethi “Harold in Italy” Liszt indulela ifilosofi enhle nobuhle. isigaba esinikezelwe ekuvikelweni nasekusekelweni kwesoftware emculweni.

Ngama-30s. Ikhulu le-19 waqala umculo wakhe-obucayi. umsebenzi ka-R. Wagner, izindatshana eziya ku-rogo zashicilelwa ngo-dec. Izitho zaseJalimane. kanye nokuphrinta ngezikhathi ezithile kwesiFulentshi. Izikhundla zakhe ekuhlolweni kwezenzakalo ezinkulu kakhulu zama-muses. izikhathi zanamuhla zaziseduze nemibono kaBerlioz, Liszt, Schumann. Okunamandla kakhulu futhi okuthela izithelo kwakhanyiswa. Wagner ngemva kuka-1848, lapho ngaphansi kwethonya revolution. izenzakalo, umqambi wafuna ukuqonda izindlela zokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuciko, indawo yayo kanye nokubaluleka emphakathini okhululekile wesikhathi esizayo, okufanele kuvele emanxiweni obuciko obunobutha. ubuhlakani bobunxiwankulu. isakhiwo. Ku-Art and Revolution (Die Kunst und die Revolution), uWagner wasuka esikhundleni sokuthi “uguquko olukhulu kuphela lwaso sonke isintu olungaphinde lunikeze ubuciko beqiniso.” Kwakhanyiswa kamuva. Imisebenzi kaWagner, eyayibonisa ukungqubuzana okukhulayo kwefilosofi yakhe yezenhlalo neyobuhle. imibono, ayizange ibe negalelo eliqhubekayo ekuthuthukisweni kokugxeka. imicabango ngomculo.

Izidalwa. okuthakaselwayo yizitatimende ezimayelana nomculo zababhali abathile abaqavile besitezi sokuqala. kanye ser. Ikhulu le-1 (O. Balzac, J. Sand, T. Gauthier eFrance; uJP Richter eJalimane). Njengokugxekwa komculo kwenziwa nguG. Heine. Izincwadi zakhe ezijabulisayo nezihlakaniphile mayelana ne-Muses. Impilo yaseParis ngeminyaka yama-19s kanye nama-30s iyidokhumenti ethokozisayo nebalulekile yemibono kanye nobuhle. ukuphikisana kwesikhathi. Imbongi isekela ngokufudumele kubo abameleli bezothando ezithuthukisiwe. izitayela zomculo - u-Chopin, u-Berlioz, uLiszt, wabhala ngentshiseko mayelana nokusebenza kuka-N. Paganini futhi wagxeka ubuze kanye nokungabi nalutho kobuciko "bezohwebo", obuklanyelwe ukwanelisa izidingo zonxiwankulu abanomkhawulo. umphakathi.

Ngekhulu le-19 ukwandisa kakhulu izinga lomculo-okubalulekile. umsebenzi, ithonya layo emculweni liyathuthukiswa. ukuzijwayeza. Kunenombolo yezitho ezikhethekile ze-K. m., i-to-rye yayivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokudala okuthile. iziqondiso futhi bangena ezingxoxweni phakathi kwabo. Imicimbi yomculo. impilo thola ibanzi futhi ihlelekile. ukucabanga emaphephandabeni jikelele.

Phakathi kukaprofesa. abagxeki bomculo eFrance beza ngaphambili ngeminyaka yama-20s. U-AJ Castile-Blaz kanye no-FJ Fetis, owasungula leli phephabhuku ngo-1827. “La revue musicale”. Umbhali wezichazamazwi ovelele nowazi kahle umculo wasendulo, uFetis wayengumuntu othanda ukusabela. izikhundla ekuhlolweni kwezimo zesimanje. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kusukela ekupheleni kwesikhathi somsebenzi kaBeethoven, umculo wawuqale indlela yamanga, futhi wenqaba impumelelo entsha kaChopin, Schumann, Berlioz, Liszt. Ngokwemibono yakhe, uFetis wayesondelene noP. Scudo, nokho, owayengenaso isifundiswa esiyisisekelo. i-erudition yalowo owandulelayo.

Ngokuphambene nokuqondisa kwe-Conservative ye-"La revue musicale" ka-Fetis, ngo-1834 "iphephandaba lomculo laseParis" ("La Gazette musicale de Paris", kusukela ngo-1848 - "Revue et Gazette musicale") lasungulwa, elihlanganisa uhla olubanzi. weminyuziyamu. noma T. izibalo ezisekela ubuhlakani obuthuthukisiwe. usesho ecaleni. Iba yisitho sokulwa sothando oluqhubekayo. Indawo engathathi hlangothi kakhulu yayithathwe yijenali. I-Ménestrel, eyanyatheliswa kusukela ngo-1833.

eJalimane kusukela ngeminyaka yama-20s. Ikhulu le-19 kwenzeka impikiswano phakathi kwe-"General Musical Gazette" eyanyatheliswa e-Leipzig kanye "ne-Berlin General Musical Gazette" ("Berliner Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung", 1824-30), eyayiholwa amamuse amakhulu kunawo wonke. i-theorist yangaleso sikhathi, umthandi oshisekayo womsebenzi ka-Beethoven futhi ongomunye wompetha abanomdlandla kakhulu kwezothando. Uhlelo lwe-symphonism AB Marx. Ch. UMarx wayebheka umsebenzi wokugxeka njengokusekelwa kwabasanda kuzalwa ekuphileni; mayelana nezimangalo zokukhiqiza kufanele, ngokusho kwakhe, kungahlulelwa “ngezindinganiso zesikhathi esidlule, kodwa ngokusekelwe emibonweni nemibono yesikhathi sazo.” Ngokusekelwe kufilosofi kaG. Hegel, wavikela umqondo wokujwayelekile kwenqubo yentuthuko nokuvuselela okwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo kwezobuciko. Omunye wabameleli abavelele bothando oluqhubekayo. U-KF Brendel, owaba ngumlandeli ka-Schumann ngo-1844 njengomhleli we-New Musical Journal, wayengumqambi womculo waseJalimane.

Umphikisi ongumnqamulajuqu wezothando. ubuhle bomculo kwakungu-E. Hanslick, owayenesikhundla esiphambili e-Austria. K. m. Isitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19 Imibono yakhe yobuhle ibhalwe encwadini. "Ezinhlelweni Zomculo" ("Vom Musikalisch-Schönen", 1854), okwabangela izimpendulo eziphikisanayo emazweni ahlukene. Ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni okusemthethweni komculo njengomdlalo, u-Hanslick wenqabile isimiso sokuhlela nokuthanda uthando. umqondo we-synthesis of art-in. Wayenesimo sengqondo esibi kakhulu ngomsebenzi kaLiszt noWagner, kanye nabaqambi abathuthukisa izici ezithile zesitayela sabo (A. Bruckner). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayevame ukuveza ukugxeka okujulile nokuyiqiniso. izahlulelo eziphikisana nobuhle bakhe obujwayelekile. izikhundla. Kubaqambi besikhathi esidlule, u-Hanslik wabazisa kakhulu u-Bach, u-Handel, u-Beethoven, kanye nababephila ngesikhathi sakhe - u-J. Brahms no-J. Bizet. I-erudition enkulu, ukukhanya okukhanyayo. ithalente nobukhali bomcabango kunqume igunya eliphakeme kanye nomthelela we-Hanslik njengemnyuziyamu. ukugxeka.

Evikela uWagner noBruckner ngokumelene nokuhlaselwa kukaHanslik, wakhuluma ngawo-80s. X. Impisi. Ama-athikili akhe, anezwi eliphikisayo, aqukethe izinto eziningi ezizimele nezichemile (ikakhulukazi, ukuhlasela kuka-Wolf emelene nama-Brahms kwakungalungile), kodwa ziyinkomba njengokunye kokubonakaliswa kokuphikisana ne-Conservative Hanslicianism.

Enkabeni yomculo izingxabano 2nd floor. Ikhulu le-19 kwakungumsebenzi kaWagner. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlola kwakhe kwakuhlotshaniswa nombuzo obanzi ojwayelekile mayelana nezindlela namathemba okuthuthukiswa kwama-muses. icala. Le mpikiswano ithole umlingiswa onesiphepho ikakhulukazi ngesiFulentshi. K. m., lapho yahlala khona isigamu sekhulu leminyaka, kusukela kuma-50s. Ikhulu le-19 kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ukuqala kwenhlangano ethi "anti-Wagner" eFrance kwakuyipheshana elivusa amadlingozi likaFetis (1852), elamemezela umsebenzi waseJalimane. umqambi ngomkhiqizo “womoya odangele” wesikhathi esisha. Isimo esifanayo esingesihle ngokungenamibandela ngokuphathelene noWagner sathathwa isiFulentshi esinegunya. abagxeki u-L. Escudier noScyudo. U-Wagner wavikelwa abasekeli bobuciko obusha. imisinga hhayi kuphela emculweni, kodwa nasezincwadini nasekudwebeni. Ngo-1885, i-"Wagner Journal" ("Revue wagnerienne") yadalwa, lapho, kanye nama-muses avelele. abagxeki uT. Vizeva, S. Malerbom nabanye nabo babambe iqhaza kwabanye abaningi. izimbongi nababhali abadumile baseFrance, kuhl. P. Verlaine, S. Mallarmé, J. Huysmans. Ubuciko nobuciko. Izimiso zikaWagner zahlaziywa ngokuxolisa kulo magazini. Ngama-90s kuphela, ngokuka-R. Rolland, "ukusabela ngokumelene ne-despotism entsha kuyavezwa" futhi isimo sengqondo esizolile, esinenhloso mayelana nefa lomshicileli omkhulu wokusebenza siyavela.

NgesiNtaliyane. K. m. impikiswano yayizungeza inkinga ye-Wagner-Verdi. Omunye wabasakazi bokuqala benkulumo-ze yobuciko bukaWagner e-Italy kwakungu-A. Boito, owavela emaphephandabeni ngeminyaka yawo-60s. Abagxeki base-Italy ababona kude kakhulu (F. Filippi, G. Depanis) bakwazile ukuvumelanisa le "mpikiswano" futhi, behlonipha impumelelo entsha kaWagner, ngesikhathi esifanayo bavikela indlela yezwe ezimele yokuthuthukiswa kweRussia. i-opera.

"Inkinga ye-Wagnerian" yabangela ukungqubuzana okukhulu nomzabalazo phakathi kokubola. imibono kwamanye amazwe. Kunakwa kakhulu ngesiNgisi. K. m., nakuba lapha yayingenakho ukubaluleka okubalulekile njengaseFrance nase-Italy, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezwe elithuthukile. amasiko endimeni yomculo. ubuhlakani. Iningi labagxeki abangamaNgisi ser. Ikhulu le-19 lema phezu kwezikhundla zephiko elilingene lwayo. romantics (F. Mendelssohn, ingxenye Schumann). Omunye kakhulu ukunquma. Abaphikisi bakaWagner kwakunguJ. Davison, okwathi ngo-1844-85 wahola umagazini othi “Musical World” (“Musical World”). Ngokuphambene nalokho okwandile ngesiNgisi. K. m. ukuthambekela okudala, umdlali wopiyano kanye neminyuziyamu. umlobi u-E. Dunreiter wakhuluma ngeminyaka yawo-70s. njengompetha osebenzayo wokuqamba okusha. imisinga futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umculo kaWagner. Okubalulekile ngokuqhubekayo kwakuwumsebenzi obalulekile womculo kaB. Shaw, owabhala ngo-1888-94 ngomculo kujenali. “Inkanyezi” (“Inkanyezi”) kanye “Nezwe” (“Umhlaba”). Njengomthandi oshisekayo kaMozart noWagner, wasihleka usulu lesi sifundiswa esisadla ngoludala. abahamba ngezinyawo kanye nokuchema maqondana nanoma yiziphi izenzakalo zamamuse. icala.

Ngo K.m. 19 - ekuseni. Ikhulu lama-20 libonisa isifiso esikhulayo sabantu sokuzibusa kanye nokugomela kwemvelo yabo. ubuciko. amasiko. Yaqalwa ngu-B. Smetana emuva kuma-60s. umzabalazo wokuzimela. nat. Indlela yokuthuthukiswa kweCzech. umculo uqhutshekwe no-O. Gostinskiy, Z. Neyedly nabanye. Umsunguli weCzech. I-Musicology Gostinskiy, kanye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi eyisisekelo emlandweni womculo nobuhle, wenza njengomculi. umgxeki kujenali ethi “Dalibor”, “Hudebnn Listy” (“Amashidi Omculo”). Usosayensi nosopolitiki ovelele. uNeyedly wayengumbhali wezingoma eziningi ezibucayi. imisebenzi, lapho akhuthaza khona umsebenzi kaSmetana, Z. Fibich, B. Förster kanye nabanye amakhosi amakhulu aseCzech. umculo. Umculo obalulekile. ibisebenza kusukela ngeminyaka yama-80s. Ikhulu le-19 L. Janacek, owalwela ukusondelana nobunye beminyuziyamu yamaSlavic. amasiko.

Phakathi kwabagxeki basePoland, isigamu sesi-2. Ikhulu le-19 lisho kakhulu. izibalo yi-Yu. Sikorsky, M. Karasovsky, Ya. Klechinsky. Emsebenzini wakhe womphakathi kanye nesayensi nomculo, banaka ngokukhethekile umsebenzi weChopin. Sikorsky osn. ngo-1857 iphephabhuku. "Ruch Muzyczny" ("Indlela Yomculo"), eyaba nguCh. umzimba wasePoland K.m. Indima ebalulekile emzabalazweni we-nat. Umculo wasePoland wadlalwa umculo obalulekile. imisebenzi Z. Noskovsky.

Uzakwethu ka-Liszt no-F. Erkel, K. Abranyi ngo-1860 osn. insimbi yokuqala yomculo eHungary. umagazini iZenészeti Lapok, emakhasini awo ayevikela izithakazelo zabaseHungary. nat. isiko lomculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wakhuthaza umsebenzi Chopin, Berlioz, Wagner, ekholelwa ukuthi isiHungary. umculo kufanele uthuthuke uxhumene eduze ne-Advanced General yaseYurophu. ukunyakaza komculo.

Imisebenzi ka-E. Grieg njengomculi. ukugxekwa kwakuhlobene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokwanda okuvamile kwemvelo. ubuciko. isiko Norwegian in con. Ikhulu le-19 futhi ngemvume yokubaluleka komhlaba waseNorway. umculo. Ukuvikela izindlela zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa kobaba. icala, uGrieg wayengaziwa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemvelo. ukulinganiselwa. Wabonisa ububanzi nokungakhethi kokwahlulela ngokuphathelene nayo yonke into eyigugu ngempela neyiqiniso emsebenzini wabaqambi bezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. izikhombisi-ndlela kanye nezwe elihlukile. izesekeli. Ngenhlonipho ejulile nozwela wabhala ngoSchumann, Wagner, G. Verdi, A. Dvorak.

Ngekhulu lama-20 ngaphambi kuka-K. m. kunezinkinga ezintsha ezihambisana nesidingo sokuqonda nokuhlola izinguquko ezenzeka endimeni yomculo. ubuciko nomculo. impilo, ekuqondeni kakhulu imisebenzi yomculo njengobuciko. Abadali abasha. izikhombisi-ndlela, njengenjwayelo, zidale izimpikiswano ezishisayo nokushayisana kwemibono. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19-20. kuvela impikiswano mayelana nomsebenzi ka-C. Debussy, ofinyelela umvuthwandaba. amaphuzu ngemuva kokuqala kwe-opera yakhe ethi Pelléas et Mélisande (1902). Le mpikiswano yathola ukuphuthuma okuthile eFrance, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kwadlulela ngale kwemvelo. izintshisekelo zomculo wesiFulentshi. Abagxeki abancoma i-opera kaDebussy njengedrama yokuqala yomculo wesiFulentshi (P. Lalo, L. Lalua, L. de La Laurencie), bagcizelela ukuthi umqambi uhamba yedwa. ngendlela ehlukile kwekaWagner. Emsebenzini kaDebussy, njengoba abaningi babo babethi, isiphetho safinyelelwa. Ukukhululwa kwe-French. umculo ovela kuye. kanye nethonya lase-Austrian elinamandla phezu kwayo amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. UDebussy ngokwakhe njengomculi. umgxeki ubelokhu evikela i-nat. isiko, evela ku-F. Couperin kanye no-JF Rameau, futhi babona indlela yokuvuselelwa kweqiniso kwamaFulentshi. umculo ekwenqatshweni kwakho konke okubekwa ngaphandle.

Isikhundla esikhethekile ngesiFulentshi K. m. ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 lithathwe ngu-R. Rolland. Njengoba engomunye wabashampeni "bokuvuselelwa komculo kuzwelonke", waphinde waveza isiFulentshi esingokwemvelo. izici zomculo ze-elitism, ukuzihlukanisa nezithakazelo zabantu ababanzi. wt. "Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangathini abaholi abaqhoshayo bomculo osemusha waseFrance," u-Rolland wabhala, "impi ayikanqotshwa futhi ngeke inqotshwe kuze kube yilapho ukunambitheka koshintsho lomphakathi jikelele, kuze kube kubuyiselwa izibopho okufanele zixhumanise abakhethiwe phezulu. isizwe nabantu… ". Ku-opera ethi Pelléas et Mélisande kaDebussy, ngokombono wakhe, lunye uhlangothi lwesiFulentshi olwaboniswa. nat. ubuhlakani: “kukhona olunye uhlangothi lwalo ngqondongqondo, olungamelwe nhlobo lapha, ukusebenza kahle kobuqhawe, ukudakwa, ukuhleka, ukuthanda ukukhanya.” Umdwebi nomcabango wesintu, wentando yeningi, uRolland wayengumsekeli wobuciko obunempilo, obuqinisekisa ukuphila, obuxhumene kakhulu nempilo yabantu. Ubuqhawe bekungumbono wakhe. umsebenzi kaBeethoven.

Ngokuvumelana. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 liyaziwa kabanzi eNtshonalanga, umsebenzi waseRussia. abaqambi. Inani lama-zarub avelele. abagxeki (kuhlanganise noDebussy) bakholelwa ukuthi isiRashiya. umculo kufanele unikeze imizwa enezithelo zokuvuselela lonke elaseYurophu. icala lomculo. Uma kuma-80s kanye nama-90s. Ikhulu le-19 ukutholwa okungalindelekile kohlelo lokusebenza oluningi. kwakhiqizwa abaculi. I-MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, MA Balakirev, AP Borodin, kwase kuthi ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili noma amathathu ama-ballet e-IF Stravinsky adonsela ukunaka. Imikhiqizo yabo yaseParis ekuqaleni. Iminyaka yawo-1910 iphenduka “isenzakalo sosuku” esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi ibangele impikiswano eshubile komagazini namaphephandaba. E. Vuyermoz wabhala ngo-1912 ukuthi uStravinsky “wayenendawo emlandweni womculo okungekho muntu owayengayiphikisa.” Omunye wabagqugquzeli abakhuthele kakhulu baseRussia. umculo ngesiFulentshi nesiNgisi. Umshini wokunyathelisa kwakungu-M. Calvocoressi.

Kubameleli abaqavile bamazwe angaphandle. K. m. Ikhulu lama-20. okukaP. Becker, X. Mersman, A. Einstein (Germany), M. Graf, P. Stefan (Austria), K. Belleg, K. Rostand, Roland-Manuel (France), M. Gatti, M. Mila ( Italy), E. Newman, E. Blom (Great Britain), O. Downes (USA). Ngo-1913, ngesinyathelo sika-Becker, i-German Union yasungulwa. abagxeki bomculo (abakhona kwaze kwaba ngu-1933), umsebenzi wawo wawuwukukhulisa igunya nomsebenzi ka-K. m. Inkulumo-ze yezitayela ezintsha zomculo. ubuciko banikezelwa. umagazini othi “Musikblätter des Anbruch” (Austria, 1919-28, ngo-1929-37) wawuvela ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Anbruch”), “Melos” (eJalimane, 1920-34 futhi kusukela ngo-1946). Laba bagxeki bathathe izikhundla ezahlukene maqondana nezigigaba zamamuse. isimanjemanje. Omunye wabasakazi bokuqala bomsebenzi kaR. Strauss ngesiNgisi. I-Print Newman yayigxeka umsebenzi omningi wabaqambi besizukulwane esisha. U-Einstein ugcizelele isidingo sokuqhubeka ekuthuthukisweni komculo futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi yilolosesho olusha kuphela oluwusizo ngempela futhi luyasebenza, olunokusekelwa okuqinile emasikweni azuzwe njengefa kusukela esikhathini esidlule. Phakathi kwabameleli "bomculo omusha" wekhulu lama-20. wayemazisa kakhulu uP. Hindemith. Ububanzi bemibono, ukungabi khona kokuchema kweqembu okunombono ojulile we-muz.-theory. kanye ne-erudition yomlando ibonisa imisebenzi kaMersman, owayehamba phambili kuyo. K. m. ngeminyaka yama-20s nasekuqaleni. 30s

Kusho. umthelela kumculo obalulekile. wacabanga amazwe amaningi aseYurophu ngo ser. Ikhulu lama-20 u-T. Adorno wabonisa ukuthi emibonweni lapho izici ze-sociologism enenhlamba zihlanganiswa nokuthambekela kwe-elitist kanye nokungathembeki okujulile komphakathi. Ukugxeka onxiwankulu "bamasiko amaningi". emphakathini, u-Adorno wayekholelwa ukuthi ubuciko beqiniso bungaqondwa kuphela umbuthano omncane wezihlakaniphi ezicwengisisiwe. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebucayi ihlukaniswa ngobuhlakani obukhulu nokucija kokuhlaziya. Ngakho-ke, ngokwethembeka nangokungena wembula isisekelo semibono yomsebenzi weSchoenberg, Berg, Webern. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Adorno wenqabe ngokuphelele ukubaluleka kwama-muses amakhulu kakhulu. ongcweti bekhulu lama-20 abangahlanganyeli ngezikhundla zesikole esisha saseViennese.

Izici ezimbi zesimanjemanje K. m. izahlulelo zabo ngokuvamile zichemile futhi zichemile, ngokuvamile baphendukela ekuhlaselweni okudelela ngamabomu, nokushaqisayo ngokumelene ne-otd. abantu noma imibono. Okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, indatshana evusa amadlingozi ka-Stuckenschmidt ethi “Music Against the Ordinary Man” (“Musik gegen Jedermann”, 1955), equkethe ingxabano ebukhali ngokwedlulele. ubukhali buwukubonakaliswa kombono we-elitist kwezobuciko.

Emazweni ezenhlalakahle u-K. m. isebenza njengendlela yobuhle. imfundo yabantu abasebenzayo kanye nomzabalazo wokusungulwa kwezimiso zamakhomanisi aphezulu. imibono, ubuzwe kanye namaqiniso emculweni. Abagxeki bangamalungu ezinyunyana zabaqambi futhi babamba iqhaza elibonakalayo engxoxweni yokuqamba. izindaba kanye nobuciko obukhulu.-umsebenzi wokufundisa. Udale umculo omusha. , emakhasini lapho izenzakalo zomculo wamanje zihlanganiswa ngokuhlelekile. ukuphila, okushicilelwe ithiyori. izihloko, izingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngezinkinga zezihloko zokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje. umculo. Kwamanye amazwe (Bulgaria, Romania, Cuba) ekhethekile. umculo umshicileli wavela kuphela ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-socialist. isakhiwo. Okuyinhloko Izitho ze-K. m. Poland – “Ruch Muzyczny” (“Indlela Yomculo”), Romania – “Muzica”, Czechoslovakia – “Hudebhi rozhledy” (“Musical Review”), Yugoslavia – “Sound”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona omagazini bohlobo olukhethekile olunikezelwe emnyangweni. izimboni zomculo. isiko. Ngakho, eCzechoslovakia, kunyatheliswa omagazini bomculo abahlukene abangu-6, e-GDR 5.

Iziqalo ze-K.M. eRussia ingeyekhulu le-18. Kuhulumeni osemthethweni. igesi. I-“Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti” kanye nesithasiselo sayo (“Notes on the Vedomosti”) kusukela ngeminyaka yama-30s. imiyalezo enyathelisiwe mayelana nezenzakalo zomculo wenhloko-dolobha. impilo - mayelana nama-opera, mayelana nemikhosi ehambisana nomculo. imikhosi nemikhosi enkantolo nasezindlini zezicukuthwane. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lawa bekungamanothi amafushane okuqukethwe kolwazi kuphela. uhlamvu. Kodwa izihloko ezinkudlwana nazo zavela, ziphishekela umgomo wokwazi isiRashiya. esidlangalaleni ngezinhlobo ezintsha zobuciko zakhe. Lesi isihloko esithi “Emidlalweni eyihlazo, noma amahlaya nezinhlekelele” (1733), esasiqukethe nokwaziswa nge-opera, kanye nencwadi ebanzi kaJ. "Amanothi eVedomosti" ka-18.

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18, ikakhulukazi emashumini eminyaka adlule, mayelana nokukhula kwama-muses. impilo yaseRussia ngokujula nangobubanzi, ulwazi ngayo ku-St. Petersburg Vedomosti kanye ne-Moskovskie Vedomosti eyanyatheliswa kusukela ngo-1756 iba inothile futhi ihluke kakhulu ngokuqukethwe. Imidlalo ye-t-ditch “yamahhala”, namakhonsathi omphakathi avulekile, futhi ingxenye yomkhakha wokwenza umculo wasekhaya yawela emkhakheni wokubukwa kulawa maphephandaba. Imiyalezo emayelana nabo kwesinye isikhathi ibihambisana nokuphawula kokuhlola okune-laconic. Izinkulumo zamazwe obaba zaziphawuleka ngokukhethekile. abadlali.

Ezinye zezinhlaka zentando yeningi. ubuntatheli Russian in con. Ikhulu le-18 lasekela ngentshiseko insizwa yaseRussia. isikole somqambi, ngokumelene nokunganakwa. isimo sengqondo ngakubo abahloniphekile. imibuthano. Izindatshana zika-PA Plavilytsikov ephephabhukwini elinyatheliswa ngu-IA Krylov zinezwi elibi kakhulu. "Umbukeli" (1792). Ekhomba amathuba acebile atholakala ngesiRashiya. nar. ingoma, umbhali walezi zihloko ukugxeka kakhulu ukutuswa okungenangqondo komphakathi ophezulu ngakho konke okungaphandle kanye nokungabi nasithakazelo kwezasekhaya, zasekhaya. U-Plavilshchikov uyagomela: “Uma ubufuna ukuphenya ngokufanele nangokucabangela okwakho, “babengathola okuthile okuzokhangwa yikho, bebezothola okuthile abangakugunyaza; ngabe uthole into ezomangaza ngisho nabasemzini. Ngendlela yepheshana le-satirical eliqanjiwe, izivumelwano ze-opera yase-Italy, okuqukethwe okujwayelekile nokungenalutho kwe-libretto yayo, kanye nezinhlangothi ezimbi ze-dilettantism ehloniphekile zahlekwa usulu.

Ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 lenyusa ngokuphawulekayo inani eliphelele lokubalulekile. izincwadi ngomculo. UMn. amaphephandaba nomagazini bashicilela ngokuhlelekile ukubuyekezwa kwemikhiqizo ye-opera namakhonsathi ngokuhlaziywa kwemikhiqizo ngokwayo. kanye nokubulawa kwabo, monographic. izihloko mayelana Russian kanye zarub. abaqambi nabaculi, ulwazi mayelana nemicimbi phesheya. impilo yomculo. Phakathi kwalabo ababhala ngomculo, izibalo zezinga elikhulu, ezinohlu olubanzi lomculo, zibekwe phambili. kanye nombono ojwayelekile wamasiko. Eshumini lesi-2 lekhulu le-19. uqala umculo wakhe obalulekile. umsebenzi ka-AD Ulybyshev, ekuqaleni. Ama-20s avela kwabezindaba BF Odoevsky. Ngawo wonke umehluko emibonweni yabo, bobabili basondela ekuhlolweni kwamamyuziyamu. izenzakalo ezinezidingo zokuqukethwe okuphezulu, ukujula namandla okukhuluma, ukulahla i-hedonistic ngokungacabangi. isimo sengqondo kuye. Emvelweni kuma-20s. Engxabano phakathi kwe "Rossinists" kanye "namaMozartists", u-Ulybyshev no-Odoevsky babesohlangothini lwakamuva, bekhetha umlobi ohlakaniphile we "Don Giovanni" phezu kwe "Rossini ejabulisayo". Kodwa u-Odoevsky wayemncoma ngokukhethekile uBeethoven “njengomqambi wezinsimbi omkhulu kunabo bonke.” Wagomela ngokuthi “nge-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-9, kuqala umhlaba omusha womculo.” Omunye wabashisekeli benkulumo-ze kaBeethoven eRussia naye kwakunguD. Yu. Struysky (Trilunny). Naphezu kokuthi umsebenzi kaBeethoven wabonwa yibo ngokusebenzisa i-prism yothando. ubuhle, bakwazi ukubona kahle izidalwa zayo eziningi. izinhlangothi kanye nokubaluleka emlandweni womculo.

Izinkinga eziyinhloko ezibhekene neRussia K. m., kwakukhona umbuzo mayelana ne-nat. isikole somculo, imvelaphi yaso nezindlela zokuthuthuka. Emuva ngo-1824, u-Odoevsky waphawula ubusuka be-cantatas ka-AN Verstovsky, eyayingenawo "abantu abafunda esikoleni saseJalimane" noma "amanzi ase-Italy anoshukela". Umbuzo onzima kakhulu umayelana nezici zesiRashiya. izikole zomculo zaqala ukuxoxwa mayelana nalesi sikhundla. i-opera ka-Ivan Susanin kaGlinka ngo-1836. U-Odoevsky ngokokuqala ngqa ngokuqiniseka okukhulu wamemezela ukuthi nge-opera kaGlinka “kwavela isici esisha kwezobuciko futhi kuqala inkathi entsha emlandweni: inkathi yomculo waseRussia.” Kulokhu kwakhiwa, ukubaluleka kwezwe laseRussia kwabonwa kusengaphambili ngobuhlakani. umculo, owaziwa emhlabeni wonke ku-con. Ikhulu le-19 Ukukhiqizwa kwe "Ivan Susanin" kwabangela izingxoxo ngesiRashiya. isikole somculo kanye nobudlelwano bawo nezinye. izikole zomculo NA Melgunov, Ya. M. Neverov, to-rye wavuma (ikakhulukazi futhi okubaluleke kakhulu) nokuhlola kuka-Odoevsky. Ukuphikiswa okubukhali kwezibalo eziqhubekayo eRussia. I-K.m. kubangelwe umzamo wokubukela phansi ukubaluleka kwe-opera kaGlinka, eyavela ku-FV Bulgarin, owaveza umbono we-reactionary. i-monarchic. imibuthano. Izingxabano ezishubile nakakhulu zavela ku-opera "Ruslan noLyudmila" ekuqaleni. 40s Phakathi kwabavikeli abashisekayo be-opera yesibili kaGlinka kwaphinde kwaba u-Odoevsky, kanye nentatheli eyaziwayo kanye ne-orientalist u-OI Senkovsky, izikhundla zabo ngokuvamile zaziphikisana futhi ngokuvamile azihambisani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubaluleka kukaRuslan noLyudmila akuzange kuqashelwe ngempela iningi labagxeki njengeRussia. Nar.-epic. ama-opera. Ukuqala kwengxabano mayelana nokuphakama kwe-"Ivan Susanin" noma "uRuslan noLyudmila" kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, okuvutha ngamandla athile eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo.

Uzwela lwaseNtshonalanga lwavimbela ukuqonda okujulile kwemvelo. izimpande zokuqanjwa kabusha kukaGlinka kumgxeki ofunde kabanzi njengoVP Botkin. Uma izitatimende zikaBotkin ngoBeethoven, uChopin, uLiszt zinokubaluleka okungangabazeki okuqhubekayo futhi zazinokuqonda futhi zibona kude ngaleso sikhathi, khona-ke maqondana nomsebenzi kaGlinka isikhundla sakhe saphenduka saba nesiphithiphithi futhi sanquma. Ehlonipha ithalente nekhono likaGlinka, uBotkin wacabangela umzamo wakhe wokudala isiRashiya. nat. i-opera ehlulekile.

Edumile. isikhathi ekuthuthukisweni Russian. K. m. babengama-60s. Ikhulu le-19 Ukukhuphuka okujwayelekile komculo. isiko, okubangelwa ukukhula kwentando yeningi. imiphakathi. ukunyakaza kanye ne-burzh eseduze. izinguquko, u-to-rye waphoqeleka ukuba enze uhulumeni we-tsarist, ukukhuthazwa kokukhanya okusha nezindlela. izibalo zobuciko, ukwakheka kwezikole kanye nezitayela ezinobuhle obubonakala ngokucacile. inkundla - konke lokhu kusebenze njengesikhuthazo somsebenzi ophezulu wokubaluleka komculo. imicabango. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imisebenzi yabagxeki abavelele njengo-AN Serov no-VV Stasov yembuleka, u-Ts. U-A. Cui no-GA Laroche bavele emaphephandabeni. Umculo obalulekile. Ikhompiyutha nayo ibibandakanyeka emisebenzini. PI Tchaikovsky, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Okwakujwayelekile kubo bonke kwakuwukuqondiswa kwezemfundo nokwazi. ukuvikela izithakazelo zamazwe obaba. Icala lomculo ekulweni nalo lizoshaywa indiva. isimo sengqondo sezikhulu ezibusayo kuye. imibuthano nokubukelwa phansi noma ukungaqondi kahle komlando ovelele. Izincazelo zesiRashiya abagxeki bezikole zomculo zekamu elilandelanayo (FM Tolstoy – Rostislav, AS Famintsyn). Combat publicist. ithoni ihlanganiswe ku-K. m. kwe 60s. ngesifiso sokuncika kufilosofi eqinile kanye nobuhle. okuyisisekelo. Kulokhu, isiRashiya esithuthukisiwe sasebenza njengemodeli kuso. lit. ukugxeka futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umsebenzi Belinsky. USerov wayenalokhu engqondweni lapho ebhala: “Ingabe, kancane kancane, kungenzeka ukujwayela umphakathi ukuhlobana nomkhakha womculo nemidlalo yaseshashalazini ngaleyo ndlela enengqondo nekhanyiselwe eye yasetshenziswa ezincwadini zesiRashiya amashumi eminyaka kanye nokugxekwa kwemibhalo yesiRashiya. ithuthukiswe kakhulu.” Elandela uSerov, uTchaikovsky wabhala ngesidingo “sokugxekwa komculo okunengqondo nefilosofi” okusekelwe “ezimisweni eziqinile zobuhle.” U-Stasov wayengumlandeli oqinile wesiRashiya. amaDemocratic revolutionary futhi wabelane ngezimiso zamaqiniso. I-aesthetics yaseChernyshevsky. Izisekelo ze "New Russian School of Music", eqhubeka namasiko kaGlinka noDargomyzhsky, wayebheka abantu kanye namaqiniso. Empikiswaneni yomculo kuma-60s ayibhekenenga nama-DOS amabili kuphela. Izikhombisi-ndlela zesiRashiya. umculo - oqhubekayo futhi ophendulayo, kodwa ukwehlukahlukana kwezindlela ngaphakathi kwenkambu eqhubekayo nakho kwabonakala. Ukuqinisa ekuhloleni ukubaluleka kweGlinka njengomsunguli weRussia. izikole zomculo we-classical, ngokuqaphela uNar. izingoma njengomthombo wezici ezihlukile kuzwelonke zalesi sikole nakwezinye izinto eziningi ezibalulekile, abameleli be-K. m. kwe 60s. bengavumelananga ngamaphuzu amaningi. UCui, owayengomunye wabamemezeli be-"Mighty Handful", wayevame ukunganaki. maqondana nezakudala zomculo wangaphandle wenkathi yangaphambi kukaBeethoven, kwakungalungile ku-Tchaikovsky, wenqaba u-Wagner. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uLaroche wazisa kakhulu uTchaikovsky, kodwa wakhuluma kabi ngomkhiqizo. Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov futhi wayegxeka umsebenzi wabanye abaningi. zarub ezivelele. abaqambi benkathi ye-post-Beethoven. Okuningi kwalokhu kungaboni ngaso linye, okwaba kubi kakhulu ngesikhathi somzabalazo omkhulu wokufuna okuthile okusha, kwashelela futhi kwalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwakho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. UCui, ekuphileni kwakhe okuwohlokayo, wavuma ukuthi izihloko zakhe zokuqala “zihlukaniswa ngokucijile kokwahlulela nephimbo, ukugqama okuyihaba kwemibala, ukukhethekile kanye nemisho eqinisekisayo.”

Ngama-60s. izindatshana zokuqala ze-ND Kashkin zivele ziphrintiwe, kodwa ngokuhlelekile. uhlobo lomculo wakhe.-okubalulekile. umsebenzi otholwe emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulu le-19. Izahlulelo zikaKashkin zazihlukaniswa ngombono ozolile kanye nethoni elinganiselayo. U-Alien kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokubikezela kweqembu, wayewuhlonipha kakhulu umsebenzi kaGlinka, uTchaikovsky, uBorodin, uRimsky-Korsakov futhi walwela ngokuqhubekayo ukwethulwa kwengqungquthela. kanye nethiyetha. umkhuba wokukhiqiza umculo. lezi zingcweti, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. ukwamukele ukuvela kwabaqambi abasha abagqamile (u-SV Rachmaninov, u-AN Skryabin osemncane). Ekuqaleni. 80s eMoscow umfundi Rimsky-Korsakov kanye nomngane SN Kruglikov wakhuluma nabezindaba. Umsekeli oshisekayo wemibono nokudala kwe-Mighty Handful, esikhathini sokuqala somsebenzi wakhe wabonisa ubandlululo oluthile ekuhloleni uTchaikovsky nabanye abameleli besikole "eMoscow", kodwa-ke lo hlangothi olulodwa lwezikhundla lwanqotshwa nguye. , izahlulelo zakhe ezibucayi zaba zibanzi futhi zinomgomo owengeziwe.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakungowomculo waseRussia isikhathi soshintsho olukhulu nomzabalazo omkhulu phakathi kwentsha nendala. Ukugxekwa akuzange kuhlale kude nobuciko obuqhubekayo. izinqubo kanye neqhaza elikhulu ekubhidlikeni komzabalazo. i-ideological kanye ne-aesthetic. izikhombisi-ndlela. Ukuvela sekwephuzile Scriabin, ukuqala lokusungula. Imisebenzi kaStravinsky kanye ne-SS Prokofiev yayihambisana nezingxabano ezishisayo, ngokuvamile ezihlukanisa ama-museum. ukuthula emakamu anobutha ngokungenakulungiseka. Omunye oqiniseka kakhulu futhi ulandele. U-VG Karatygin, umculi ofunde kahle, ummemezeli onekhono futhi onolaka, owakwazi ukuhlola ngokunembile nangokuqonda ukubaluleka kwezimo ezintsha ezivelele ngesiRashiya, waba abavikeli bentsha. kanye nezarub. umculo. Indima evelele ku-K.m. yangaleso sikhathi yadlalwa ngu-AV Ossovsky, VV Derzhanovsky, N. Ya. imisinga, ngokumelene nezemfundo. okujwayelekile kanye nokulingisa okungenabuntu. Ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi yabagxeki besiqondiso esilinganiselwe - Yu. D. Engel, GP Prokofiev, VP Kolomiytsev - bahlanganisa ukusekela amasiko aphezulu we-classic. amagugu, isikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokuphila kwabo, ukubaluleka okufanelekile, kuzolandela. ukuvikelwa kwala masiko emizamweni “yokuhlanekezela” nokuwahlambalaza yilabo bantu abanemibono eminyuziyamu. yesimanjemanje, njengesibonelo, LL Sabaneev. Kusukela ngo-1914, BV Asafiev (Igor Glebov) waqala ukuvela ehlelekile emaphephandabeni, umsebenzi wakhe njengemyuziyamu. ukugxeka kwathuthukiswa kabanzi ngemva kweGreat October Socialist Revolution.

Kunakwa kakhulu umculo ngesiRashiya. iminyaka yokunyathelisa yangaphambi kwenguquko. Kanye neminyango ehlala njalo yomculo kuwo wonke amaphephandaba amakhulu nakwamanye amaningi. omagazini bohlobo oluvamile lwenziwa ngokukhethekile. omagazini bomculo. Uma kuvela ngezikhathi ezithile ngekhulu le-19. omagazini bomculo, njengomthetho, babephila isikhathi esifushane, kwase kuthi i-Russian Musical Newspaper, eyasungulwa ngu-HP Findeisen ngo-1894, yanyatheliswa ngokuqhubekayo kwaze kwaba ngu-1918. Ngo-1910-16 kwanyatheliswa umagazini eMoscow. "Umculo" (ed.-umshicileli uDerzhanovsky), emakhasini awo bathola ukuthi uyaphila futhi unozwela. impendulo ezenzakalweni ezintsha endimeni yomculo. ubuhlakani. Izifundo ezengeziwe eziqondiswe ku- “A Musical Contemporary” (eyanyatheliswa ePetrograd ngaphansi komhleli ka-AN Rimsky-Korsakov, 1915-17) zanikeza incazelo. ukunakwa kwelakubo. classics, kodwa ngokwabo. izincwadi zokubhalela ezithi “Chronicles of the magazine” Musical Contemporary “” zazihlanganisa kabanzi izenzakalo zomculo wamanje. ukuphila. Uchwepheshe. omagazini bomculo nabo banyatheliswa emadolobheni athile aseduze kweRussia.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiphakathi pathos K. m. uma kuqhathaniswa nama-60-70s. Ikhulu le-19 liyancipha, imibono kanye nobuhle. Ifa laseRussia. Amademokhrasi-akhanyisa ngezinye izikhathi acwaningwa ngokusobala, kukhona ukuthambekela kokuhlukanisa izimangalo emiphakathini. ukuphila, ukugomela kwencazelo yayo “yangaphakathi”.

Ubunxiwankulu be-Marxist babuqala ukuvela. Ama-athikili namanothi ngomculo avele emaphephandabeni eqembu lamaBolshevik alandela u-Ch. ar. khanyisela. imisebenzi. Bagcizelela isidingo sokusakazwa kwenkulumo-ze yasendulo. ifa lomculo phakathi kwesixuku esisebenzayo, imisebenzi yamamyuziyamu kahulumeni yagxekwa. izikhungo kanye ne-t-ditch. AV Lunacharsky, ebhekise ku-dec. izigigaba zomculo. esikhathini esidlule nesamanje, bezama ukuhlonza ukuxhumana kwabo nempilo yenhlalo, baphikisana nombono osemthethweni. ukuqonda umculo kanye nokuhlanekezela okubi, wagxeka ithonya elibi kubuciko bonxiwankulu. ukuhweba.

Izikhova. K. m., ukuthola amasiko angcono kakhulu entando yeningi. ukugxekwa kwesikhathi esidlule, kuhlukaniswa ukuthambekela kweqembu eliqaphelayo futhi kusekelwe ekwahluleleni kwayo kusayensi eqinile. Izimiso ze-Marxist-Leninist methodology. Inani lobuciko. ukugxekwa kwagcizelelwa kaningi emibhalweni yeqembu elihamba phambili. Isinqumo seKomidi Eliyinhloko le-RCP(b) sangomhla ziyi-18 kuJuni, 1925, esithi, “Kunqubomgomo Yeqembu Emkhakheni Wezinganekwane” saphawula ukuthi ukugxeka “kungenye yamathuluzi okufundisa ayinhloko asezandleni zeQembu.” Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwabekwa isidingo sokuba kube nobuhlakani obukhulu nokubekezelelana maqondana noDisemba. imisinga yokudala, indlela ecabangelayo necophelelayo ekuhloleni kwabo. Isinqumo sixwayise ngengozi ye-bureaucracy. ememeza futhi eyala ecaleni: “Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela, lokhu kugxeka, okuyoba nenzuzo ejulile yemfundo lapho kuyoncika ekuphakameni kwakho ngokwemibono.” Imisebenzi yokugxeka esigabeni sanamuhla ichazwa esinqumweni seKomiti Enkulu ye-CPSU "Ekugxekweni Kwemibhalo Nobuciko", publ. Jan 25 1972. Ukugxekwa kufanele, njengoba kushiwo kulo mbhalo, “kuhlaziye ngokujulile izenzakalo, izitayela kanye nemithetho yenqubo yesimanje yobuciko, benze konke okusemandleni ukuqinisa izimiso zamaLeninist zeqembu nobuzwe, balwele izinga eliphezulu lemibono kanye nelobuhle. Ubuciko baseSoviet, futhi ngokuqhubekayo baphikisana nemibono yonxiwankulu. Ukugxeka kwemibhalo nobuciko kuklanyelwe ukusiza ukukhulisa imibono yeciko nokuthuthukisa amakhono akhe. Ukuthuthukisa amasiko kaMarxist-Leninist aesthetics, ukugxeka kwemibhalo yaseSoviet kanye nobuciko kufanele kuhlanganise ukunemba kokuhlolwa kwemibono, ukujula kokuhlaziywa komphakathi kanye nokuqiniswa kobuhle, isimo sengqondo sokuqaphela ithalente, nokusesha okunezithelo zokudala.

Izikhova. K. m. kancane kancane wakwazi ukuhlaziya ubuciko beMarxist-Leninist. izenzakalo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ezintsha, i-to-rye yabekwa phambili ngaphambi kwecala. Oct. revolution kanye nokwakha socialism. Kube namaphutha nokungaqondi endleleni. Eminyakeni yama-20s. K. m. izindlela ezinolwazi. ithonya lenhlamba yenhlalo yabantu, eyaholela ekubukelweni phansi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuphikwa okuphelele kwamanani amakhulu kakhulu we-classical. ifa, ukungabekezelelani kubaphathi abaningi abavelele bezikhova. umculo, oye wadlula enkathini yokusesha okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuvame ukuphikisana, umqondo ompofu futhi omncane wobuciko, odingekayo futhi oseduze ne-proletariat, ukwehla kwezinga lobuciko. ikhono. Laba bayaphikwa. Ukuthambekela kuthole ukubonakaliswa okubukhali ikakhulukazi emisebenzini ye-Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM) nokunye okufanayo. izinhlangano kumarephabhulikhi wezinyunyana ezithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlinzeko ezihunyushwa ngenhlamba zemfundiso yezinto ezibonakalayo zomlando zazisetshenziswa abagxeki be-formalistic. izikhombisi-ndlela zokuhlukanisa umculo nemibono. Indlela yokuhlanganisa emculweni yahlonzwa ngokomshini ngokukhiqiza, indlela yezimboni, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusemthethweni. okusha kwamenyezelwa ubunye. umbandela wesimanjemanje kanye nokuqhubeka kweminyuziyamu. isebenza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imuphi umqondo wayo.

Ngalesi sikhathi, izindatshana nezinkulumo zika-AV Lunacharsky ngemibuzo yomculo zithola ukubaluleka okuthile. Ngokusekelwe emfundisweni kaLenin ngamagugu amasiko, uLunacharsky wagcizelela isidingo sokuba nesimo sengqondo sokucophelela emculweni. ingcebo ezuzwe njengefa kusukela esikhathini esedlule, futhi ephawulwe emsebenzini ka-otd. Abaqambi izici ezisondelene nezihambisana nezikhova. ngokoqobo izinguquko. Evikela ukuqonda kwesigaba sama-Marxist somculo, ngasikhathi sinye wakugxeka kakhulu lokho “inkolelo-mbono engabonakali ngaphambi kwesikhathi”, “engahlanganise lutho nomcabango wangempela wesayensi, futhi, vele, nobuMarx bangempela.” Waphawula ngokucophelela nangozwela eyokuqala, nakuba ingakapheleli futhi ingagculisi ngokwanele, imizamo yokuxosha uguquko olusha. izingqikithi emculweni.

Ububanzi obungajwayelekile ngobubanzi nokuqukethwe bekubalulekile emculweni. Imisebenzi ka-Asafiev kuma-20s. Ukusabela ngokufudumele kukho konke kusho noma yini. izenzakalo empilweni yomculo waseSoviet, wakhuluma ngokombono wobuciko obuphezulu. isiko nobuhle. ukunemba. U-Asafiev wayenesithakazelo hhayi kuphela ezenzweni zama-muses. ubuqambi, umsebenzi conc. izinhlangano namathiyetha e-opera nawe-ballet, kodwa futhi nomkhakha omkhulu, ohlukahlukene womculo omningi. ukuphila. Ugcizelele kaningi ukuthi kwakusohlelweni olusha lwamamuse amaningi. ngolimi olwazalwa yinguquko, abaqambi bazokwazi ukuthola umthombo wokuvuselela kwangempela komsebenzi wabo. Ukusesha okuhahayo kokuthile okusha kwaholela u-Asafiev kwesinye isikhathi ekuhloleni okuyihaba kwezenzakalo zesikhashana ze-zarub. icala futhi elingagxekayo. uthando lwe-"leftism" esemthethweni yangaphandle. Kodwa lokhu kwakuwukuchezuka kwesikhashana nje. Iningi lezitatimende zika-Asafiev zazisekelwe esidingweni sokuxhumana okujulile phakathi kwama-museum. ubuhlakani obunempilo, obunezidingo zezilaleli eziningi. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, izihloko zakhe ezithi “Inkinga Yokuqamba Komuntu Siqu” nesithi “Abaqambi, Sheshani!” (1924), okwabangela izimpendulo ku-Sov. amaphrinti omculo wangaleso sikhathi.

Kubagxeki abasebenzayo bama-20s. kwakungezakwa-NM Strelnikov, NP Malkov, VM Belyaev, VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky, SA Bugoslavsky, nabanye.

Isimemezelo seKomidi Eliyinhloko le-All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks yango-April 23. 1932 "Ekuhlelweni kabusha kwezinhlangano zemibhalo nezobuciko", okwaqeda ukuhlukana kwamaqembu nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuthano emkhakheni wezincwadi nezobuciko, kwaba nomthelela omuhle ukuthuthukiswa kwe-K.m. Kwaba nesandla ekunqobeni inhlamba yezenhlalo yabantu. kanye namanye amaphutha, kwaphoqelela indlela eqondile necatshangelwayo yokuhlola impumelelo yezikhova. umculo. Muses. abagxeki babehlangene nabaqambi ezinyunyaneni zezikhova. abaqambi, abaklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa konke ubuciko. abasebenzi "abasekela inkundla yamandla aseSoviet futhi belwela ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kobusoshiyali." Umagazini ushicilelwe kusukela ngo-1933. "I-Soviet Music", eyaba yinhloko. umzimba wezikhova. K. m. Umculo okhethekile. omagazini noma iminyango yomculo kumajenali jikelele kwezobuciko akhona kumarephabhulikhi amaningi wezinyunyana. Phakathi kwabagxeki kukhona II Sollertinsky, AI Shaverdyan, VM Gorodinsky, GN Khubov.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ithiyori nokudala. inkinga, eyabhekana no-K. m. ku-30s, kwaba umbuzo wendlela ye-socialist. iqiniso kanye nezindlela zeqiniso nezobuciko. reflection egcwele yesimanje. izikhova. iqiniso emculweni. Okuhlobene eduze nalokhu yizindaba zekhono, ubuhle. izinga, ukubaluleka kokusungula komuntu ngamunye. isiphiwo. Kuwo wonke ama-30s. izingxoxo eziningi zokudala, ezinikezelwe njengezimiso ezijwayelekile nezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwezikhova. umculo, kanye nezinhlobo zobuciko bomculo. Lezi, ikakhulukazi, izingxoxo mayelana ne-symphonism kanye ne-opera. Kokugcina kwayo, kwabuzwa imibuzo eyayidlulela ngalé kwemingcele yohlobo lwe-operatic kuphela futhi yayinokubaluleka okujwayelekile kwezikhova. ubuhlakani bomculo kuleso sigaba: mayelana nokulula nokuba yinkimbinkimbi, mayelana nokungamukeleki kokubuyisela ubulula bangempela obuphezulu kwezobuciko nge-primitivism eyisicaba, mayelana nemibandela yobuhle. izilinganiso, i-to-rymi kufanele iqondiswe izikhova. ukugxeka.

Kule minyaka, izinkinga zokuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe ziba zimbi kakhulu. amasiko omculo. Ngama-30s. abantu baseSoviet Union bathatha izinyathelo zokuqala maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kwamafomu amasha kubo prof. icala lomculo. Lokhu kwabeka phambili isethi yemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi eyayidinga ithiyori. ukulungisiswa. K. m. imibuzo okuxoxwe ngayo kabanzi mayelana nesimo sengqondo sabaqambi ngendaba yezinganekwane, mayelana nezinga lezinhlobo nezindlela zentuthuko ezithuthuke ngokomlando emculweni wabantu abaningi baseYurophu. amazwe, ingahlanganiswa nephimbo. umsuka we-nat. amasiko. Ngokwesisekelo sezindlela ezehlukene zokuxazulula lezi zinkinga, kwavela izingxoxo, ezabonakala emaphephandabeni.

Ukukhula ngempumelelo kwe-K.m. ngawo-30s. kuphazanyiswe ukuthambekela kokugomela, okubonakala ekuhloleni okuyiphutha kwabathile abanekhono ngakho-ke. imisebenzi yezikhova. umculo, incazelo ewumngcingo nehlangothini olulodwa yemibuzo ebaluleke kangaka yezikhova. icala, njengombuzo wesimo sengqondo ku-classic. amagugu, inkinga yesiko kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Le mikhuba yashuba ikakhulukazi ezikhovaneni. K. m. ku-con. 40s Rectilinear-schematic. ukubuza umbuzo womzabalazo kuyiqiniso. futhi okusemthethweni. izikhombisi-ndlela ngokuvamile zaziholela ekuphumeni kwezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezikhova. umculo nokusekelwa kwemikhiqizo, lapho izihloko ezibalulekile zesikhathi sethu zaboniswa ngendlela eyenziwe lula nencishisiwe. Lokhu kuthambekela okuqinile kwalahlwa yiKomidi Elikhulu le-CPSU ngomthetho wangomhla zingama-28 kuNhlaba 1958. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphulwa kwezimiso zomoya weqembu, imibono kanye nobuzwe bezikhova. izimangalo, ezakhiwe emibhalweni yeqembu langaphambilini ezindabeni zemibono, lesi sinqumo sakhomba ukuhlolwa okungalungile nokungalungile komsebenzi wezikhova eziningi ezinekhono ezenzekile. abaqambi.

Ngama-50s. ezikhovaneni K.m. amaphutha enkathi edlule ayaqedwa. Kwalandela ingxoxo ngenani lemibuzo eyisisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu yamamyuziyamu. ubuhlakani bokusungula, lapho kwafinyelelwa ukuqonda okujulile kwezisekelo ze-socialist. iqiniso, umbono oqondile wempumelelo enkulu yezikhova yasungulwa. umculo owakha “isikhwama segolide” sawo. Nokho, ngaphambi izikhova. Kunezinkinga eziningi ezingakaxazululwa kwezobuciko bonxiwankulu, kanye nalezo zokushiyeka kwazo, lapho isinqumo seKomidi Elikhulu le-CPSU “Ekugxekweni Kwemibhalo Nobuciko” sibonisa ngokufanelekile, azikakaqedwa ngokuphelele. Ukuhlaziya okujulile kokusungula. izinqubo, ezisekelwe ezimisweni ze-Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, ngokuvamile zithathelwa indawo incazelo ekha phezulu; ukungaguquguquki okwanele akuboniswa njalo ekulweni nezikhova zangaphandle. ubuciko bezitayela zesimanjemanje, ekuvikeleni nasekusekeleni izisekelo zeqiniso le-socialism.

I-CPSU, egcizelela indima ekhulayo yezincwadi nezobuciko ekuthuthukisweni okungokomoya komuntu waseSoviet, ekulolongeni umbono wakhe wezwe nezinkolelo zokuziphatha, iphawula imisebenzi ebalulekile ebhekene nokugxekwa. Imiyalo equkethwe ezinqumweni zeqembu inquma izindlela ezengeziwe zokuthuthukiswa kwezikhova. K. m. kanye nokwandisa indima yayo ekwakhiweni kobusoshiyali. isiko lomculo we-USSR.

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Yu.V. I-Keldysh